环境与禽的大肠杆菌病

目前,禽的大肠杆菌病已经成为危害养禽业最主要的细菌性传染病.根据多年实践经验,从家畜生态理论入手,认为导致该病因及危害主要是禽的生态平衡失调,并提出治疗上应从纠正生态平衡失调入手,采用中西医结合疗法,才能收到事半功倍的理想效果.     

促禽康对肉仔鸡生产性能和肠道菌群的影响

促禽康是根据微生态平衡理论，微生态失调理论、微生态营养理论和微生态防治理论选用动物体内正常微生物成员及其促进物质经特殊加工工艺而制成的活菌制剂。它能够在数量或种类上补充肠道内减少或缺乏的正常微生物，调整或维持肠道内微生态平衡，促进乳酸菌等有益菌增殖，抑制大肠杆菌等致病菌的生长。增强机体免疫功能，促进营养物质的消化吸收。微生态制剂以其无毒副作用、无耐药性、无残留成本低、效果显著等特点，逐渐得到广大养殖界同仁的首肯。本试验旨在验证促禽康对肉仔鸡生产性能和肠道菌群的影响。１材料与方法１．１促禽康由北京…     

正常菌群与腹泻病

关于家兔腹泻病，近年来许多文章都谈到了病因复杂，但多从外源性感染来认识，而忽视了一个重要问题，那就是生态平衡与生态失调。下面就谈谈这方面的问题。１生态失调与疾病生态失调就是宿主正常微生物与外界环境共同适应过程中的一种反常状态。人和动物携带的微生物在正常状态下是保持平衡的，一旦平衡失调就可能引起疾病过程。生态平衡与生态失调转化过程如下示意图。互生抗生偏生环境宏生物宏生物宏生物生态失调生态平衡生态失调微生物菌群平衡微生物菌群失调微生物菌群失调抗生素慢性病（比例失调）急性病（菌交替症）健康状态图生态平…     

浅析因营养物质缺乏引起禽的皮下水肿

在五年的临床实践中，遇到禽皮下水肿73例，其中致病菌感染引起的水肿计25例，因某种营养物质不是或营养成分失调引起的禽水肿为48例，占整个水肿病例的65.7%。我们在疹治中，对禽水肿的症状以及剖检结果进行分析，及时采取措施，补充某种营养物质或调整饲料中营养结构。     

黄芩甙联合益生菌代谢产物抗病毒效果评价

中药学与微生态学无论在理论上和实践上，均有许多相同之处。对人和动物机体的生态平衡，它们虽从不同角度进行研究，但其看法是一致的，即均从生物整体来认识生态平衡，并且对机体生态平衡失调加以辨证论治，有机地进行生态调节。本文作者通过试验论证了益生菌的代谢产物联合中药黄芩甙的抗病毒效果，为益生菌联合中药抗菌抗病毒作了必要的前期工作。     

日粮添加粪链球菌对仔猪生产性能的影响

微生态制剂是根据生物微生态平衡、微生态失调、微生态营养和微生态防治理论，选用动物体内正常微生物研制的一类用于调节动物机体微生态平衡的活菌制剂。它能够在数量和种类上补充肠道内减少或缺乏的正常微生物，调节或维持肠道内的微生态平衡，增强机体免疫力，促进营养物质的消化吸收，从而达到防病治病、提高饲料转化率和畜禽生产性能的目的。     

禽血管瘤疾病浅谈

目前，重大疫病依然是困扰我国养禽业生产、出口的关键问题。据统计，危害我国养禽业的禽病近80种，而传染病即占60多种，危害巨大，是目前致死禽类，引起禽生产性能下降．死淘率居高不下的主要原因。     

湖南省禽病发生动态与防制探讨

与养禽业发达的省市相比，我省的养禽业发展比较缓慢，禽病是其中的重要制约因素。了解禽病发生动态和有关的防病治病知识，可以有效保护养禽业的健康发展。l禽病发生动态1．1病毒病占主导地位病毒性疾病以鸡新城疫为主，细菌性疾病以禽霍乱为主，寄生虫病以球虫病为主，新城疫、霍乱、球虫这三种病是危害我省养禽业的主要疫病。但病毒性疾病危害最严重，我站接检的禽病病例中，70％以上确诊为新城疫（ND）或ND与其它病混合感染。除ND外，鸡马立克氏病（MD），鸡传染性法氏囊病（IBD），传染性支气管炎（IB），鸭病毒性肝炎等也危害严…     

禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗的免疫效力试验

禽霍乱一直是危害大庆市养禽业发展的重要传染病，为防治该病，大庆市兽医卫生防疫站积极推广禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗。在推广禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗之前，进行了田间与区域试验，进一步测定禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗的免疫效力。现将过程及结果报道如下。     

山东省当前禽病动态分析

近年来，山东省的养禽业尽管受蛋价滑落和出口受阻的双重影响，但养禽数量和出口数量一直占据着全国第一的位置。与此同时，随着养禽业的发展，危害养禽业的禽病也变得越来越复杂，正确了解和认识当前的禽病动态，对于及时、有效地防制禽病的发生和发展，最大限度地减少由于禽病所带来的损失，提高养禽的经济效益有着重要的意义。根据我们的工作实践，现对山东省目前的禽病状况作一简单介绍，以供养禽业同行参考和借鉴。一．危害我省养禽业的几种重要疾病的发生特点１．新城疫仍是危害我省养禽业的最为重要的疾病近年来虽然对该病的防制和研…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein