去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡测定大豆粕,棉仁粕,菜籽粕氨基酸消化率的研究

分别用２４只去盲肠和未去盲肠健康公鸡，测定了豆粕、棉仁粕和菜籽粕的氨基酸消化率。试验结果表明：去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排泄量显著高于未去盲肠鸡（Ｐ〈０．０５）；在大豆粕中，胱氨酸、苏氨酸等５种氨基酸的消化率未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ〈０．０５）；在棉仁粕和菜籽粕中，除个别氨基酸外，大多数氨基酸及氨基酸总和的消化率未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ〈０．０５），可见，饲料种类、试鸡有无盲肠均影响饲料ＡＡＡ     

去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡测定大豆粕、棉仁粕、菜籽粕氨基酸消化率的研究

分别用２４只去盲肠和未去盲肠健康公鸡，测定了豆粕、棉仁粕和菜籽粕的氨基酸消化率。试验结果表明：去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排泄量显著高于未去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在大豆粕中，胱氨酸、苏氨酸等５种氨基酸的消化率未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在棉仁粕和菜籽粕中，除个别氨基酸外，大多数氨基酸及氨基酸总和的消化率未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５），可见，饲料种类、试鸡有无盲肠均影响饲料ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ。盲肠微生物对内源及饲料中未消化蛋白质、多肽及氨基酸具有分解作用，干扰饲料ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ测定。对于不易消化，氨基酸含量相对不平衡的低品质蛋白质饲料干扰尤其严重。因此用去盲肠公鸡测定的饲料ＡＡＤ值更接近氨基酸在消化道内消化吸收的真实情况。     

去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡测定花生粕、胡麻粕、芝麻粕氨基酸消化率的研究

分别用２４只去盲肠和未去盲肠健康公鸡，测定了花生粕、胡麻粕和芝麻粕的氨基酸消化率。结果表明：去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排泄量显著高于未去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在花生粕中，胱氨酸、赖氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸的ＡＡＤ未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在胡麻粕和芝麻粕中，除酪氨酸和脯氨酸外，其它各种氨基酸及１６种氨基酸总和的ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）。鸡盲肠微生物对内源及饲料中未消化蛋白质、多肽及氨基酸具有分解作用，干扰饲料ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ测定。对于不易消化、氨基酸含量相对不平衡的低品质蛋白质饲料干扰尤其严重。在测定的３种饼粕中，花生粕氨基酸消化率最高，胡麻粕次之。过度热处理的芝麻粕氨基酸平均消化率为４７．３％，赖氨酸消化率为２１．７％。     

去盲肠鸡和正常鸡测定的饲料氨基酸消化率可加性比较

本研究以去盲肠鸡和正常鸡按Ｓｉｂｂａｌｄ的“ＴＭＥ”方法分别测定了皮大麦、蒸煮血粉、发酵血粉、水解复合蛋白、热喷胶原蛋白、国产鱼粉及其配合饲料Ｊ１和Ｊ２的氨基酸表观消化率（ＡＡＡＤ）和真消化率（ＴＡＡＤ）。并对两种试鸡所测上述饲料原料氨基酸的消化率及其可加性作比较。结果表明：（１）６种饲料原料的某些氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率，去盲肠鸡和正常鸡测值间存在显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。（２）去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排出量显著高于正常鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）。（３）在以非常规蛋白质为主要补充蛋白质源时，以去盲肠鸡测得的真可消化氨基酸具有最好的可加性。说明测定鸡饲料氨基酸消化率以去盲肠鸡为试验动物较好     

鸡盲肠对饲料磷的消化作用

本文采用去盲肠和有盲肠公鸡的对比试验方法研究了盲肠对饲料磷的消化作用。结果表明：（１）去盲肠鸡内源磷排泄量为４９ｍｇ／日．只,有盲肠鸡的内源磷排泄量为４２ｍｇ／日．只,两者差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）,可见,盲肠能够消化吸收内源磷;（２）当公鸡采食含豆粕、棉仁粕、菜籽粕、花生粕或胡麻粕的半纯合日粮时,植酸磷采食量较高,有盲肠鸡磷的排泄量显著低于去盲肠鸡,真消化率显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ〈０．０５）,表明     

