应用氯前列烯醇诱发奶牛同期发情试验

对８０头成年黑白花奶牛应用氯前列烯醇处理诱发同期发情。结果；处理后１－６ｄ内出现发情的有７６头，发情率为９５％，未出现发情的母牛于处理后的第１１ｄ重复处理１次，３ｄ内均出现发情；经人工授精后，母牛的情期受胎率为９７．５％，总受胎率为１００％；２０头对照牛同期发情率为２５％，情期受胎率为８０％，总受胎率为９０％。     

乏情后备母猪药物处理试验

对８２头长大、大长９～１０个月龄一直未能发情的后备母猪进行了药物处理,以三合激素连续处理４天和以中药促情芨连喂３天后立即注射氯前列烯醇２次（上下午各１次）,处理后５天内观察发情表现。结果,三合激素组母猪发情率为４５．０％（１８／４０）,配种后４６天不返经为５．５６％（１／１８）;促情散加氯前列烯醇组发情率为９７．６２％（４１／４２）,配种后４６天不返经为９７．５６％（４０／４１）。４１头母猪平均产     

猪宝灵的开发和应用研究

将５１头经产母猪随机分成两组，试验组３７头，于断奶后１２小时内注射猪宝灵６００ＩＵ，对照组不作处理，以观察同期发情率，情期受胎率和产仔质量。用猪宝灵分别处理４８头乏情母猪和１２头初情青年母猪，以观察其调节体内激素代谢水平，治疗某些繁殖疾病。研究结果表明：同期发情试验，受试组与对照组之间的同期发情率差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。处理乏情母猪发情率８７．５％（４２／４８）情期受胎率８３．３％（３５／４２），初期青年母猪诱导发情率８３．３％（１０／１２），情期受胎率８０％（８／１０）。确立了猪宝灵处理不同类型母猪，对初情青年母猪有诱导性早熟作用，提高了经产母猪同期发情水平，同时又能有效地治疗乏情母猪，以达到最佳排卵率和较理想受胎率。因此猪宝灵的应用对提高母猪繁殖力，实现工厂化、集约化批次生产商品猪起了积极作用，产生了良好的经济效益，促进了养猪业的发展     

提高绵羊受胎率的研究——同期发情试验（一）

应用氯前列烯醇处理临床健康繁殖适龄母羊共１１８只（海西６２只，海南５６只），其５ｄ内的同期发情率达７９．６９％（海西７９．０３，海南８０．３５％），１０ｄ内的发情率达９４．２６％（海西９０．３２％，海南９８．２１％），与对照组间均有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．００１），情期受胎率略高于对照组（Ｐ〉０．０５）。     

绵羊同期发情

３２只绵羊经Ｐ４＋ＰＧ处理后，１～５ｄ、１０ｄ内的同期发情率分别为９２．００％（２９／３２），１００％（３２／３２）。５ｄ、１０ｄ内的同期发情率均显著地高于对照组的同期发情率（５０％和８０％）（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

速效催情针对诱导长白猪同期发情及提高受胎率试验

选用42头长白母猪进行同期发情试验，其中20头（试验组）经速效催情针处理后1～4天同期发情率达100％，显著高于对照组母猪的同期发情率50％（P〈0．05）。     

提高绵羊受胎率的研究——同期发情试验（二）

５６只绵羊（海西２６只，海南２０只）经Ｐ＋ＰＭＳＧ和６２只绵羊（海西３０只，海南３２只）经ＰＭＳＧ处理后，１￣５ｄ内的同期发情率分别为７５．５％，（海西７９．９０％，海南７５．００％）和５６．５６％（海西６０．００％，海南５３．１３％），且Ｐ＋ＰＭＳＧ组与对照组间有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５），１０ｄ内的同期发情率为９５．７５％（海西９６．１５％，海南９５．００％）和９６．６６％（海西９３．３３，海南     

应用PMSG,PMSG＋HCG和氯前列烯醇提高母猪繁殖试验

应用ＰＭＳＧ、ＰＭＳＧ＋ＨＣＧ和氯前列烯醇处理临床上健康的繁殖适龄“长Ｘ大”杂种母猪９６头，１０ｄ内同期发情率分别为９８．１５％、９９．３３％和９０．２３％，均与对照组的４６．７０％间有极显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）；情期受胎率分虽为９８．０５％、１００％和１００％、与对照组间无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）；胎平均产仔数分别为１３．１头、１５．３头和１５．８头，均与对照组间差异不显著，但试验组胎平均产仔数     

皮埃蒙特牛胚胎移植试验报告

选择健康、繁殖和营养状况良好的眼埃蒙特供体母牛和同样条件的南阳受体黄牛,通过同期发情、超数排卵、胚胎移植待技术处理,观测皮埃蒙特牛在发展南阳肉牛方面的实际应用效果。试验结果：冷冻胚胎移植黄牛妊娠泫为３２．５％;超排处理皮埃蒙特肉牛３头获胚２０枚,可用胚１０枚,全部用于鲜胚移植,妊娠率为６０％,同期发情处理受体黄牛４１头,发情率为８０．４９％,７２小时发情率为８７．８８％。     

牛人工授精后血清中孕酮浓度的变化与受胎效果

笔者通过对授精当天、７天后和２０～２２日后牛体血清中孕酮浓度的测定（酶免疫法）与分析，探讨了该法应用于牛的发情鉴定和早期妊娠诊断的可能性。在５２头供试牛中，有４７头（９０．４％）属正常发情（排卵性发情），有１头（１．９％）属假发情（不排卵性发情），另有４头（７．７％）未发情，６０天后妊检结果，有３６头（６９．２％）怀孕，这３６头牛均为正常发情者。输精后第７天血清中的孕酮浓度，妊娠牛（ｎ＝３６）与非妊娠牛群（ｎ＝１６）间无显著差异，但在第２０～２２天后的第二次发情预计日，妊娠牛的孕酮浓度［５．３±１．７（１．２－８．２）ｎｇ／ｍｌ］则显著高于非妊娠牛［１．３±１．２（０．４－５．５）ｎｇ／ｍｌ］。采用此时血清中孕酮浓度指标，判定有４０头牛妊娠，其早期妊娠诊断的准确率在妊娠牛为９０．０％（３６／４０），对非妊娠牛达１００％（１２／１２）。因而，本法在早期妊娠诊断上具有实用价值。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -