不同肥料对华南双季稻产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

肥料种类和施肥方式会影响水稻产量和养分吸收利用效率。本文研究了等氮条件下不同肥料对华南双季稻产量及其构成因子、物质转运和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与施控释肥(N、P、K含量分别为25%、6%和19%)处理相比,施传统复合肥(N、P、K含量均为15%)和快美复混肥(N、P、K含量分别为24%、7%和19%)的处理,水稻抽穗期叶片SPAD值显著增加,穗部干物质累积量、穗部干物质累积速率和库容量分别增加2.7%~17.1%、1.6%~17.1%和5.4%~11.0%;水稻总吸氮量、氮肥利用率、氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥偏生产力分别增加9.4%~38.2%、26.6%~102.4%、19.3%~76.7%和4.5%~15.1%。在本试验条件下,快美复混肥是提高华南双季稻产量、氮肥利用效率的优势肥源。     

冬水田播期对不同熟期杂交稻产量及光能利用率的影响

为探明冬水田区播期对不同熟期直播杂交稻产量和光能利用率的影响,以早熟杂交稻川作优8727、中熟杂交稻辐优838、迟熟杂交稻内6优107为材料,于2019年进行不同播种期(5个播种期分别为3月15日、3月20日、3月25日、3月30日、4月4日)大田试验,研究播种期对不同熟期直播稻产量、产量构成、干物质量、光能利用率的影...     

不同叶龄期穗肥对籼稻产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

为了降低氮肥用量,提高其利用效率,在不施基蘖肥的条件下,研究了不同叶龄期施穗肥对籼稻产量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,倒5叶施60%+倒3叶施40%氮肥(T3,氮肥用量120 kg/hm~2)、倒4叶施100%氮肥(T4,氮肥用量120 kg/hm~2)、倒4叶施60%+倒2叶施40%氮肥(T5,氮肥用量120 kg/hm~2)、倒5叶施100%氮肥(T2,氮肥用量120 kg/hm~2)、均施氮肥(CK,氮肥用量195 kg/hm~2)的产量分别为12.90、12.74、12.69、12.32、13.25 t/hm~2,氮肥贡献率分别为17.71%、16.58%、16.25%、13.77%、19.86%,氮肥农学利用率分别为18.08、16.73、16.33、13.26、13.24kg/kg。总之,倒5叶施60%+倒3叶施40%氮肥的处理比均施氮肥处理氮肥用量减少38.46%,但产量及氮肥利用率差异不大。     

Characterizing N uptake and use efficiency in rice as influenced by environments

To compare N uptake and use efficiency of rice among different environments and quantify the contributions of indigenous soil and applied N to N uptake and use efficiency, field experiments were conducted in five sites in five provinces of China in 2012 and 2013. Four cultivars were grown under three N treatments in each site. Average total N uptake was 10–12 g m^?2 in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, 20 g m^?2 in Changsha, and 23 g m^?2 in Xingyi. Rice crops took up 54.6–61.7% of total plant N from soil in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, 64.3% in Changsha, and 63.5% in Xingyi. Partial factor productivity of applied N and recovery efficiency of applied N in Changsha were higher than in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, but were lower than in Xingyi. Physiological efficiency of soil N and fertilizer N were lower in Changsha than in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, while the difference in them between Changsha and Xingyi were small or inconsistent. Average grain yields were 6.5–7.5 t ha^?1 (medium yield) in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, 9.0 t ha^?1 (high yield) in Changsha, and 12.0 t ha^?1 (super high yield) in Xingyi. Our results suggest that both indigenous soil and applied N were key factors for improving rice yield from medium to high level, while a further improvement to super high yield indigenous soil N was more important than fertilizer N, and a simultaneous increasing grain yield and N use efficiency can be achieved using SPAD-based practice in rice production.     

稻草覆盖还田对华南双季晚稻物质生产和产量的影响

 以杂交稻天优998为材料,设置稻草覆盖还田和无稻草还田2种处理和4种氮肥处理,并进行了连续2年的田间试验。稻草覆盖还田可以显著提高晚稻产量,4个施氮处理表现一致。在产量构成因素中,有效穗数对产量的贡献最大。稻草覆盖还田促进水稻分蘖,最高茎蘖数和分蘖成穗率协同提高,最终使有效穗数显著增加。稻草还田增强群体物质生产能力,叶面积指数和叶片叶绿素含量 （SPAD值）提高,最终提高了地上部干物质量。稻谷产量与不同时期的叶片叶绿素含量、地上部干物质量及茎蘖数呈极显著正相关。在稻草覆盖还田的情况下,增加前期施氮量对稻谷产量没有显著影响。     

Agronomic performance of late-season rice under different tillage,straw, and nitrogen management

In double rice-cropping system in China, zero tillage in late-season rice with straw return from early season rice is an emerging technology for saving inputs, shortening the lag time between rice crops, avoiding straw burning, and conserving natural resources. The objective of this 2-year field study was to determine the effects of tillage and straw return on N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency of late-season rice. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four combinations of tillage and straw return as main plots and three N management practices as subplots. Tillage was either conventional soil puddling or zero tillage with newly harvested crop residue from early season rice either removed or placed on the soil surface without incorporation. The N treatments were zero-N control, site-specific N management (SSNM), and farmers’ N-fertilizer practice (FFP). Straw return regardless of tillage or N management did not reduce rice yield. In the second year, straw return significantly increased grain yield in the zero-N control. Chlorophyll meter readings at heading and total N uptake at maturity were higher with straw return in the zero-N control, suggesting that straw provides nutrients to rice in the late growing period. Zero tillage did not reduce N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency compared with conventional tillage. Despite large differences in timing and rate of N application between FFP and SSNM, these two N treatments resulted in comparable N uptake and grain yield of late-season rice regardless of tillage and straw return. These results suggest that zero tillage after early rice with straw return could replace conventional tillage for late rice in the double rice-cropping system in China.     

水分与氮素及其互作对水稻产量和水肥利用效率的影响研究进展

了解水分、氮素及其互作对水稻产量与水、氮利用效率的影响,对协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率有重要意义。本文概述了水稻节水灌溉技术、氮肥利用效率与氮肥施用技术、水分与氮素对水稻产量及水氮利用效率的耦合效应、作物-土壤关系及水氮调控机制等方面取得的进展;讨论了存在的问题,这些问题包括:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应尚不明确;高产水稻水氮耦合与高效利用的分子机理不清楚;协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率的调控途径尚未掌握。针对这些问题,建议今后重点研究:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应及其机制;水氮互作调控水稻吸收利用水分和氮素的生理与分子机理;协同提高水稻产量和水氮利用效率的调控途径与关键技术。     

不同时期施氮对华南双季杂交稻产量及氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响

以两系法杂交水稻粤杂122为材料，在广州进行2a4季田间试验，研究了氮素作基肥、蘖肥和穗粒肥施用对水稻氮素吸收、稻谷产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：施用穗粒肥具有显著的增产作用，其增产效果比基肥和蘖肥好；施用穗粒肥显著提高水稻总吸氮量，基肥和蘖肥对吸氮量影响较小；在总施氮量相同的情况下，氮肥作穗粒肥施用的吸收利用率和农学利用率比基肥和蘖肥高；水稻最适吸氮量随结实期日照时数的增加而提高。控制氮肥总量，适当减少基肥和蘖肥用量，增加穗粒肥用量，实行氮肥后移，有利于提高华南双季杂交稻的产量和氮肥利用率。     

