栽培措施对重庆秋大豆产量及农艺性状影响

采用3因素3水平正交试验来研究秋大豆品种、施肥和密度因素对农艺性状、经济性状和产量的影响.结果表明:密度是影响秋大豆产量形成的最主要因素,增加密度可显著提高秋大豆产量(P<0.05);施肥对秋大豆有效分枝数影响最大;株高、结荚高度和百粒重主要由品种自身的遗传因素决定;主茎节数、有效荚数和单株粒数受施肥和密度因素的共同影响.综合考虑,重庆地区秋大豆的最优措施为:浙春3号施用过磷酸钙675 kg·hm-2+尿素75 kg·hm-2,密度为50万株·hm-2,此时产量可达2 268.5 kg·km-2.     

不同施肥与密度对菜用大豆苏鲜豆20产量及相关农艺性状的影响

以菜用大豆苏鲜豆20为材料,采用二因素完全随机区组试验,在大田条件下研究了施肥类型和种植密度对菜用大豆产量及相关农艺性状的影响。结果表明:施肥类型、种植密度以及二者的互作均显著影响菜用大豆苏鲜豆20的产量,在N-P2O5-K2O施入量为55-70-50 kg·hm-2,且氮肥组成为50%普通尿素和50%树脂包膜尿素,种植密度30万株·hm-2的最佳施肥与密度组合下,鲜荚产量达到9 045.11 kg·hm-2,施肥类型和种植密度对菜用大豆的株高和单株有效荚数有显著影响,而对分枝数、主茎节数和鲜百粒重影响不明显。     

不同播种方式对合丰50品质、产量及产量构成因子的影响

采用裂区试验设计研究了合丰50在不同播法和种植密度条件下的品质、产量及产量构成因子.结果表明:播法对品质、产量和所有产量性状的影响均不显著,其中穴播对产量、脂肪含量、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重的正向效应均是最大的.密度对百粒重、脂肪含量均无显著影响,但对其它性状均有显著的影响.随密度增加,蛋白质含量逐渐增加,单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重逐渐减少;在不同密度处理下,26万株·hm-2、23万株·hm-2与20万株·hm-2之间产量差异显著,26万株·hm-2为合丰50高产的最佳密度.     

密度对覆膜菜用大豆干物质积累及产量的影响

合理密植是菜用大豆高产的前提条件.为探明不同密度下覆膜菜用大豆叶面积指数、光合势、净同化率、比叶重、叶绿素含量和干物质积累分配及产量的变化规律.以新鲜豆1号为材料,在覆膜条件下,采用7.5、10.5、13.5、16.5、19.5万株·hm-25种密度的研究结果表明:随着密度的增加,株高和始荚高度显著增加,茎粗显著变细,分枝数显著减少,上部叶片明显变小,比叶重和叶绿素含量明显降低;随着密度的增加最大叶面积指数呈增加趋势,后期光合势呈现先增后降的趋势;以处理13.5万株·hm-2,鼓粒期后叶面积指数适中、光合势大,干物质积累速率快,最终积累量大,向籽粒中分配率较高,最终鲜荚产量最高,为15 185.50 kg·hm-2.     

栽培模式与密度对大豆冠层结构及产量的影响

为探讨栽培模式与密度对大豆冠层结构和产量的影响,2007～2008年于内蒙古民族大学试验农场,以垦丰16为试材,采取两因素随机区组设计,研究了栽培模式与密度对叶面积指数、荚数和荚干重在冠层中垂直分布及产量差异.结果表明:在不同的栽培模式下,垄上三行窄沟密植栽培叶面积指数、荚数和荚干重最高,垂直分布最合理,产量也最高,不同栽培模式之间产量差异达到极显著水平.不同密度条件下,叶面积指数随着密度的增加而增加,在密度为30万株·hm-2到36万株·hm-2之间,产量、荚数和荚干重随密度的增加而增加,但当密度为39万株·hm-2时,产量、荚数和荚干重都有所降低,即在36万株·hm-2的栽培密度下产量最高.     

密度及行距对不同大豆品种农艺性状及产量的影响

田间条件下,以3个亚有限结荚习性大豆品种铁丰31、铁豆63和沈农12为试材,采用再裂区设计,考察不同密度及行距处理对不同大豆品种农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明:缩小行距可以提高3个大豆品种的株高;增加密度,3个大豆品种的主茎节数、分枝数、单株荚数和单株粒重减少,结荚高度提高;不同行距处理条件下,大豆产量差异达到了极显著水平(P0.01),行距为30 cm时,大豆产量最高;密度为25万株·hm-2,行距30 cm时,3个大豆品种产量最高,铁丰31、沈农12和铁豆63的产量分别为4 961.2,3 840.0和3 539.1 kg·hm-2。     

玉米套作大豆模式复合群体高产高效优化配置技术研究

利用大豆品种南豆12,在玉米套作大豆模式下,对影响玉米套作大豆复合群体产量效益的带宽比、播期、群体配置3个主要因子进行了试验研究。结果表明:以玉米窄行40 cm、宽行160 cm为玉米套作大豆最优带宽配置;在与早熟和中熟玉米套作时,6月18日是南豆12获得高产的最适播期,与迟熟玉米套作时,6月26日是南豆12获得高产的最适播期,玉米套作南豆12的适宜播种期以玉豆共生期控制在42 d以内为宜;玉米6万株.hm-2、大豆9.9万株.hm-2是玉豆两季作物双高产高效的最优复合群体配置。     

播种密度及施肥水平对耐密植大豆合农76产量性状的影响

以耐密植大豆品种合农76为试验材料,采用二因素完全随机区组设计,设置5个播种密度(25万,30万,35万,40万及45万株·hm~(-2))和6个施肥水平,研究其对大豆产量及产量相关性状的影响,探索耐密植大豆品种产量相关性状的最优配置,明确该品种最佳播种密度及施肥水平。结果表明:随着播种密度的增加,株高呈升高趋势,节数、单株荚数、单株粒数及百粒重均呈降低趋势;随着施肥水平的提高,株高、节数和百粒重呈升高趋势,单株荚数和单株粒数无明显变化规律;随着播种密度的增加及施肥水平的提高,产量均呈先升高后降低的总体趋势,最高产量处理组合各产量相关性状均未达到最佳表现,而是达到最优配置,群体产量得到最大发挥。在播种密度为40万株·hm~(-2)及施肥水平为磷酸二铵140 kg·hm~(-2)、尿素45 kg·hm~(-2)及氯化钾35 kg·hm~(-2)条件下,产量最高(3 309.77 kg·hm~(-2)),在播种密度为35万株·hm~(-2)及施肥水平为磷酸二铵120 kg·hm~(-2)、尿素40 kg·hm~(-2)及氯化钾30 kg·hm~(-2)条件下,产量次之(3 302.07 kg·hm~(-2))且差异未达到极显著水平,说明适当降低播种密度和施肥水平也能够获得较高的产量,从而达到节本、增效、环保的目的。     

不同密度与肥水处理对鲁黄1号大豆产量及农艺性状的影响

以鲁黄1号为试材,研究了不同密度、氮磷钾肥料配比及灌溉对鲁黄1号的产量和农艺性状的影响.结果表明:不同密度和肥水条件下,大豆产量存在显著差异,鲁黄1号适宜密度为20～ 30万株·hm-2,最佳密度为25万株·hm-2左右;不同灌水处理间花荚期灌水增产效果最好,鼓粒期灌水次之;氮磷钾配施、基肥和追肥相结合的增产效果好;花荚期灌水配合N75P112.5K112.5施肥配比产量最高,达到3 250.8 kg·hm-2.淮北地区鲁黄1号的建议施肥量为氮肥50～90 kg·hm-2,磷肥和钾肥70～ 120kg·hm-2.     

氮密交互对大豆干物质在冠层中分布的影响

以东农52大豆为试材,采用裂区设计,设置3个密度(20万,25万,30万株·hm-2)和3种施氮方式(基肥施N 60 kg·hm-2;基肥施N 18 kg·hm-2+R3/R4追N 42 kg·hm-2),研究氮密交互对R4期后大豆叶片、叶柄和荚果干物重在冠层中分布以及不同粒数荚在冠层中分布的影响。结果表明:R6期前,中冠层各器官干重随密度的升高而升高,而到R7期,25万株·hm-2处理上、中冠层各器官干物重显著高于30万株·hm-2的处理,从R5期开始,启动氮加追氮处理上、中冠层各器官干重显著高于氮肥一次性施用,且R4期追氮优于R3期追氮;R8期,25万株·hm-2密度的上冠层荚果干重R4期追氮处理较氮作基肥一次性施用高15.2%(P0.05)。上、中冠层≤2粒荚数在密度为30万株·hm-2时最高;而3、4粒荚数在密度为25万株·hm-2时达最大值;启动氮+R4期追氮显著提高了上、中冠层3、4粒荚数。综上得出,25万株·hm-2密度下启动氮+R4期追氮处理能显著提高R6期后上、中冠层各器官干重以及3、4粒荚数,产量较其他处理增加10.8%~36.5%(P0.05)。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.