Response of Mature Phosphorus-Deficient Apple Trees to Phosphorus Fertilization and Liming

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to examine response of mature phosphorus (P) deficient apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees to phosphorus fertilization and liming. The experiment was carried out during 2003–2005 in a commercial orchard in Central Poland on ‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26 planted in 1996 on a coarse-textured soil with low both pH (4.6) and organic matter (1.2%). Calcium-lactate soluble phosphorus concentration in the soil was within an optimal range despite appearance of leaf phosphorus deficiency symptoms. Soil and foliar applications of phosphorus, and soil liming were applied. Soil phosphorus fertilization was made in the first year of the experimental at a rate of 100 kg P per ha as triple superphosphate. Foliar sprays of a soluble compound containing organic phosphorus were performed 5 times per season at 2-week intervals, starting 4 weeks after full bloom. Soil liming was applied in the fall 2002 at a rate of 1100 kg Ca ha^?1 as hydrated lime. Additional combination as soil phosphorus fertilization plus liming was also applied. Plots unsupplied with phosphorus and lime served as a control. The results showed that liming and liming plus soil P application increased soil pH, and phosphatase activity in the soil, and improved phosphorus nutrition, tree vigor, yield, fruit color, and firmness after storage; effect of these treatments was not found only in the first year of the study. In all years foliar phosphorus sprays improved phosphorus nutrition of apple trees, and fruit color and firmness after storage. In 2 out of 3 years foliar phosphorus application increased yield. The vegetative and reproductive responses of ‘Jonagold’ apple trees did not depend on soil phosphorus fertilization. It was concluded that maintaining an optimal pH of soils for apple trees limits the incidence of orchard phosphorus deficiency and that foliar phosphorus sprays should be applied in phosphorus-deficient apple orchards to improve yield, and fruit appearance and storability.     

Response of Physic Nut Trees to Liming of Acidic Soils

The physic nut tree (Jatropha curcas) is an oilseed species with potential for biodiesel production. We evaluated the effect of soil acidity indices on nutrient uptake for optimal growth in physic nut plants grown on acidic soils under greenhouse conditions. Two soils were used in the experiment. Maximum growth was obtained with the application of 1.05 g lime kg^-1 for both soils. Maximum growth of the physic nut plants occurred under the following conditions: pH of water = 6.1, calcium (Ca²⁺) = 17.0 mmol_c kg^?1, magnesium (Mg²⁺) = 5.7 mmol_c kg^?1, acidity saturation = 10.3%, base saturation = 52.3%, Ca saturation = 36.0%, Mg saturation = 12.0% and potassium (K) saturation = 3.8%. Furthermore, the nitrogen (N) requirement of physic nut trees was shown to be high, and to a lesser degree, Ca and Mg requirements were also high, suggesting that liming is very important in crop cultivation of this species.     

The Effect of River Liming on the Trace Metal Budgets of a Down Stream Lake

Sediment cores from two lakes, connected by a limed river, were analyzed for organic matter, calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and ion exchange capacity. The distribution of trace metals in the pristine upper lake is governed primarily by changes in the long distance atmospheric transported pollutants. In the lake down stream of the liming station the distribution of trace metals in sediments deposited before liming started (1985) is similar to that in the pristine lake. Liming of the connecting river raises the pH value by about 1.8 units from 5.1 enhancing the accumulation rate of trace metals in the downstream lake. Iron enriched acid insoluble particles are likely to be important carriers of trace metals. The liming agent itself is the most important source for Pb, while increased accumulation of Zn and Cd is caused primarily by enhanced scavenging of dissolved metals. For Cu the two sources are of about equal importance.     

南方酸化红壤钾素淋溶对施石灰的响应

为探究石灰施用的长期和短期效应对酸化红壤钾素的影响,依托始于1990年的国家红壤肥力与肥料效益监测长期定位试验,选取化肥氮磷配施(NP)、氮磷钾配施(NPK)、氮磷钾配施+半量秸秆还田(NPKS)及其增加常量石灰(NPL、NPKL、NPKSL)6个处理。室内土柱淋溶试验设置0 L、0.5 L、1 L和1.5 L石灰施用量,监测田间和淋溶后0～50 cm土层速效钾和缓效钾含量、pH及淋溶液中钾离子(K⁺)含量的变化。结果表明:1)施用石灰4年后,与NPKS、NPK、NP相比,各处理均增加了相应土层的缓效钾含量;NPKSL和NPL处理分别增加了0～40 cm和0～10 cm速效钾含量,增幅分别为2.06%～36.39%和27.26%。2)石灰施用量相同,各处理土壤累积K⁺淋溶量由大到小依次为NPKS处理、NPK处理和NP处理。施用石灰减少了NPKS和NPK处理淋溶液中累积K⁺含量,降幅为18.10%～57.70%,且K⁺淋溶率也下降。3)施石灰提高了表层土壤pH;土壤中钾素盈余情况下,石灰当季施用量每增...     

