以bar基因为筛选标记转基因大豆的获得及鉴定

在已优化的大豆农杆菌介导转化体系基础上,以发芽1～2 d的成熟大豆子叶节为外植体,以bar基因作为筛选标记基因,采用农杆菌介导法将胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因(Sporamin)和几丁质酶基因(Chitinase KDEL)转入大豆品种YC-2中.T0代得到生根苗115株,其中采用除草剂叶片涂抹法和目的基因PCR检测法鉴定出阳性...     

基因枪对大豆进行PSY基因的转化研究

以3个大豆品种的体细胞胚为受体,以PSY为目的基因,应用基因枪法对大豆进行了遗传转化,实验结果表明:不同大豆基因型的体细胞胚对抗性选择标记(Hyg)的敏感性存在极显著差异;高渗处理的培养基加入0.4mol/L甘露醇有利于PSY基因的导入;对已获得10株抗性再生苗,经PCR和PCR-Southern分析鉴定,有4株为阳性,初步证明外源基因PSY已整合到大豆的基因组中.     

花粉管通道介导的抗除草剂基因(bar)对大豆的遗传转化

采用花粉管通道介导法将含有bar基因的pPTN140质粒DNA导入8个黑龙江省大豆主栽品种（系）,导入1384朵花,共获得1164粒种子,经2次Basta除草剂筛选后共获得3个品种的除草剂抗性植株8株.对其进行PCR以及PCR-Southern杂交检测均为阳性结果,Southern杂交结果显示,8个除草剂抗性后代植株整合数目不同,其中2株整合单拷贝基因,另外6株分别整合3～8个拷贝的bar基因.对8个抗性植株的后代进行了除草剂抗性分析,D1-D3代均出现除草剂抗性植株,表明bar基因可以在转基因植株后代中遗传,抗性遗传分析结果表明不同株系间以及株系内除草剂抗性缺乏规律性,分离比率不符合孟德尔遗传规律.说明大豆花粉管通道法转化基因存在多拷贝共抑制现象.目前获得除草剂抗性稳定的D3代株系82个.试验说明利用花粉管通道技术进行大豆转化是可行的.     

RNA干扰高油GmPEPc基因转入大豆研究

通过构建GmPEPc基因的植物RNAi双元表达载体,并通过农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节遗传转化方法将控制油脂和蛋白合成途径的相关基因GmPEPc转入受体品种沈农9号中,通过抑制大豆内源GmPEPc基因的表达,增加油脂积累,从而获得高油的转基因大豆新品种。在大豆组织培养过程中,共切取大豆外植体407块,获得T0代转化苗35株,转化率8.9%。通过对转基因后代中目的基因的整合及表达情况进行分子鉴定。获得23株T_1代转基因后代,其中高抗草丁膦除草剂(喷施浓度300 mg·mL~(-1))14株,通过PCR检测结果表明其中12株为PCR阳性;PCR和Southern杂交检测表明,GmPEPc基因已经成功插入到转基因大豆植株基因组DNA中。对T_1代测定结果显示,转基因大豆籽粒的平均含油量比对照高9.51%,平均蛋白质含量下降5.44%。这些研究结果为筛选高油脂含量的转基因大豆新株系提供了依据,为下一步高油新品种的选育提供了种质基础。     

农杆菌介导法向小麦茎尖导入DREB1A基因的研究初报

为了研究以小麦茎尖为受体进行农杆菌转化的可行性,选用小麦品种H6756,以茎尖为受体进行了农杆菌转化.构建了含有拟南芥逆境诱导转录因子DREB1A及除草剂bar基因的表达载体pC3300IS-DREB1A,酶切鉴定此载体,结果证明其连接完全正确,具有转录和表达的功能.农杆菌介导法向小麦茎尖导入DREB1A基因,共获得247株转化苗.转化苗经除草剂筛选,获得66株抗性苗,对抗性苗进一步进行PCR检测,有30株抗性苗扩增出特异性片段,转化率达到12.1%,初步说明本试验中以小麦茎尖为受体的转化系统用于基因转化是可行、高效的.     

