Effect of energy and lysine intake in gestation on sow performance

Nutrient intake during gestation has an impact on gestation parameters and subsequent lactation performance. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the impact of feeding two levels of amino acids in gestation on sow BW changes in gestation and lactation, and litter size, and to evaluate a factorial method for determining daily energy requirements. At mating, 419 sows (Camborough 15; Pig Improvement Canada, Acme, AB) were assigned randomly within Parities 1, 2 or 3+ to a gestation diet containing either 0.44% (low lysine) or 0.55% (high lysine) total lysine and 3,100 kcal DE/kg; other indispensable amino acids were adjusted to lysine based on ideal protein ratios. Feed allowance in gestation was determined factorially using estimated DE requirements for maintenance, maternal gain, and conceptus growth. Sows were allowed free access to the lactation diet. Gestation BW gain from d 0 to 110 was affected by parity (61.2, 60.0, and 42.3 kg for Parity 1, 2, and 3+, respectively; P < 0.05) but not (P > 0.10) by gestation lysine level. Sow BW changes from d 0 of lactation to weaning were affected by parity (0.5, 6.8, and 5.8 kg for Parity 1, 2, and 3+, respectively; P < 0.01) and gestation BW gain (P < 0.01), but not by gestation lysine level (5.0 vs 3.8 kg for low and high lysine, respectively; P > 0.10). Total piglets born was affected by parity (11.5, 12.1, and 12.5, for Parity 1, 2, and 3+, respectively; P < 0.01) and increased with increasing sow BW gain (P < 0.05). Total piglets born alive (mean = 11.2) was increased with increasing sow BW gain (P < 0.05). Total litter weight born alive was affected by parity (15.9, 18.6, and 19.4 kg for Parities 1, 2, and 3+, respectively; P < 0.01) and gestation BW gain (P < 0.05). The model used to determine daily energy intake requirements resulted in an average BW gain of 10.6 kg above the targets set by the model. Total lysine intakes greater than 10.6 g/d in gestation did not improve sow productivity. Setting target weight gains in gestation and feeding to meet these targets may not always provide predictable results due to a number of factors that affect the energy requirement in the sow.     

日粮中不同能量水平对母猪繁殖性能的影响

试验选用30头配种日期、系谱、日龄、体重接近的健康长大经产母猪,平均胎次为3～5胎,按单因子试验设计随机分为3组,每组10头,即高能量组(试验1组)、低能量组(试验2组)和对照组(原用日粮)。研究妊娠和哺乳28d3个不同能量水平的日粮对母猪繁殖性能的影响。本试验的结果表明:当妊娠日粮能量水平为:DE12.4～14.00MJ/kg;哺乳日粮能量水平为:DE12.61～14.07MJ/kg,母猪的繁殖性能较好,可达到窝产仔11.5～12.67头,活仔10.25～10.89头,断奶个体重8.37～8.57kg。     

母猪妊娠期营养对窝产仔猪初生重整齐度的影响

母猪窝产仔猪初生重整齐度差导致生猪生产效率降低,研究母猪妊娠期间营养需求满足母猪和胎儿营养需要对提高生猪生产效率和增加窝产仔猪初生重的整齐度具有重要意义。然而,母猪妊娠期间营养水平对仔猪初生重整齐度影响的报道很少。本文分析影响仔猪初生重差异的因素及其机制,旨在为寻找提高窝产仔猪整齐度的营养战略提供帮助。     

Effect of extra maternal feed supply in early gestation on sow and piglet performance and production and meat quality of growing/finishing pigs

The influence of differentiated extra maternal feed allowance during early gestation on maternal performance and postnatal development of the progeny from gilts and sows was investigated. Four different feed allowances of the same diet (Control [C], +35% [T35], +70% [T70], +100% [T100]) were assigned to 20 crossbred gilts (Swedish Landrace×Swedish Yorkshire), which continued as sows with the same feed allowance the following parity. The progeny was uniformly raised and slaughtered at a live weight of 110 kg. Additional maternal feed allowance resulted in significantly more weaned piglets per sow but not per gilt. Piglet numbers did not increase from T35 to T70/T100. Piglet birth weight did not increase due to maternal feeding. The intra-litter variation in piglet birth weights was similar between the treatments. Independent of the additional feed allowance, all gilts and sows had similar weights after weaning and had good body condition. The growth rate of progeny from sows was negatively related to maternal feed supply; for progeny from gilts, no clear trend of nutritional influence could be observed. Carcass and technological meat quality was not affected by maternal feeding treatment. Birth weight positively affected later growth performance (daily weight gain), carcass quality (lean meat content, back fat, proportion of muscles in ham/loin), whereas technological meat quality was unaffected.     

