小花棘豆对卡拉库尔羊瘤胃内环境的影响

试验将9只健康的卡拉库尔公羊分为3组,每组3只,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组,研究不同的小花棘豆添加量对卡拉库尔羊瘤胃内环境及微生物发酵参数的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加小花棘豆可降低卡拉库尔羊瘤胃液pH;随着小花棘豆添加量的增加,卡拉库尔羊瘤胃液氨氮含量升高,菌体蛋白含量下降;日粮中添加小花棘豆有促进瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸含量升高和乙酸/丙酸比降低的趋势。     

不同精粗比日粮对绵羊体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响

为了研究人工瘤胃液中不同精粗比日粮对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响,试验采用单因素完全随机化试验设计随机分为5组,试验1,2,3,4组精粗比依次为20∶80、30∶70、40∶60、50∶50,粗饲料为羊草,每个精粗比重复3次,取人工瘤胃液,活体羊瘤胃液为对照组,测定瘤胃发酵参数。结果表明:当精粗比为30∶70时,瘤胃液p H值、NH3-N浓度最接近活体羊瘤胃液;试验前2 d为适应期,3~5 d为稳定期,符合瘤胃发酵趋势。     

用粪液代替瘤胃液测定饲料干物质的体外消化率

用瘤胃液进行两极离体消化测定饲料干物质消化率在国外已经应用,但此法需要通过瘤胃瘘管采集瘤胃液,而瘤胃瘘管的手术及羊的护理都比较费时,并且瘘管对羊的正常生理功能有不良影响,为了克服这些缺点,本试验采用羊粪制备液代替瘤胃液测定了不同饲草饲料的干物质消化率(DMD),并对测定时的最适称样量和粪液加入量进行了筛选。     

简易羊用瘤胃液采样管的制作

在进行绵羊、山羊营养研究时,常常需要采集瘤胃液样品,分析其pH值、氨氮含量、VFA含量等项指标.在实验室条件下,通常经手术制备瘤胃瘘管羊,经瘘管采集瘤胃液样品.但是瘘管动物的使用有很大局限,第一,因需施行手术和日常的护理,瘘管羊数量往往有限;第二,瘘管将瘤胃壁和腹壁固定在一起,对羊的正常生理活动有一定影响;第三,难于做到生产条件下在大群中随机取样.正是出于上述原因和为解决科研工作中大批量采集瘤胃液样品的需要,笔者自制了一套羊用瘤胃液采集管.由于其材料易得,制作容易.使用方便,效果很好,特提供给同行作为参考.……     

全混合日粮对羔羊瘤胃代谢产物浓度变化的影响

选用４只４月龄装置永久性瘤胃瘘管的羔羊,按４×４拉丁方试验设计,研究了４种不同处理的全混合日粮（ＴＭＲ）对羔羊瘤胃消化代谢的影响。试验期采集瘤胃液,研究其ｐＨ值、氨氮、尿素氮、总氮及蛋白质浓度的动态变化规律。试验结果表明,在含玉米秸的ＴＭＲ中,以尿素蛋白精料等氮代替豆饼,对试羊瘤胃液ｐＨ值及蛋白质含量均无明显影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）,虽显著提高了试羊瘤胃液氨氮浓度（Ｐ＜０．０１）,但仍未超出瘤胃微生物利用氨的限量范围;在含尿素蛋白精料的ＴＭＲ中,玉米秸的碱化处理,可明显提高试羊瘤胃液ｐＨ值（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而其氨氮浓度及蛋白质含量均无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）;对含尿素蛋白精料及碱化玉米秸的ＴＭＲ进行颗粒化加工,并未明显影响试羊瘤胃液ｐＨ值、氨氮及蛋白质浓度（Ｐ＞０．０５）;各处理组试羊瘤胃液ｐＨ值及氨氮浓度均处于正常生理范围内。从而证明在全混合日粮中以尿素蛋白精料取代豆饼、玉米秸的碱化处理及ＴＭＲ的颗粒化加工均具有理论可行性。     

通过瘤胃瘘管投放微量元素营养的可行性研究

将12只1.5周岁的装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊半同胞羯羊,按体重随机分为4组,通过瘤胃瘘管按每千克日粮分别投放0、10、20和30mg的铜,研究投放后各组羊瘤胃液铜浓度变化趋势、投放后不同时间点的瘤胃液pH值和血浆铜浓度的组内数据离散程度及各指标随时间的变化趋势。结果表明:通过瘤胃瘘管投放铜后瘤胃液铜浓度变化趋势与对照组一致,特别是各时间点绒山羊瘤胃液pH值和血浆铜浓度的变化趋势与对照组一致,且各时间点各组羊组内数据离散程度与对照组一致,故通过反刍动物瘤胃瘘管或随饲喂精料投放微量元素研究其营养的方法是可行的。     