吉林省47年来粳稻品种遗传改良过程中某些农艺性状的变化

对吉林省1958-2005年间育成的25个粳稻品种的产量及农艺性状的研究结果表明,随着粳稻品种的改良,产量呈线性增加。根据回归方程计算,产量由1958年的6 198.68 kg/hm2增加至2005年的12 682.8 kg/hm2,平均每年增加137.96 kg/hm2,增长率为2.23%。每穗粒数、结实率、单穗重和总穗数随育成年代推移显著增加,并与产量呈正相关,其中每穗粒数与产量的相关系数最大（r=0.85**）。株高随育成年代推移显著降低,茎叶夹角显著减小,灌浆期叶面积指数增加,抽穗期推迟。结果表明,产量的增加主要与品种改良过程中总库容的扩大有关,其中每穗粒数的增加是关键。     

Responses of biomass growth and grain yield of midseason rice to the anticipated warming with FATI facility in East China

Crop model projections and historical data analyses have shown that global warming may cause serious decrease in crop productivity, however, many uncertainities remain on the impact quantification due to the unclear understanding of actual crop response. Therefore, we performed a three-year field warming experiment with free air temperature increase (FATI) facility to investigate the actual response of midseason rice growth in East China. There were four treatments (AW: all-day warming; DW: daytime warming; NW: nighttime warming; CK: ambient control) with three replicates. This FATI facility presented a good simulation of the local air temperature pattern with an increase in the daily mean temperature of about 1.1-2.0 °C during rice whole growth duration compared to the ambient control. Warming shortened the pre-heading phase respectively by 3.3 d, 1.7 d and 2.0 d in the AW, DW and NW plots, while the post-heading phase stayed almost unchanged. During the three years, warming slightly decreased the aboveground biomass by an average of 9.1%, 10.3% and 3.3%, and the grain yield by an average of 0.9%, 6.4% and 6.1% in the AW, DW and NW plots, respectively. Warming tended to decrease rice photosynthesis rate and stimulate the nighttime respiration rate. It also enlarged the flag leaf area and increased its chlorophyll content. No significant difference and interaction in the actual response of rice growth were found between the warming regimes. The above evidences suggest that the expected warming less than 2.0 °C may not cause significant decrease in rice productivity in East China.     

水稻株型特征与产量构成关系的研究

选用4个不同株型水稻品种,研究了株型指标、产量构成以及两者之间的关系。结果表明不同株型品种叶片角度与枝梗数存在一定的相关性,其中:沈农606剑叶基角和剑叶开张角与一次枝梗数呈负相关;辽粳294倒二叶基角与二次枝梗数呈负相关;秋光穗基角与二次枝梗数呈负相关;辽盐16倒二叶基角与一次枝梗数、千粒重呈负相关。在株高相差不大的情况下,茎秆粗壮是沈农606抗倒伏的主要原因。紧凑型品种各叶位叶绿素含量较高,而且不同叶位叶绿素含量差异较小。紧凑型品种的株型有利于产量的形成;对披散型品种进行株型改良有利于其形成更好的群体。     

氮肥运筹对鄂南直播稻生长、产量及氮素吸收的影响

采用田间试验,研究了氮肥运筹对直播稻生长、产量及氮素吸收的影响,以期为氮肥的合理施用提供依据。结果表明,施用氮肥增产效果明显,与不施氮处理(T1)相比,平均增产1 010 kg/hm2,增产率17.0%,其中氮肥分3次施用的处理增产效果最佳,增产1 468 kg/hm2,增产率24.7%;氮肥的施用能够显著增加水稻吸氮量,各施氮处理在苗期、分蘖末期、齐穗期和收获期吸氮量与T1相比分别增加34%、125%、80%和39%;氮肥的合理运筹显著提高了氮肥吸收利用率,与氮肥全部作基肥处理相比,氮肥50%作基肥、30%作苗肥、20%作分蘖肥(T4)和氮肥35%作基肥、30%作苗肥、15%作分蘖肥、20%作穗肥(T5)分别提高了22个和28个百分点。综合分析认为,本试验条件下,T4处理的氮肥运筹效果最好,可以在鄂南直播稻生产上推广应用。     

