大豆新品种吉育201选育报告

为提高吉林省大豆单产水平,选育适合吉林省东部地区种植的优质、高产大豆新品种,2003年以吉育53为母本、吉育67为父本进行有性杂交,采用系谱法,育成大豆新品种吉育201。2011年3月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,该品种高产、稳产、抗病、抗倒伏。适宜吉林省早熟地区种植。     

高油、抗病大豆新品种吉育397的选育

大豆新品种吉育397是吉林省农业科学院大豆研究所于2013年以合辐08-1为母本,吉育202为父本,进行有性杂交,采用系谱法选育而成。2019-2020年区域试验平均产量3 295.8公斤/公顷,较对照增产4.1%;2020年生产试验平均产量3 267.8公斤/公顷,较对照吉育303增产6.0%。2021年通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号:吉审豆20210025。吉育397为高油、抗病大豆品种,籽粒脂肪含量22.25%;人工接种鉴定,高抗大豆花叶病毒病1号株系,高抗大豆花叶病毒病3号株系,中抗大豆灰斑病,适宜吉林省白城、榆树、延边、通化等大豆中早熟地区种植。     

大豆新品种吉育76选育及栽培要点

吉育76大豆新品种是吉林省农业科学院大豆研究中心选育的高产早熟大豆新品种,2005年1月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定。具有高产、抗病、广适等特点,不但质优,而且在吉林省早熟组两年区域试验中平均产量居第一位,比对照品种增产11．7％。     

大豆新品种吉育303的选育

吉育303是通过有性杂交经系谱法选育而成。该品种高产、稳产,吉林省大豆区域试验,平均产量2 605.4公斤/公顷,比对照白农10增产9.3%。2014年2月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为吉审豆2014010。     

超高油大豆新品种吉育202选育报告

吉育202是吉林省农业科学院大豆研究中心以美国品种A1900为母本、日本品种suzumaru为父本经有性杂交,采用单粒传法选育而成的大豆新品种,其主要特点是超高油(25.31%)、高产、早熟,适于吉林省早熟区及黑龙江省第一、第二积温带种植。2012年3月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

小粒大豆新品种吉育108的选育及栽培要点

大豆新品种吉育108为吉林省农业科学院大豆研究中心育成的适合做纳豆和芽豆的新品种。区域试验和生产试验表现抗逆性强、早熟、稳产,品质好。2013—2014年两年区域试验,平均产量2 142.1公斤/公顷,较对照品种吉育105增产10.4%。2014年生产试验,平均产量2 275.1公斤/公顷,较对照品种吉育105增产12.2%。适于吉林省东部山区有效积温2 100℃以上地区种植。2015年2月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

高产抗病大豆新品种吉育513的选育及栽培技术

为给优质高产大豆品种的研发提供参考和借鉴,吉林省农业科学院大豆研究所2009年以吉育47为母本,以铁97124-1-1为父本,配制杂交组合,采用系谱法选育出高产抗病大豆新品种吉育513。2019—2020年参加国家北方春大豆中晚熟组区域试验,平均产量3 248.5 kg·hm^-2,比对照吉育72增产6.1%。2020年参加生产试验,平均产量3301.5 kg·hm^-2,比对照吉育72增产12.1%。2021年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为国审豆20210032。该品种具有高产、稳产和抗病等优良特性,特别适合在吉林省南中部、辽宁省东部和北部、宁夏回族自治区北部、山西省北部、河北省承德地区以及甘肃省张掖地区进行春季播种。该品种是通过传统育种技术与肥力优化筛选相结合的育种模式选育而成的,这种选育模式将对我国大豆产业的未来发展产生深远而积极的影响,如果优化有机和无机的配施比例,吉育513将更能发挥其高产潜力。     

高油高产大豆新品种吉育3512的选育及栽培要点

吉育3512是吉林省农业科学院大豆研究所2021年以合丰42为母本,以公交2003-308-10-13为父本进行有性杂交,经系谱法选育而成的高产抗病大豆品种。2019-2020年参加吉林省大豆科企联合体中早熟组B组品种区域试验,2年平均产量3 340.5公斤/公顷,较对照品种平均增产5.5%。2020年吉林省大豆科企联合体中早熟组品种生产试验平均产量3 266.8公斤/公顷,较对照吉育303增产6.0%。2年平均蛋白质含量38.86%,脂肪含量22.19%,为高油品种。该品种籽粒圆形,种皮黄色,种脐黄色,百粒重为21.7克左右。经过两年的抗病接种试验,抗大豆花叶病毒Ⅰ号株系,抗大豆花叶病毒Ⅲ号株系,中抗大豆灰斑病。适应区生育日数为123天左右,活动积温2 500℃左右。2021年4月由吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,准予推广。审定编号为吉审豆20210026。     

大豆新品种吉育54的选育及栽培技术

中早熟大豆新品种“吉育54”，是吉林省农业科学院大豆所于1991年通过品种间有性杂交选育而成，原品系代号为“公交91171—3”。2001年经吉林省农作物品种委员会审定，确定为推广品种。其主要特点为脂肪含量较高(脂肪含量21．31％)，抗大豆灰斑病，中抗大豆花叶病1、3号株系，高产稳产。     

国审大豆新品种长农38的选育

长农38是长春市农业科学院以吉农18为母本,九交9895-8为父本,经有性杂交选育而成的大豆新品种。2016-2017年参加国家北方春大豆品种试验区域试验,平均产量3 508.48 kg·hm~(-2),较对照品种(吉育86)平均增产4.4%。2017年参加国家北方春大豆品种生产试验,平均产量3 388.33 kg·hm~(-2),较对照吉育86增产2.3%,位列3个参试品种第一位。2018年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号:国审豆20180013。其主要特点是高产、广适、抗逆性强,适宜在吉林省中部、内蒙古东部温和区、土默川及河套平原等地区种植。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.