Effect of surfactants on weight gain in mice

A study was conducted to determine if four surfactants can induce increased weight gain in the mouse. Basic-H, Triton X-100, Amway All Purpose Adjuvant and X-77 were put in water and fed to various groups of ICR 21 day old female mice for a period of 43 days. All the mice were clinically normal throughout the study period. Pathological examination of a random sample of the mice revealed no gross pathological changes. Similarly, histopathological examination of the lungs, livers and intestines did not reveal any visible lesions. Basic-H and Amway surfactants induced weight gain, though not significantly, better at 0.1% (V/V) concentration while X-77 and Triton X-100 induced weight gain better at 0.4% (V/V) concentration. Overall results show that none of the surfactants tested induced significant weight gain.     

Synthetic maternal pheromone stimulates feeding behavior and weight gain in weaned pigs

One hundred and forty-four pigs were used to determine the effects of a putative synthetic maternal pheromone on behavior and performance of weanling pigs. Each pen of weaned pigs contained three pigs that were given free access to water and feed. Pigs were videotaped in time lapse for 48 h after weaning and weekly body weights and feed disappearances were recorded for 4 wk. Treatments included: a) control (vehicle applied), b) 30 mL of synthetic pheromone applied to the feeder, or c) 10 mL of synthetic pheromone applied to each of three pigs' snouts. Pigs exposed to the synthetic pheromone spent more (P < 0.05) time with their heads in the feeder and less (P < 0.05) time drinking, lying down, or engaged in agonistic behaviors than control pigs. Pigs exposed to the synthetic pheromone were more (P < 0.05) active during the 48-h period of video taping than control pigs. Pigs exposed to the synthetic pheromone (either on the feeder or their snout) had increased (P < 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) and better (P < 0.01) feed:gain ratio than control pigs over the 28-d postweaning period. In conclusion, the putative synthetic pheromone, applied once at weaning, stimulated apparent feeding behaviors, and reduced fighting and apparent drinking behaviors during the first 48 h after weaning. ADG and feed:gain ratio were improved by application of the putative synthetic pheromone either directly on the feeder or when painted on the pigs' snouts. Olfactory signals can modulate adaptation to the postweaning environment in ways that may improve pig performance and welfare.     

Effects of salinomycin on sow weight change during lactation and on sow reproductive performance

Forty-five gravid cross-bred sows (mean parity 3.3 +/- .3) were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments: corn-soybean mean (CS) or CS plus 60 mg salinomycin per kilogram of diet (CSS). Sows were fed their respective diets through two successive parities with dietary treatment initiated at 100 d postcoitum and continued until weaning of the second successive litter. Therefore, sows fed CSS received salinomycin for 14 d before the first parturition and for approximately 153 d before the second parturition. Daily feed intake was restricted to 2 kg.hd-1.d-1 during gestation and to 3 kg.hd-1.d-1 from weaning to breeding. All sows. had ad libitum access to feed during lactation. Sows were weighed 7 d prior to parturition, at weaning and at breeding. Weaning-to-estrus interval and farrowing interval were recorded for all sows. Litters were weighed at birth and weaning. There were no differences (P greater than .05) between dietary treatments in sow weights before parturition, at weaning or at breeding for either first or second farrowing. The CSS-fed sows lost more weight from weaning to breeding after the first (P less than .03) and second (P less than .05) lactation periods than CS-fed sows. The CSS-fed sows tended to gain more (P = .06) weight during lactation than CS-fed sows. There were no differences (P greater than .05) between treatments in lactation feed intake, weaning-to-estrus interval, farrowing interval, litter size born or weaned, litter weights at birth or at weaning, or in sow culling rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of source of dietary energy and energy restriction during lactation on sow and litter performance

The effects of source of energy and energy restriction during lactation on sow and litter performance were investigated in an experiment with 90 primiparous sows. At parturition, the sows were randomly assigned to diets containing either tallow or cornstarch as a major energy source. Energy intake was restricted to 8 Mcal of metabolizable energy X sow-1 X d-1 during a 28-d lactation. All sows received equal amounts of crude protein, vitamins and minerals daily, which met or exceeded standard recommendations. Sows fed the diet with tallow lost more weight (P less than .05) during lactation than those fed the diet with cornstarch. Litter size at d 28 was greater (P less than .07) for sows fed cornstarch than for sows fed tallow. However, pig and litter weights on d 14 and 28 of lactation were similar between dietary treatments. Sows were bled on d 110 of gestation and d 14 and 28 of lactation and blood plasma was analyzed for urea. A significant treatment X time interaction was found for plasma urea. Sows fed the diet with tallow appeared to catabolize more protein than those fed the diet with cornstarch. Energy digestibility was lower (P less than .01) in the diet containing tallow, but protein digestibility was not affected by source of energy. Percentages of sows in estrus by 7, 14 and 70 d post-weaning were not different between treatments.     

Influence of parity and litter size on gestation length in beagle dogs

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of parity and litter size on gestation length in beagle bitches. The mean duration of the initial elevation (>2 ng/mL) in progesterone concentrations after the onset of proestrus was shorter (P < 0.05) in bitches without (nulliparous) whelping experience than in bitches with (multiparous) whelping experience (6.9 d versus 8.0 d). When calculated as the interval between the day of initial elevation in progesterone concentrations and the day of whelping, the gestation length in the nulliparous bitches was noted to be similar to that in the multiparous bitches (64.3 d versus 64.2 d). No significant correlation between gestation length and litter size was observed in any of the bitches. Our results indicate that the gestation length in beagle bitches is not affected by parity or litter size.     

