Conductance-controlled point functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes

We used covalent attachments to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to fabricate single-molecule electronic devices. The technique does not rely on submicrometer lithography or precision mechanical manipulation, but instead uses circuit conductance to monitor and control covalent attachment to an electrically connected SWNT. Discrete changes in the circuit conductance revealed chemical processes happening in real time and allowed the SWNT sidewalls to be deterministically broken, reformed, and conjugated to target species. By controlling the chemistry through electronically controlled electrochemical potentials, we were able to achieve single chemical attachments. We routinely functionalized pristine, defect-free SWNTs at one, two, or more sites and demonstrated three-terminal devices in which a single attachment controls the electronic response.     

Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors

Chemical sensors based on individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are demonstrated. Upon exposure to gaseous molecules such as NO(2) or NH(3), the electrical resistance of a semiconducting SWNT is found to dramatically increase or decrease. This serves as the basis for nanotube molecular sensors. The nanotube sensors exhibit a fast response and a substantially higher sensitivity than that of existing solid-state sensors at room temperature. Sensor reversibility is achieved by slow recovery under ambient conditions or by heating to high temperatures. The interactions between molecular species and SWNTs and the mechanisms of molecular sensing with nanotube molecular wires are investigated.     

Solution properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Naked metallic and semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were dissolved in organic solutions by derivatization with thionychloride and octadecylamine. Both ionic (charge transfer) and covalent solution-phase chemistry with concomitant modulation of the SWNT band structure were demonstrated. Solution-phase near-infrared spectroscopy was used to study the effects of chemical modifications on the band gaps of the SWNTs. Reaction of soluble SWNTs with dichlorocarbene led to functionalization of the nanotube walls.     

Covalently bridging gaps in single-walled carbon nanotubes with conducting molecules

Molecular electronics is often limited by the poorly defined nature of the contact between the molecules and the metal surface. We describe a method to wire molecules into gaps in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Precise oxidative cutting of a SWNT produces carboxylic acid-terminated electrodes separated by gaps of 相似文献   

Engineering carbon nanotubes and nanotube circuits using electrical breakdown

Carbon nanotubes display either metallic or semiconducting properties. Both large, multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs), with many concentric carbon shells, and bundles or "ropes" of aligned single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), are complex composite conductors that incorporate many weakly coupled nanotubes that each have a different electronic structure. Here we demonstrate a simple and reliable method for selectively removing single carbon shells from MWNTs and SWNT ropes to tailor the properties of these composite nanotubes. We can remove shells of MWNTs stepwise and individually characterize the different shells. By choosing among the shells, we can convert a MWNT into either a metallic or a semiconducting conductor, as well as directly address the issue of multiple-shell transport. With SWNT ropes, similar selectivity allows us to generate entire arrays of nanoscale field-effect transistors based solely on the fraction of semiconducting SWNTs.     

Self-sorted, aligned nanotube networks for thin-film transistors

To find use in electronics, single-walled carbon nanotubes need to be efficiently separated by electronic type and aligned to ensure optimal and reproducible electronic properties. We report the fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) network field-effect transistors, deposited from solution, possessing controllable topology and an on/off ratio as high as 900,000. The spin-assisted alignment and density of the SWNTs are tuned by different surfaces that effectively vary the degree of interaction with surface functionalities in the device channel. This leads to a self-sorted SWNT network in which nanotube chirality separation and simultaneous control of density and alignment occur in one step during device fabrication. Micro-Raman experiments corroborate device results as a function of surface chemistry, indicating enrichment of the specific SWNT electronic type absorbed onto the modified dielectric.     

Computational design of virus-like protein assemblies on carbon nanotube surfaces

There is a general need for the engineering of protein-like molecules that organize into geometrically specific superstructures on molecular surfaces, directing further functionalization to create richly textured, multilayered assemblies. Here we describe a computational approach whereby the surface properties and symmetry of a targeted surface define the sequence and superstructure of surface-organizing peptides. Computational design proceeds in a series of steps that encode both surface recognition and favorable intersubunit packing interactions. This procedure is exemplified in the design of peptides that assemble into a tubular structure surrounding single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The geometrically defined, virus-like coating created by these peptides converts the smooth surfaces of SWNTs into highly textured assemblies with long-scale order, capable of directing the assembly of gold nanoparticles into helical arrays along the SWNT axis.     