高产高效水稻冠层光能利用特征研究进展

通过挖掘作物的生物学潜力,而非过分依赖水肥的大量投入,是实现作物产量和资源利用效率协同提高（高产高效）的重要途径。水稻产量主要来自抽穗后的光合作用,因此要实现水稻的高产高效,提高冠层光能利用率（RUE）具有重要意义。本文综述了水稻高产高效的叶面积和冠层光能利用特征以及物质积累与运转特点,分析了目前存在的问题和对未来研究的展望。     

影响华南稻区常规籼稻产量水平的主要农艺性状分析

 对近50年来华南地区常规籼稻主栽品种的农艺性状进行主成分分析,前6项主成分的方差总贡献达到85.1%,其中穗粒数因子的方差贡献率最高。回归分析结果则显示,生物产量因子得分与产量的标准化回归系数最大,表明其对产量的贡献最大。基于前6项主成分得分进行品种聚类,可以将品种分为5大类。进一步对不同品种类别的各项主成分得分以及各项农艺性状进行比较,结果显示生物产量是决定华南地区水稻产量水平的关键性因素。不同类别间穗粒数因子与粒重因子相互消长,其中任一项因子得分过低都将限制产量水平提高,只有两者达到比较理想的平衡时,才能在高生物产量水平的条件下实现库容量的提高,促使产量水平提高。以提高生物产量为前提,在现有大穗的基础上适当提高千粒重水平,使穗粒数因子和粒重因子在更高水平上形成新的平衡,将是进一步提高华南地区水稻产量水平的重要途径。     

机插条件下不同米粉稻品种产量形成特点与辐射利用率比较

于2016年早、晚季在湖南省浏阳市永安镇开展大田试验,对湖南常用米粉稻品种陆两优996、中嘉早17和中早39的产量形成特点和辐射利用率进行比较。结果表明,早季陆两优996的产量比中嘉早17和中早39高35.34%~46.18%,差异显著;晚季各品种的产量差异未达显著水平。早季陆两优996的每穗粒数、千粒重、成熟期干物质量、收获指数比其他2个品种分别高14.77%~29.41%、6.11%~13.20%、23.34%~34.78%、9.96%~10.65%;辐射截获量和辐射利用率比其他2个品种分别高7.29%~13.75%和14.86%~18.93%。     

生态肥与化肥配施对水稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

通过田间试验研究了“绿营高TM”生态肥与化肥不同比例配施对水稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响。配施绿营高生态肥各处理分蘖增长平缓,成穗率高,而对照（单施化肥）分蘖前期分蘖发生快,无效分蘖多。生态肥与化肥配施各处理灌浆期叶面积指数和干物质积累量明显高于对照,使汕优63增产6.40%～953%,秀水63增产6.70%～952%,差异均达5%显著水平,不同配施处理间产量差异不显著。汕优63和秀水63生态肥配施各处理的氮肥农学效率和氮肥回收效率均显著高于对照,表明合理配施生态肥可以促进水稻健壮生长,中后期可提供较多的养分,增加灌浆期绿叶面积,促进光合产物向籽粒转运,增加干物质产量和稻谷产量,而且还可以减少氮肥施用量,提高氮肥利用效率。     

水氮管理对不同氮效率水稻根系性状、氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

【目的】探究水氮管理措施对不同氮效率水稻根系构型、氮素吸收利用和产量形成的影响,以及根系性状特征与氮素吸收利用和产量关系。【方法】试验采用三因素裂裂区设计,主区为2个不同氮效率水稻品种德香4103(氮高效型)和宜香3724(氮低效型),裂区设置"常规灌溉"和"控制性交替灌溉"2种水分管理方式,裂裂区为SPAD指导施肥、优化施肥以及农民习惯施肥3种施氮模式,运用岭回归分析方法探究根系构型与氮素吸收利用和产量的关系。【结果】水稻抽穗期根系性状、产量、每穗粒数、千粒重及总颖花量均存在显著的基因型差异。氮高效品种德香4103每穗粒数多,群体库容量大,产量较氮低效品种宜香3724高0.24%~11.31%;控制性交替灌溉有利于水稻千粒重的增长,常规灌溉则对水稻有效穗数、每穗粒数及群体颖花量提高更为有利;SPAD指导施肥和优化施肥处理能够提高水稻有效穗数和每穗粒数,扩大群体颖花量以保证其对农民习惯施肥的产量优势;由于水氮互作效应的存在,控制性交替灌溉下施氮处理与空白处理水稻千粒重的差距比常规灌溉的大幅降低,使得控制性交替灌溉下施用氮肥的增产效果更佳。德香4103的氮肥生理利用率较宜香3724平均高8.69%,常规灌溉下水稻氮积累量较高,控制性交替灌溉下氮肥回收率、农学利用率、生理利用率均较优;与农民习惯施肥处理相比,SPAD指导施肥与优化施肥模式更有利于水稻氮素吸收利用效率的提高。拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期水稻根系构型与产量岭回归方程的决定系数范围为0.4198~0.9028,其中,抽穗期根系性状与产量关系最为密切,氮高效和氮低效品种的决定系数均超过0.9。在拔节期,水稻细分枝根长对产量影响最大;在抽穗期,氮高效和氮低效品种存在差异,前者是粗分枝根长,后者是细分枝根表面积对产量影响最大;在成熟期,不定根长与产量关系最为密切。水稻抽穗期根系构型对氮积累量变化的解释程度较高,岭回归方程决定系数均接近0.7。就水氮管理措施而言,氮高效和氮低效水稻均应采用常规灌溉配套SPAD指导施肥或控制性交替灌溉结合优化施肥来实现产量的提高。【结论】水稻抽穗期根系构型与产量、氮积累量关系密切,采用合理的水氮管理措施能够实现水稻产量和氮素吸收利用效率的同步提高。     

Effects of Low Light on Agronomic and Physiological Characteristics of Rice Including Grain Yield and Quality

Light intensity is one of the most important environmental factors that determine the basic characteristics of rice development. However, continuously cloudy weather or rainfall, especially during the grain-filling stage, induces a significant loss in yield and results in poor grain quality. Stress caused by low light often creates severe meteorological disasters in some rice-growing regions worldwide. This review was based on our previous research and related research regarding the effects of low light on rice growth, yield and quality as well as the formation of grain, and mainly reviewed the physiological metabolism of rice plants, including characteristics of photosynthesis, activities of antioxidant enzymes in rice leaves and key enzymes involved in starch synthesis in grains, as well as the translocations of carbohydrate and nitrogen. These characteristics include various grain yield and rice quality components （milling and appearance as well as cooking, eating and nutritional qualities） under different rates of shading imposed at the vegetative or reproductive stages of rice plants. Furthermore, we discussed why grain yield and quality are reduced under the low light environment. Next, we summarized the need for future research that emphasizes methods can effectively improve rice grain yield and quality under low light stress. These research findings can provide a beneficial reference for rice cultivation management and breeding program in low light environments.     

中国水稻群体研究进展

分群体产量生产、群体籽粒充实、群体源库特征和群体优化调控等4个方面,对我国水稻群体研究的新进展进行了综述,并提出了未来水稻群体研究的10个方向。     

上杭县2011年杂交晚稻新品种生产试验简报

引进5个杂交晚稻新品种进行生产试验,结果表明：天丰优812产量最高,分别比汕优10号（CK1）、谷优527（CK2）增产9.41%和7.62%;泰优3301、泰丰优2098、深优9775分别比CK1、CK2增产7.96%～3.45%。并对参试品种的丰产性、稳产性和生育期等农艺性状进行了评述。