去盲肠和未去盲肠公鸡测定饲料氨基酸消化率的比较研究

应用Sibbald“TME”方法,比较了去盲肠和未去盲肠公鸡对饲料氨基酸的消化率。试验测定了10种饲料的去盲肠和未去盲肠公鸡的氨基酸消化率。结果表明,未去盲肠鸡对10种饲料的氨基酸表观和真消化率均高于去盲肠鸡。轻度受热鱼粉、重度受热鱼粉、脱毒棉籽饼、未脱毒棉籽饼和豆饼的表观氨基酸消化率在去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),未受热鱼粉和芝麻饼的表观氨基酸消化率在去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡之间不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。轻度受热鱼粉、重度受热鱼粉、豆饼的真氨基酸消化率在去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡之间存在显著差异(P<0.05);未受热鱼粉、脱毒棉籽饼、未脱毒棉籽饼和芝麻粕的真氨基酸消化率在去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡之间不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排出量显著高于未去盲肠鸡(P>0.05)。微生物对未消化食糜中的肽类、氨基酸具有降解作用。     

育成肉用公鸡与蛋用公鸡的代谢率比较

采用Ｓｉｂｂａｌｄ强饲快速法，测定了４－５月龄育成肉用公鸡与蛋用公鸡的能量、氮、氨基酸代谢率。结果表明：表观能量代谢率肉鸡明显低于蛋鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）。真能量代谢率差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。两种鸡都出现氮负平衡，且肉鸡明显高于蛋鸡。总氨基酸真代谢率...     

对水解复合蛋白在鸡的氨基酸可消化性之评价

本研究分别用去盲肠鸡和正常鸡测定水解复合蛋白的表观氨基酸消化率（ＡＡＡＤ）和真氨基酸消化率（ＴＡＡＤ）。测得去盲肠鸡对该产品的总氨基酸表现消化率为６２．１％，真消化率为７２．３％，正常鸡对该产品的总氨基酸表观和真消化率分别为６３．５％和７１．４％，去盲肠鸡和正常鸡对多数氨基酸的表观消化率测值之间有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５），而大多数氨基酸的真消化率两种鸡的测值之间没有显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。     

高原地区肉鸡能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率测定及其方法的研究

采用经典全收粪代谢试验方法和Sibald强饲快速法，在青海省西宁地区测定了爱拔益加肉仔鸡的能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率，并对肉用公鸡和蛋用公鸡的代谢率进行了比较。结果表明，高原地区肉用公鸡生长期（29-60日龄）的能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率随日龄的增加而降低；日粮能量、蛋白水平对其能量代谢率无影响，对氮和氨基酸代谢率有影响。35-38日龄和57-60日龄期间，肉用公鸡的能量代放率和总氨基酸代谢率显著低于蛋用公鸡；4-5月龄肉用公鸡的表观能量代谢率显著低于蛋用公鸡。未去盲肠公鸡对豆粕、肉骨粉、脱毒菜籽饼的氨基酸表观和真代谢率高于去盲肠鸡；公鸡去盲肠后对低纤维素日粮中的消化率影响较大；内源物矫正对鸡代谢试验测定结果具有可靠性和精确性。用体外胃蛋白酶法测定的三种蛋白质饲料的氨基酸代谢率与体内法具有较好的回归关系。     

以去盲肠鸡测定发酵血粉和蒸煮血粉的氨基酸利用率

本研究以去盲肠鸡和改良的“ＴＭＥ”法测定了发酵血粉和蒸煮血粉的氨基酸利用率。结果表明，除蛋氨酸外，鸡对发酵血粉的氨基酸利用率显著高于蒸煮血粉（Ｐ＜０．０５）。发酵血粉是一种值得开发利用和推广的蛋白质饲料。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein