海晏县棘球蚴病流行病学调查及综合防治报告

１９９１年９一１１月在海晏县进行棘球蚴病流行病学调查，剖检绵羊２２３０只，感染率平均８７．０４％，剖检牦牛１０４０头，感染率平均８０．５８％，剖检犬１１条，细粒棘球绦虫感染率为６３．６４％，确认海晏县是犬棘球绦虫感染和家畜棘球蚴病的高发区。并于１９９１年１１月至１９９３年１１月在全县境内进行了棘球蚴病综合防治。采取“犬犬投药，月月驱虫”为主的综合防治措施后，犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率下降到零，２岁羊棘球蚴感染率由防治前的５６．９３％下降到２１．６２％，１岁羔羊由防治前的４７．５０％下降到１３．２８％，两年来的综合防治效果十分显著。     

甘肃省皇城羊场棘球蚴病综合防治试验

我们于1986年选择皇城羊场做为棘球蚴病牧区试验基点。在流行病学调查基础上。于1988年6月开展了以“犬犬投药，月月驱虫”为技术中心的综防试验，至1990年10月共进行了两年零5个月。结果；犬细粒球绦虫感染率由26．67％下降到零，羊棘球蚴感染率由77．15％下降到17．4％，新生仔代绵羊中则由28．95％下降到8．53％，下降幅度为70．54％，人包虫手术率综防前为0．25％，综防后尚未发现1例，羊脑包虫感染率也获得同步下降，由4．51％下降到0．74％，下降幅度83．59％。摸索出了一套在牧区进行综防的经验，并已开始推广。     

青海高原地区棘球绦虫／棘球蚴病的流行概况

对青海高原地区犬棘球绦虫感染率和人、动物棘球拗的感染情况资料进行整理和分析。结果：犬的棘球绦虫感染率为１９．３％－８２．３％；家畜棘球蚴感染率在８０．０％以上者占全省４０个县、市的５２．５％；人体因包虫病住院接受手术治疗者占人群均数的０．２‰－１‰，感染率平均为１％－５％。结果表明该地区为棘球蚴病的高度流行区，并就防治提出了建议。     

青海省棘球蚴病流行与防治概况

青海省不同地区棘球蚴感染率的差异较大,从1989—2003年的资料分析,都兰县羊棘球蚴感染率98.53%,门源县羊棘球蚴平均感染率为29.42%,达日县牦牛的的感染率86.80%,某军牧场4岁以上牛感染率100%。天峻县牦牛棘球蚴感染率为37.8%,玉树州犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率78.13%,海南州犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率为19.30%。青海人群本病的平均患病率为2%,少数牧区高达7%~10%。海北州从1991—2003年间开展棘球蚴病综合防治,牛棘球蚴平均感染率降至5.23%。羊棘球蚴平均感染率降至8.50%。犬细粒棘球蚴绦虫感染率由综防前的63.64%下降为零,防治成效显著。     

某军牧场棘球蚴病流行情况及防治五年后的监测结果

1989年某军牧5志向匀以下羊棘球蚴的平均感染率为80％，牛为66.67％；彩用氢溴酸槟榔碱驱虫法监测犬细粒棘球绦虫的感染率为38.46％；1969年以来，人间包虫病累计手术病例数超过当地居民数的0.5‰。1990－1994年施行控制养犬数量，吡喹酮定期给犬驱虫、妥盖处理患病脏器等综合性防治，连续防治5年后监测结果：5岁以下羊棘球是细的平均感染率下降至9.58％，牛棘球蚴的感染率下降至6.06%，犬细粒棘球绦虫的感染率下降为零。在人间再未发现新的包虫病病例。     

玉树县国营牧场藏犬驱虫前后棘球蚴病感染调查

用包虫快速诊断试剂条对玉树县国营牧场的52条藏犬,分别于2010年10月份和2012年4月份,进行驱虫前后藏犬棘球蚴病感染情况调查,结果显示,通过采取以驱虫为主的综合措施后,藏犬棘球蚴的感染率由驱虫前的19.23%下降到驱虫后3.85%。     

海晏地区棘球蚴病流行情况调查

经调查海晏地区绵羊棘球蚴病的感染率为46.13%,牦牛棘球蚴病的感染率为16.85%,犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率为33.33%,人的棘球蚴患病率为0.69%。这与1991年的调查数相比感染率有所下降,而与综防后的1994年相比,感染率大幅度回升,说明海晏地区棘球蚴病的危害依然严重,需在今后的工作中继续加强防治,促使棘球蚴病达到稳定控制。     

贵南县包虫(棘球蚴)病基线调查

为了全面掌握贵南地区包虫(棘球蚴)病流行程度,制定防治对策,2004年5～10月对本地区人、犬、牛、羊的包虫病感染情况作了全面调查。结果表明：人包虫病患病率0.79‰,犬细粒棘球绦虫平均感染率为28．33％,牛棘球蚴平均感染率为58％,羊棘球蚴平均感染率为43．73％,表明贵南县为棘球蚴病高发区,应采取综合性防制措施,有效控制包虫病的发生。     

格尔木市屠宰牛、羊棘球蚴病感染情况调查

对格尔木市清真冷库和清真定点屠宰场牛、羊棘球蚴的感染情况进行了调查。牦牛、黄牛、绵羊和山羊的平均感染率分别为１９．５１％。９．７２％、２５．５０％和３０．０８％。调查还发现，母牛、羊和犍（羯）牛、羊、成年牛、羊和幼年牛、羊（１－２岁）的感染率有着明显的差异，同一畜种在不同的饲养方式下对棘球蚴的感染率也明显不同。 棘球蚴在放牧家畜的感染率较高，轻度感染可引起消瘦、发育不良，乳、肉、毛的质量下降（徐定人等，１９９８）；严重感染可引起家畜消瘦、衰弱和死亡（康克仁， １９８７）。因此，污染的肉品和脏器对人…     

民和县犬细粒棘球绦虫驱虫效果调查

本文阐述了民和县2016-2020年全县犬细粒棘球绦虫驱虫效果,投放吡喹酮咀嚼片218万余片,对全县犬只进行177.4万余条(次)的投药驱虫,防治效果显著:犬粪包虫抗原检测阳性率由2015年的20％下降至2020年的0.56％;犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率由2015年的66.7％下降至2020年的零.     

Three dogs under 2 years of age with heartworm caval syndrome

Heartworm caval syndrome (CS) occurred in three dogs under 2 years of age. A 23-month-old dog was recovered by surgical and medical treatments, but the other 2 dogs (15 and 21 months old) died. Necropsy demonstrated 12 heartworms in the 15-month-old dog and 8 worms in the 21-month-old dog. Histopathologically, pulmonary arterial embolism caused by dead worms and thrombi were observed in these cases. The findings suggested that CS could develop regardless of canine age and worm burden if pulmonary arterial embolism related to worm death or thrombus formation were induced.     

兰州地区宠物犬弓形虫病血清学检测分析

为了解兰州地区宠物犬弓形虫病的感染情况以及不同弓形虫检测方法检测结果的差异,本研究对兰州地区272例宠物诊所受检犬只进行弓形虫阳性检出率的统计分析,对66份犬血样进行间接血凝试验(IHA)与酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测,并将2种方法结果进行比较。结果表明弓形虫的感染率与年龄有关,随着年龄的增长感染率增加,犬只小于1岁感染率最低3.77%,1～3岁感染率为10.59%,3～5岁感染率为15.28%,大于5岁时感染率最高22.58%,不同性别之间感染无显著差异(P>0.05);IHA与ELISA检测结果经t检验比较差异不显著(P>0.05),2种检测方法中,IHA方法适用于大规模流行病学调查。     

Genetic analysis of markers of the performance test for herding dogs. 1. Performance traits