日粮内添加玉米油对绵羊瘤胃内环境的影响

9只装有瘤胃瘘管的绵羊,按3×3拉丁方设计,饲喂添加0、4%和8%玉米油的羊草、苜蓿和精料的精粗比4:6混合日粮.晨饲后0,2,4,6,8,10和12 h采集瘤胃液,分别测定瘤胃液pH值、NH3-N、VFA和BCP浓度.结果表明,添加4%和8%玉米油可提高瘤胃液pH值,对NH3-N浓度无显著影响,可降低瘤胃液中乙酸和总VFA的浓度,对丙酸浓度没有影响,降低乙酸/丙酸比值.添加4%玉米油时降低了瘤胃液中BCP浓度,添加8%玉米油时降低了瘤胃液中丁酸的浓度.     

日粮内添加玉米油对绵羊瘤胃内环境的影响

9只装有瘤胃瘘管的绵羊,按3×3拉丁方设计,饲喂添加0、4%和8%玉米油的羊草、苜蓿和精料的精粗比4:6混合日粮.晨饲后0,2,4,6,8,10和12h采集瘤胃液,分别测定瘤胃液pH值、NH3-N、VFA和BCP浓度.结果表明,添加4%和8%玉米油可提高瘤胃液pH值,对NH3-N浓度无显著影响,可降低瘤胃液中乙酸和总VFA的浓度,对丙酸浓度没有影响.降低乙酸,丙酸比值.添加4%玉米油时降低了瘤胃液中BCP浓度,添加8%玉米油时降低了瘤胃液中丁酸的浓度.     

西藏林芝地区藏羊瘤胃纤毛虫初步分类鉴定

为了解西藏林芝地区藏羊瘤胃纤毛虫的数量和形态,试验采集3只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的藏羊瘤胃液,利用改制的血球计数板在生物显微镜下对瘤胃液的纤毛虫进行计数,并利用显微拍照对纤毛虫进行初步分类鉴定。结果表明,西藏林芝地区藏羊瘤胃中纤毛虫的平均密度为9.7±3.2~13.5±2.1×105个/mL。采用显微拍照和形态学鉴定,发现瘤胃中共有纤毛虫8个属。     

健康瘤胃液的采集和检验

目前,在治疗牛、羊营养不良、消化障碍性疾病、前胃疾病,代谢性疾病、某些全身发热性疾病及手术后、产后、饥后、劳役后,中毒性等瘤胃微生物减少或活动减弱的疾病,采用新鲜的健康的瘤胃液接种来改善瘤胃内环境的恒定,以加快病情的好转和康复。我站自1986年以来,对263例牛羊病畜在治疗时接种新鲜的健康的瘤胃液,收到了较为理想的效果。现将瘤胃液的采集和检验方法介绍如下。     

Significance of ruminal juice examination in the diagnosis of subclinical rumen dysfunction]

The suitability of the metabolic test of rumen liquor for the diagnosis of subclinical rumen dysfunction was tested. The test for the assessment of the metabolic profile of the rumen included: the determination of pH, total titration acidity in clinical units, lactic acid in mg%, fatty acids in mmol 1-1, ammonia N in mg%, urea N in mg% and the number of infusorians in 1 ml of rumen liquor. This test enabled, on the basis of the examination of rumen liquor, to determine not only the kind and form of the disease but also its cause, with an incomplete clinical syndrome. Therapeutic measures, either direct (in the rumen liquor) or indirect (adjusted monodiet) improved the health condition and provided optimum rumen fermentation of permanent character. The resuption of rumen fermentation also enabled an increased production of fatty acids which favourably influenced the content of butterfat in milk.     

Influences of dietary regimens on microbial content in gastrointestinal tracts of meat goats

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary treatments on microbial loads and pH of gastrointestinal tract contents in meat goats, as well as the concentration of volatile fatty acid (VFA) in the rumen. Crossbred (Boer x Spanish) goats (n = 36; BW = 17.7 kg) were assigned randomly to one of three experimental diets (n = 12/diet or 3 pens/treatment) for 90 days:alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay alone (AH-diet); 18% CP concentrate alone (C-diet); or, a combined diet (AHC-diet), consisting of the AH-diet for the first 45 days, followed by 45 days of the C-diet. After evisceration, pH values of rumen liquor and colon digesta were immediately measured from each animal, as well as aseptically collected rumen liquor and rectal samples to determine the microbial loads. Collected rumen liquor was also prepared for volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents. Feeding meat goats with alfalfa hay alone had higher (P < 0.05) rumen (7.17) and colon (7.10) pH compared with those fed either the concentrate alone or combined-diet. Although the acetate content was high in the AH-fed group (66.3 mM) compared to the AHC-diet group (34.6 mM), no significant differences were found in the total VFA contents in rumen liquor among the goats fed three different dietary regimens. Total plate counts were not significantly different among goats fed the experimental diets in the rumen or rectal samples. Escherichia coli counts in the rectal samples were lower (P < 0.05) in the AH-diet group (6.43 log₁₀ CFU/g) compared with the C-diet (8.21 log₁₀ CFU/g) or AHC-diet (8.40 log₁₀ CFU/g) groups. However, no significant differences were found in the E. coli counts of rumen samples from goats fed the experimental diets. The mean (± SEM) rumen E. coli counts were 1.38, 1.65, and 2.51 ± 0.560 log₁₀ CFU/g in the AH-, C-, and AHC-diet groups, respectively. The results indicate that feeding hay alone may decrease the fecal shedding of E. coli in meat goats with increasing the rumen and colon pH.     

Changes of the clinico-biochemical indices in the rumirid juice and urine in experimental aflatoxicosis of dairy cows]

The health condition and course of fermentation processes in the rumen were studied in four cows of the Red Spotted breed at the age of four to nine years. The clinico-biochemical indices in the rumen liquor and urine were used. The experimental animals were exposed to a mixture of aflatoxins applied in the dose of 200 mg B1 and 80 mg B2. The toxic action of aflatoxins manifested itself as inappetence, increased temperature, changes in the pulse and respiration rate and reduced activity of the proventriculi. Diarrhoea was observed in two animals. The pH value, total acidity and ammonia level in rumen liquor ranged within the limits of reference values. The significant drop of the production of volatile fatty acids with changes in their proportions and a reduction of the acetic acid level with a simultaneous increase of the percentage of butyric acid testity to a disorder in the activity of rumen microflora. The reduction of the number of infusorians as a biological indicator of fermentation processes proves the correctness of this assumption. During the elimination of aflatoxins through the kidneys the function of the kidneys is impaired, showed proteinuria, ketonuria, glycosuria and haematuria.     

Effect of tropical browse leaves supplementation on rumen enzymes of sheep and goats fed <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dichanthium annulatum</Emphasis> grass-based diets

In a switch-over experiment, eight male animals, four each of sheep and goats of local breeds with mean body weight of 26. 8 ± 2.0 and 30.0 ± 2.1 kg, were fed Dichanthium annulatum (DA) grass and four browse species viz. Helictris isora, Securengia virosa, Leucaena leucocephala (LL) and Hardwickia binnata (HB) in four feeding trials to assess their supplementary effect on activity of rumen enzymes. The sheep and goats were offered DA grass with individual browse in 75:25 and 50:50 proportions, respectively, for more than 3 months during each feeding trial, and rumen liquor samples were collected twice at 0 and 4 h post feeding after 60 and 90 days of feeding. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) enzymes were determined in the bacteria and protozoa fractions of rumen liquor, while cellulase enzyme activity was measured in mixed rumen liquor. LL and HB had the highest and lowest contents of CP, while fibre contents were lower in early than later browse leaves. Supplementation of browse leaves significantly (P < 0.05) affect the specific activity of GDH enzyme in bacteria fraction of rumen liquor of animal species, while GDH activity was similar in protozoa fraction of rumen liquor of sheep and goats on all DA grass–browse-supplemented diets except DA–HB (42.8 units/mg protein), where activity was significantly (P < 0.05) low. Specific activities of GOT and GPT enzymes in both bacteria and protozoa fractions of rumen liquor differ significantly (P < 0.05) due to supplementation of browse leaves to DA grass. Browse leaves significantly (P < 0.05) affect the cellulase enzyme activity in animal rumen liquor, being highest on DA–LL (193.4) and lowest on DA–HB diet (144.8 μg sugar/mg protein). Goat exhibited higher activities of GOT and GPT than sheep in both bacteria and protozoa fraction of rumen liquor, while cellulase activity was similar between the animal species on the grass–browse leaves diets. Results indicate that browse leaves supplementation affect the enzyme activities of sheep and goats rumen, while the goats rumen liquor had higher activities of GOT, GPT and GDH enzyme than sheep.     

Determination of 2-6-diaminopimelic acid in samples of bacteria isolated from the rumen of sheep using an automatic amino acid analyzer

The method of the use of the HD 1200-E automatic amino acid analyzer for the separation of amino acids was modified for the determination of 2-6-diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) as a bacterial marker, besides the other amino acids in the acid hydrolyzates of samples of bacteria isolated from the rumen of sheep. The reproducibility of the determination of DAPA in a standard amino acid mixture found in the tests corresponded with the reproducibility of the determination of the other amino acids as indicated by the manufacturer of the apparatus. The lower limit of DAPA determination sensitivity is between 2 and 5 nmol. In samples of bacteria isolated from rumen wall, from feed particles of rumen contents and from rumen fluid, different contents of nitrogen and DAPA were obtained; this is ascribed to the different proportions of bacterial species in the bacterial populations having different functions.     

绵羊瘤胃液中固氮菌的分离及其特性的研究

由两头绵羊的瘤胃液中分离到三株具有固氮能力的细菌,可于无氮培养基中生长繁殖,其中一株为需氧固氮,固氮能力较强,另两株为厌氧固氮,固氮能力较弱,鉴于它们在瘤胃液中存在数量较多,认为是绵羊瘤胃中一个正常的菌群,从而为瘤胃菌群增加了一个新的类群,并进行了生化鉴定及生长特性的研究。     

Total protozoa counts and ammonia in the rumen of mature dry Friesian cows on hay-based rations

The present work was an attempt to determine whether the variations in ruminal ammonia concentrations could be directly correlated to corresponding changes in total protozoa numbers of cattle. Four dry Friesian cows fed with hay-based rations were used through several experiments in which the twice daily feeding (6.15-15.30 h) as well as a 30 h-fasting period were studied. Simultaneously to a continuous or a regular collection of rumen liquor (for NH3), samples of rumen contents (for total protozoa numbers) were regularly withdrawn from the ventral sac. Any definite nycthemeral cycle of the protozoa numbers could not be related to feeding time. Moreover, no significant relationship could be found between the ruminal ammonia and the corresponding total protozoa numbers measured in the nocturnal interprandial period or during starvation. The data suggest that the nycthemeral ammonia profiles recorded in cattle are not directly related to protozoal activity.     

A note on the effect of dietary proportions of kale (Brassica oleracea) and grass silage on rumen pH and volatile fatty acid concentrations in dry dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying proportions of dietary kale on rumen pH and volatile fatty acid production. Four pregnant dry dairy cows permanently fitted with ruminal cannulae were randomly assigned to four kale: grass silage dietary proportions (0:100, K0; 60:40, K60; 85:15, K85 and 100:0, K100) on a dry matter basis in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design with four 20 day periods. Cows were acclimatised for 15 days, followed by a five-day period of experimental sampling and measurement. Internal pH meters were installed to continuously monitor rumen pH while rumen liquor collection tubes were used to sample rumen liquor for volatile fatty acid analysis at 0, 4, 8 and 12 h after feeding on each sampling day. Cows on treatment K85 had a lower (P < 0.001) ruminal pH compared to cows on treatments K100, K60 or K0 (6.26, 6.32, and 6.32 vs. 5.91, respectively). While a gradual decrease in rumen pH was observed over an eight-hour period for K85 before recovery, offering K100 did not reduce rumen pH below 6.0 or induce acidosis. Increasing the dietary proportion of kale did not affect (P > 0.05) acetate:propionate ratio production (3.71, 3.65, 3.86, 3.78 mmol L^− 1 for K0, K60, K85 and K100, respectively). Offering cows K60 had increased (P < 0.05) rumen VFA concentration (71.67 mmol L^− 1) relative to K0 (53.45 mmol L^− 1), while offering K85 and K100 had no affect on rumen VFA concentration (61.74 and 59.35 mmol L^− 1) (Table 2). Offering dry cows K100 relative to K0 reduced dry matter intake by 17.5% (7.32 vs. 8.87 kg DM day^− 1, respectively) which may be associated with the presence of S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide which can cause haemolytic anaemia and depressed DM intake. The results suggest that increasing the dietary proportion of kale was associated with a progressive decrease in dry matter intake but with minimal effects on rumen pH, total volatile fatty acid concentration and individual volatile fatty acid proportions.     

分解代谢物控制蛋白A对瘤胃中牛链球菌碳水化合物代谢的调控作用

分解代谢物控制蛋白A(CcpA)是低GC含量的革兰氏阳性菌基因转录的抑制或激活因子,对瘤胃微生物代谢具有调控作用。瘤胃中主要乳酸产生菌——牛链球菌(S.bovis)中的CcpA与磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)有着密切关系,对碳源次序代谢利用及碳水化合物代谢的多种关键酶具有重要的调控作用。本文综述了有关CcpA对S.bovis碳水化合物的代谢调控的研究进展,旨在为后期进一步研究S.bovis代谢产酸机制、防控反刍动物瘤胃酸中毒提供思路和参考。     

北方地区复合碱化和快速氨化玉米秸秆对羊瘤胃代谢的影响

试验研究了复合碱化和快速氨化玉米秸秆组成的全混合日粮对试验羊瘤胃代谢的影响。试验表明 ,复合碱化和快速氨化玉米秸秆饲粮对试验羊瘤胃pH值、NH3 N浓度、总氮浓度及其动态变化无不良影响 ,且适当提高瘤胃液pH值将有助于粗饲料的消化