CaCl2诱导大豆花粉管通道农杆菌转基因研究

为了提高大豆花粉管通道法转基因效率,研究直接用农杆菌转化方法的可行性,以秋大豆品种上海本地青为受体材料,用花粉管通道法在三种CaCl2浓度水平下进行质粒pCAMBIA3301转化,又以GV3101、LBA4404、EHA105三种农杆茵菌株直接导入花粉管通道为处理进行了遗传转化.以质粒为外源基因平均结实率为36.83%,T0代种子平均成活率为60.89%,T1植株喷施除草剂后平均存活率为8.24%.以农杆菌直接转化平均结实率为15.92%.T0代种子平均成活率为20.40%,T1植株喷施除草剂后平均存活率为7.79%.对存活的植株提取DNA进行PCR检测,以质粒为外源基因的处理共获得20株转化苗,三种CaCl2浓度水平的转化效率分别为0.56%、1.64%、1.40%,有两种水平的转化效率约为传统转化效率的三倍.以农杆菌直接转化的处理共获得5株转化苗,转化效率分剐为0.17%、0.33%、0.29 %.     

利用RNA干扰技术提高大豆脂肪含量

利用冻融法将大豆11S球蛋白GY1基因RNA干扰表达载体转入农杆菌EH105中,以大豆"吉农28"为受体,通过农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节转化法导入大豆,获得T1代转基因苗12株,并对得到的转基因植株进行分子生物学鉴定。PCR和Southern杂交检测表明,RNAi植物表达载体p3301-Gy1已成功插入到转基因大豆植株的基因组DNA中;RT-PCR和SDS-PAGE检测结果表明RNA干扰在转录后水平发挥了作用,11S球蛋白表达含量降低;利用BUCHI N-500型近红外谷物分析仪对转化的大豆蛋白质和脂肪含量进行检测,结果转化植株的籽粒蛋白质含量(36.07%)平均降低1.43个百分点,脂肪含量(21.28%)平均提高0.76个百分点。因此,利用RNA干扰技术提高大豆脂肪含量是可行的。     

根癌农杆菌农杆菌介导抗菌肽基因转化大豆的研究

为利用抗菌肽基因培育转基因大豆抗病材料,采用根癌农杆菌介导法将抗菌肽基因和绿色荧光蛋白基融合因转入大豆胚尖外植体。结果表明,60mg/L的卡那霉素可以对转化植株进行有效的筛选;在共培养时添加200µmol/L乙酰丁香酮有利于抗菌肽基因的转化;在生根培养基中不添加卡那霉素更有利于转化苗的成活。目的基因特异的PCR检测和绿色荧光蛋白表达分析,发现抗菌肽基因已转入大豆,并得到表达。     

农杆菌介导法将Bt基因转入大豆的研究

以6个品种大豆体细胞胚为受体,以Bt基因为目的基因,应用根癌农杆茵介导法对大豆进行了遗传转化,经体细胞胚萌发、生根及壮苗培养和卡那霉素选择培养,获得了完整的抗性再生苗,经PCR、PCR-Southern和点杂交分析鉴定,初步证明外源基因Bt已整合到大豆的基因组中。     

农杆菌介导向玉米茎尖导入HAL1基因的初步研究

选用玉米优良自交系郑58的茎尖为受体,研究以玉米茎尖为受体进行农杆菌转化体系的可行性。用农杆菌介导法将耐盐碱基因HAL1转入玉米中,获得70株转化苗,经过300 mg/L的除草剂(Basta)筛选,共获得9株转基因植株。进一步进行 PCR检测,其中6株表现阳性,转化率达8.57%。初步证明外源基因已经整合到玉米基因组中,以玉米茎尖作为受体孢子体的转化系统可用于基因转化。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).