The objective of the present study was to analyse data based on records of sheep dog trials in order to evaluate the importance of genetic and environmental sources of variation and to draw conclusions for breeding purposes. The data analysed consisted of 2745 test results recorded at 48 sheep dog trials carried out in Germany from 1994 to 1998, on which a total of 337 sheep dogs had attended. Tested dogs descended from 147 sires and 201 dams, with a mean inbreeding coefficient of about 2.8%. Variance components of working traits were estimated applying Restricted Maximum Likelihood methods. Additive genetic effects, permanent environmental effects of the animal and the effect of the handler were treated as random factors using multivariate linear models. Additionally, the model included the fixed effects of the age of the dogs at the sheep dog trial, sex, the level of difficulty of the exercises as well as the event itself, the starting number of the dog, the number of the dogs' tests at the particular event and the number of dogs presented on sheep dog trials by their handlers. The inbreeding coefficient was regarded as a linear covariate. Sex of the dog and starting number did not explain a significant proportion of variance for traits analysed, whereas the event of the sheep dog trial and the starting class usually were of significant importance. The analyses were performed using all sheep dog trial classes and for each of the three classes separately. Repeatabilities of herding traits within the same event of sheep dog trial estimated from animal effect mostly varied within a range from w = 0.1 to w = 0.5 whereas repeatabilities estimated over all events of sheep dog trials mostly gave estimates from w = 0.1 to w = 0.3. The estimated heritabilities for the herding performance traits ranged from h2 < or = 0.001 to h2 = 0.13 with standard errors in the range between 0.001 and 0.08. The selection possibilities appear to be rather limited given the heritability estimates and the low number of progeny of parents.     

Genetic analysis of markers of the working test for herding dogs 2. Undesired behavior traits

The objective of the present study was to analyse the occurrence of undesirable behaviour traits registered on sheep dog trials in order to evaluate the importance of genetic and environmental sources of variation and to draw conclusions for breeding purposes. The data analysed consisted of 2745 test results recorded at 48 sheep dog trials carried out in Germany from 1994 to 1998, which were attended by 337 sheep dogs. Variance components of undesirable behaviour traits were estimated applying Restricted Maximum Likelihood methods. Additive genetic effects, permanent environmental effects of the animal and the effect of the handler were treated as random factors. Additionally, the linear multivariate animal model included the fixed effects of the age of the dogs at the sheep dog trial, sex, the level of difficulty of the exercises as well as the event itself, the starting number of the dog, the number of the dogs' tests at the particular event and the number of dogs presented on sheep dog trials by their handlers. The inbreeding coefficient was regarded as a linear covariate. The analyses were performed using all sheep dog trial classes and for each of the three classes separately. Age of the dog and starting number did not explain a significant proportion of variance for traits analysed, whereas the event of the sheep dog trial and partly the number of dogs per handler were of significant importance. The estimated heritabilities for the undesirable behaviour traits ranged from h2 < or = 0.001 to h2 = 0.07 with standard errors in the range between 0.001 and 0.06. The possibilities to select against undesired behaviour traits appear to be rather limited given the heritability estimates and the low number of progeny.     

Detection of patent infections of Echinococcus granulosus ("sheep-strain", G1) in naturally infected dogs in Kosovo

A survey was carried out to assess the occurrence of canine echinococcosis in naturally infected dogs in Kosovo. Using the flotation-ovassay technique, taeniid eggs were found in 23 (7.5%) out of a total of 305 dogs. Eggs from other helminths were detected as well: hookworms 139 (45.5%), Trichuris sp. 87 (28.5%), Toxocara sp. 42 (13.7%), Toxascaris leonina 21 (6.8%) and Dipylidium caninum eight (2.6%). From 21 of the 305 samples (6.9%), taeniids eggs could be collected. Using PCR primers specific for Echinococcus granulosus ("sheep strain", G1), four of these samples (1.3%) resulted positive. The E. granulosus isolates originated from each one stray dog, hunting dog, sheepdog and pet dog. A semi-quantitative analysis showed low to moderate egg counts (2-10 per 1 g faeces) in dogs positive for E. granulosus ("sheep strain", G1) whereas specimens with high (11-20) or very high numbers (> 20) of taeniid eggs were negative in the E. granulosus PCR. Using specific primers for the detection of E. multilocularis, all samples containing taeniid eggs were negative. This is the first report on identification of E. granulosus in dogs from Kosovo where human cystic echinococcosis is a significant medical problem.     

Echinococcus granulosus in farm dogs and dingoes in south eastern Queensland

Twenty-nine farms with a prevalence of greater than 20% of hydatidosis in cattle were visited in south eastern Queensland between August and December 1982. All farms carried beef cattle but none sheep. Twenty-four had dingoes and wallabies but only 8 had feral pigs. On 17 farms either macropods were killed for dog food or dogs were suspected of hunting macropods or scavenging their carcases. Purge samples were collected from 45 dogs from 23 of the 29 farms visited. The Australian sylvatic strain of Echinococcus granulosus was found in low numbers in purged intestinal content from one dog from each of 2 farms. Also, 50 intestinal tracts from dingoes from southern Queensland were examined between October 1981 and November 1983. The sylvatic strain of E. granulosus was found in 36 dingoes, the Australian mainland domestic strain in 4, and a further 5 dingoes were infected but the strain was not identified. This work indicates that domestic dogs are probably not important definitive hosts for E. granulosus in south eastern Queensland but could be an occasional source of infection for man. Dingoes are the major definitive host and worm numbers can be very high. Small foci of the domestic strain of E. granulosus may be maintained in a cycle involving dingoes, macropods and possibly feral pigs in cattle raising areas of coastal Queensland.     

Clinical and genetic investigations of idiopathic epilepsy in the Bernese mountain dog

A study was conducted to investigate the clinical aspects and to define the mode of inheritance of idiopathic epilepsy in the Bernese mountain dog. Pedigree analyses were carried out on an open, non-preselected population of 4005 dogs. Five different subpopulations with 50 epileptic dogs from 13 generations were included. Almost all epileptic patients showed generalised seizures of the grand-mal type with a well-defined prodromal and postictal phase. The majority (62 per cent) of the epileptic dogs had had their first seizures at between one and three years of age and it was found that the age at first seizure was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in dogs from affected parental animals than in dogs from healthy parental animals. A clear predisposition for males was also noted. Additionally, there was no correlation between inbreeding coefficient and age at first seizure or incidence rate of seizures. The increased occurrence of the disease in different subpopulations and different families of the same sires or dams showed that there was a genetic basis for the condition in the Bernese mountain dog. Furthermore, the results of the pedigree analyses and binomial test support the hypothesis that idiopathic epilepsy has a polygenic, recessive mode of inheritance in the breed. Additional objective test-mating programmes would however be necessary to define the exact mode of inheritance.     

Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis on sheep farms in the south of Argentina: areas with a control program

In 2000 Guarnera et al. proposed using ELISA in canine faeces collected from the ground to detect dogs infected with Echinococcus granulosus, thus determining sheep farms with active transmission. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of E. granulosus infection in sheep farms of the Patagonia. Sheep farms were randomly selected in the Provinces of Río Negro, Chubut, Neuquén, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego (areas with control programs) and La Pampa (comparison area). From one to three samples of fecal matter were obtained for each sheep farm, which were processed by means of copro-ELISA test with confirmation of positive samples by copro-Western blot. A total of 1042 samples were obtained from 352 sheep farms, 26 (7.3%) proving positive. Of these 5 (6.3%) were from La Pampa, 9 (13.8%) from Neuquén, 4 (4.7%) from Río Negro, 2 (2.9%) from Chubut, 1 (5.9%) from Santa Cruz and 5 (13.9%) from Tierra del Fuego. The identification of parasitized dogs is an essential activity upon which rests the strategy of control and surveillance. Arecoline tests or coproantigen test with fecal matter obtained directly from the dog contribute information on individual prevalence, while the use of coproantigens detected in ground-collected samples transfers the dog unit of observation to units of greater epidemiological value. In the present experience, the technique employed seems promising for its application in systems of epidemiological surveillance of cystic echinococcosis and in drawing a baseline on which to measure the progress of control programs in the Argentine Patagonia in subsequent years.     

内蒙古边境地区动物棘球绦虫感染状况调查报告

2008-2010年,在内蒙古自治区选择了6个边境旗(县),借助细粒棘球绦虫粪抗原抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验,调查了家(牧)犬棘球绦虫感染率;经屠宰场调查,检查了羊、牛棘球蚴感染水平;通过走访当地疾病防控中心,了解人感染包虫痛的基本情况.连续3年的调查结果显示,犬粪便抗原平均阳性率为13.16%,感染严重地区的犬粪便抗原阳性率最高为16.15%,以牧区的阳性率为最高,且越靠近边境地区感染越严重;羊、牛棘球蚴感染率平均为13.66%,感染严重地区的感染率最高为17.90%,平均感染强度达到了1.36个.调查表明,内蒙古边境地区棘球蚴病依然存在,且严重威胁着人类和家畜的健康,应引起重视.