土样水分速测电容传感器的研制

在分析常用快速测定方法基础上从低成本快速测试的目标出发提出了实现土样含水量速测用电容传感器结构和原理，对电容传感器研制中存在的问题提出了解决办法。从使用电容传感器测试土样水分结果与常规烘干称重法对比来看，其精度达到土样含水量测定的要求。     

Macroscopic, neat, single-walled carbon nanotube fibers

Well-aligned macroscopic fibers composed solely of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were produced by conventional spinning. Fuming sulfuric acid charges SWNTs and promotes their ordering into an aligned phase of individual mobile SWNTs surrounded by acid anions. This ordered dispersion was extruded via solution spinning into continuous lengths of macroscopic neat SWNT fibers. Such fibers possess interesting structural composition and physical properties.     

Crystalline Ropes of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes

Fullerene single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) were produced in yields of more than 70 percent by condensation of a laser-vaporized carbon-nickel-cobalt mixture at 1200degreesC. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy showed that these SWNTs are nearly uniform in diameter and that they self-organize into "ropes," which consist of 100 to 500 SWNTs in a two-dimensional triangular lattice with a lattice constant of 17 angstroms. The x-ray form factor is consistent with that of uniformly charged cylinders 13.8 +/- 0.2 angstroms in diameter. The ropes were metallic, with a single-rope resistivity of <10(-4) ohm-centimeters at 300 kelvin. The uniformity of SWNT diameter is attributed to the efficient annealing of an initial fullerene tubelet kept open by a few metal atoms; the optimum diameter is determined by competition between the strain energy of curvature of the graphene sheet and the dangling-bond energy of the open edge, where growth occurs. These factors strongly favor the metallic (10,10) tube with C5v symmetry and an open edge stabilized by triple bonds.     

A rubberlike stretchable active matrix using elastic conductors

By using an ionic liquid of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, we uniformly dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as chemically stable dopants in a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer matrix to form a composite film. We found that the SWNT content can be increased up to 20 weight percent without reducing the mechanical flexibility or softness of the copolymer. The SWNT composite film was coated with dimethyl-siloxane-based rubber, which exhibited a conductivity of 57 siemens per centimeter and a stretchability of 134%. Further, the elastic conductor was integrated with printed organic transistors to fabricate a rubberlike active matrix with an effective area of 20 by 20 square centimeters. The active matrix sheet can be uniaxially and biaxially stretched by 70% without mechanical or electrical damage. The elastic conductor allows for the construction of electronic integrated circuits, which can be mounted anywhere, including arbitrary curved surfaces and movable parts, such as the joints of a robot's arm.     

Bolometric infrared photoresponse of suspended single-walled carbon nanotube films

The photoresponse in the electrical conductivity of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) film is dramatically enhanced when the nanotube film is suspended in vacuum. We show here that the change in conductivity is bolometric (caused by heating of the SWNT network). Electron-phonon interactions lead to ultrafast relaxation of the photoexcited carriers, and the energy of the incident infrared (IR) radiation is efficiently transferred to the crystal lattice. It is not the presence of photoexcited holes and electrons, but a rise in temperature, that results in a change in resistance; thus, photoconductivity experiments cannot be used to support the band picture over the exciton model of excited states in carbon nanotubes. The photoresponse of suspended SWNT films is sufficiently high that they may function as the sensitive element of an IR bolometric detector.     

Structure-assigned optical spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Spectrofluorimetric measurements on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) isolated in aqueous surfactant suspensions have revealed distinct electronic absorption and emission transitions for more than 30 different semiconducting nanotube species. By combining these fluorimetric results with resonance Raman data, each optical transition has been mapped to a specific (n,m) nanotube structure. Optical spectroscopy can thereby be used to rapidly determine the detailed composition of bulk SWNT samples, providing distributions in both tube diameter and chiral angle. The measured transition frequencies differ substantially from simple theoretical predictions. These deviations may reflect combinations of trigonal warping and excitonic effects.     

单一平面电容传感器数学模型的数值解法

单一平面电容传感器是用来测量木材含水率的高精度仪器,属于具有任意结构形状的电容传 感器的特例。为研究单一平面传感器数学模型的数值解法,以一种设定了具体尺寸的单一平面电容传感器为例,利用数值分析的一个数值方法——差分离散格式,对笔者前期建立 的任意结构形状的电容传感器的偏微分方程数学模型构造了便于计算和研究的离散近似模型。利用该近似模型对单一平面电容传感器的工作状况进行分析,得到了木材介电常数与传感器电容值的关系。      

Brownian motion of stiff filaments in a crowded environment

The thermal motion of stiff filaments in a crowded environment is highly constrained and anisotropic; it underlies the behavior of such disparate systems as polymer materials, nanocomposites, and the cell cytoskeleton. Despite decades of theoretical study, the fundamental dynamics of such systems remains a mystery. Using near-infrared video microscopy, we studied the thermal diffusion of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) confined in porous agarose networks. We found that even a small bending flexibility of SWNTs strongly enhances their motion: The rotational diffusion constant is proportional to the filament-bending compliance and is independent of the network pore size. The interplay between crowding and thermal bending implies that the notion of a filament's stiffness depends on its confinement. Moreover, the mobility of SWNTs and other inclusions can be controlled by tailoring their stiffness.     

毛白杨叶片含水量无损检测系统的研究

以毛白杨叶片为研究对象,基于电容传感器原理进行叶片含水量无损检测系统的研究。设计以SPCE061A单片机为核心构成部分,利用电容传感器采集叶片含水量所对应的电容值,由c/f电路将电容值实时转换成频率值,最终利用频率与含水量之间的关系模型进行计算和显示叶片含水量的值。该系统实现了对毛白杨叶片含水量的实时快速测量,达到了无损检测叶片含水量的目的。     

电容式水流泥沙含量传感器自校准技术的研究

采用电容式传感器研究了测量水流泥沙含量的自校准技术。结果表明 ,水流泥沙含量与传感器的输出呈线性 ,可采用实时标定的自校零与自校准技术 ;将传感器与微型计算机结合起来 ,在智能化软件的引导下 ,可自动校正因零位漂移、灵敏度漂移而引入的系统误差和可变误差     

基于GPS土壤水肥检测系统的探讨

精确农业是利用重要的作物参数和农业知识专家库来优化生产系统管理,基于GPS土壤检测系统是精确农业的一个重要组成部分,通过它来检测确定地段的土壤水肥信息,根据检测结果来控制不同的投入水平.检测系统的信号检测是由检测传感器、参考传感器、阻容脉冲转换电路、单片机、RS485通讯模块、GSM模块、数字温度传感器、工业控制计算机等单元组成.检测电容与参考电容分别产生脉冲信号,脉冲数与电容的容值负相关,在一定时间内两脉冲序列的脉冲之差与待测土壤的水肥也负相关.单片机通过计数器检测在一定时间内的脉冲数差,将此数连同数字温度传感器产生的温度测量值通过GSM模块发给上位机.上位机对数值进行归一化处理后,采用BP神经网络进行非线性校正和温度补偿,产生土壤水肥测量值.     

基于传输线理论的土壤水分传感器的性能试验

介绍了一种根据土壤介电常数和传输线理论来测量土壤含水量的新型土壤水分传感器。传感器采用四针不等长结构，从探针结构、土壤种类、土壤容重和盐分等几个方面对该传感器的工作特性进行试验研究，结果表明该传感器输出稳定、线性度好，适应大多数土壤类型的测量。     

生物质传感器的有限元分析与测试

针对生物质传感器的电容式检测单元设计前期结构如何选型的问题,利用有限元方法对基本交指型、极化交指型、半交指型和固态电极传感器设计4种检测单元结构进行模拟和对比。结果显示:虽然极化交指型传感器设计产生的电容响应值只有基本交指型设计的7%,但电容变化率(0.99%)却是基本交指型设计的100倍。半交指型和固态电极型是对极化交指型的优化设计,当秸秆-传感器间距为1.5 cm时,半交指型和固态型的电容变化率分别为1.32%和1.26%,两者差异不大;相对于半交指型固态电极型的结构更为简单,因而选择固态电极型设计制作传感器的物理原型。实际田间测试结果表明,该物理原型可以有效地鉴定秸秆的存在。