Influence of different phosphorus levels and phytase supplementation in gestation diets on sow performance

A total of 104 sows of different parities were studied. They were fed four diets with different phosphorus (P) levels during gestation for two reproductive cycles, while the same diet was fed during lactation. The aim was to decrease the total P level in the diet during gestation and to evaluate the effect on sow performance. The gestation treatments were low P (LP-; 3.7 g P/kg feed), low P with phytase (LP+, Ronozyme P; 765 FTU/kg feed), medium P (MP; 4.5 g P/kg feed) and high P (HP; 6.0 g P/kg feed). Daily feed allowances were 2.6 kg during gestation and 9.2 kg during lactation. Number of born piglets and piglet mortality were higher (p < 0.05) in the LP treatments than in the MP and HP treatments. No difference (p > 0.05) in the numbers of live-born piglets, piglet birthweights, sow weights or piglet weight gains was found between the treatments. Phosphorus level in sow milk was the highest (p < 0.05) in the MP treatment, while no effects (p > 0.05) of treatment were found on milk Ca levels, P and Ca levels in serum of sows and piglets, nor on the analysed mineral, fat and protein contents of piglets. The estimated average requirement of P for the entire gestation period was 4.4-4.5 g/day. In conclusion, a reduction of dietary total P content during gestation did not result in negative effects on sow or piglet performance. This suggests that it should be possible to lower the dietary P content for gestating sows, compared with earlier recommendations, and thereby reduce the environmental P pollution.     

The effect of daily energy intake on growth rate and composition of weight gain in pigs

An experiment with 29 crossbred female growing pigs (Dutch Landrace × Dutch Yorkshire) was carried out to measure the effect of daily energy intake on growth rate, N retention (according to the balance method) and composition of the weight gain. The weight gain composition was analysed by slaughtering pigs at regular intervals between 25 and 110 kg live weight. Two levels of daily energy intake, at an adequate protein intake, were used, and pigs on both treatments were slaughtered at the same age.Differences in daily energy intake affected growth rate and composition of the weight gain. Restriction of the daily energy intake by 20% caused a 15% lower live weight gain and a 12% lower N retention. Carcass muscle growth was 8% lower and fatty tissue growth was lower by 28%. Growth of bone was unaffected. Chemical analysis of different parts of the body revealed that reducing the daily energy intake by 20% caused an 8% lower protein deposition and a 28% lower fat deposition in the total body. However, there were differences between different anatomical parts of the body.Efficiency of pig meat production is discussed in relation to the effects of energy supply on weight gain composition.     

香味剂及采食位置对仔猪采食量的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加香味剂及采食位置对断奶仔猪采食量的影响。试验共使用6栏53头30日龄左右的杜洛克、长白或大白断奶仔猪,其中两栏体重较轻(6 kg多),使用容积相对较小的圆型料槽,另外4栏体重超过10 kg,使用容积较大的矩形料槽。试验日粮为商业性断奶仔猪过渡料,一种添加了香味剂(味美佳),另外一种没有添加香味剂。每栏中有两个料槽分别放置于局限型位置或开敞型位置,并且在两个位置间逐日交替轮换两种饲料。试验持续期为6 d。按照重复测定试验设计,利用SAS的相关程序对仔猪的采食量进行分析。试验结果表明,与不添加香味剂的日粮相比,仔猪断奶后短期内采食添加香味剂的日粮没有提高仔猪的采食量,从数量上看,体重较小的仔猪采食香味剂日粮略多。仔猪采食对位置有明显的偏好,不管什么饲料,同栏仔猪在开敞位置消耗饲料的数量极显著高于在局限位置消耗饲料的数量(P0.01)。本研究不仅验证了日粮中添加香味剂及采食位置对仔猪采食量的影响,还为进行此类试验的设计提供了一种参考方法。     

Protein and energy metabolism in broiler chickens selected for either body weight gain or feed efficiency

1. Correlated responses in protein and energy metabolism were studied in 2 lines of meat-type chickens selected during 6 generations for improved efficiency of food utilisation (line A) or greater body weight (line B). 2. Daily gain was 18% higher in line B but efficiency was 15% better in line A. 3. Metabolisability (ME/GE) was 0.752 in line A and 0.725 in line B. 4. Retained nitrogen as a fraction of nitrogen intake was 0.51 for line A and 0.46 for line B. 5. Energy retention as a fraction of metabolisable energy was 0.38 in line A and 0.43 in line B the difference being primarily attributable to greater fat retention in line B. 6. Selecting for improved efficiency of food utilisation in meat-type chickens having a growth capacity of 50 to 60 g was very effective and produced a lean bird with higher metabolisability of the diet.