Accumulation of 60Co and 134Cs in Lake Whitefish in a Canadian Shield Lake

Radionuclides were added to the anaerobic hypolimnion of a Canadian Shield lake during the summer of 1989 to simulate nuclear fuel waste leakage into the bottom waters of a lake with deep groundwater flow. Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) were sampled in mid-October each year from 1989 to 1994, except for 1992, to determine the concentration of ⁶⁰and ¹³⁴Cs in their tissues. The radionuclides remained in the hypolimnion until lake mixing in the autumn. Subsequently, there was more loss of ⁶⁰than¹³⁴Cs from the water. After one year, 4% of the⁶⁰Co and 15% of the ¹³⁴Cs remained in the water. This decreased to about 0.4% of the ⁶⁰and 0.6% of the ¹³⁴Cs in the water after five years. Little ⁶⁰and ¹³⁴Cs were present in lake whitefish the first autumn following the radionuclide addition. In fish, the highest concentrations were recorded in October, 1990, after which concentrations gradually decreased. Cobalt-60 concentrations were lower than ¹³⁴Cs concentrations, probably because ⁶⁰has a high affinity for organic particles and was not available for uptake. The relatively high ¹³⁴Cs concentrations in fish reflects its tendency to remain in the water and its continued availability to biota. Both ⁶⁰and ¹³⁴Cs concentrations were high in the soft tissues. Co-60 was mainly distributed in the flesh, gut, gill, kidney, and liver, whereas¹³⁴Cs was mainly distributed in the flesh. The occurrence of relatively high ¹³⁴Cs concentrations in lake whitefish five years after their addition to the lake, long after ¹³⁴Cs concentrations are no longer detectable in lake water, attests to the continued persistence of this contaminant in aquatic biota.     

Response of two western Canadian conifers to simulated acidic precipitation

Ready-to-plant nursery stock of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) were subjected to simulated acid rains of pH 5.6 (control), 4.6, 3.6, and 2.6 under controlled growth room conditions to determine the threshold for damage. The two species exhibited contrasting response patterns to simulated acid rain treatments. Growth and chlorophyll content of jack pine were not adversely affected at any of the levels applied. Furthermore, no macroscopic foliar injury symptoms were evident and foliar nutrient levels remained unaffected. White spruce showed no statistically significant reduction in growth rate at any of the treatments. Needle chlorophyll a content of white spruce was not affected by any of the treatments, while chlorophyll b level was significantly reduced at pH 2.6. Symptoms of visible injury were observed to increase with rain acidity. No statistically significant change in the levels of foliar nutrients of white spruce were found, with the exception of the elevated S concentration at pH 2.6.     

Liming in the transition to no-till under a wheat–soybean rotation

Soil and subsoil aluminium toxicity has been one of the main limiting factors for soybean and wheat yields in tropical soils. Usually liming is the most effective way to deal with soil acidity and Al toxicity, but in no-till systems the soil is not disturbed making it impossible to incorporate lime in the arable layer, and lime has been usually applied on the soil surface. In this paper soybean and wheat responses to lime applied on the soil surface and/or incorporated in the soil arable layer were evaluated during the transition from conventional tillage to a no-till system. The experiment was conducted for 3 years in Paraná, Brazil, using a wheat–soybean rotation. Lime rates ranging from 0.0 to 9.0 t ha⁻¹ were incorporated down to 20 cm and 4.5 t ha⁻¹ were spread or not on the soil surface. Soil samples were taken down to 60 cm, 39 months after the first lime application. Soil chemical characteristics were affected by lime application down to 60 cm deep in the profile. Soybean responded to lime irrespective of application method, but the highest accumulated yield was obtained when lime was incorporated into the arable layer. For wheat, the more sensitive the cultivar, the greater was the response to lime. During the introduction of a no-till system, lime must be incorporated into the arable layer when the wheat cultivar is Al-sensitive.     

双季稻田土壤微生物群落对连续5年施有机肥和石灰的响应差异

  目的  土壤微生物是土壤健康的敏感“指示器”,但不同的土壤微生物类群对连续施用有机肥和石灰的响应规律及不同指标的敏感性仍不明确。  方法  本文选取中亚热带双季稻区的紫泥田作为研究对象,研究连续5年施用有机肥或石灰后,土壤微生物“黑箱指标”（微生物生物量碳氮、微生物熵和土壤呼吸速率）和土壤活体微生物（PLFAs）组成的响应规律与差异。  结果  与对照相比,连续施用有机肥后,土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）、氮（MBN）含量和土壤呼吸速率分别提高37%、28%和44% ~ 59%,微生物多样性也显著提高,土壤细菌结构发生改变,尤其是革兰氏阴性菌（G?）的PLFAs绝对量提高了100%,但真菌类群的响应不敏感。相反,连续施用石灰5年后,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量均呈下降趋势,微生物熵和土壤呼吸速率分别降低11%和26% ~ 52%,微生物多样性显著降低,细菌、放线菌和绝大多数真菌类群PLFAs绝对量下降30% ~ 58%。相关性分析结果表明,土壤有机质含量与土壤微生物总PLFAs和细菌PLFAs含量呈显著正相关关系;而土壤pH仅与Simpson多样性指数呈显著正相关关系。施有机肥显著提高了土壤有机质含量进而导致细菌MBC、MBN、G?和土壤呼吸速率显著增加;而施石灰后土壤微生物群落结构及活性降低与土壤pH有关。  结论  连续5年施用有机肥、石灰后,土壤微生物指标分别表现为正面、负面响应。与“黑箱指标”相比,某些特定微生物类群（如G?）的敏感性指数值更高,在土壤健康评价中极具应用潜力。     

Response of Determinate and Indeterminate Common Bean Genotypes to Rhizobium Inoculant in a Short Season Rainfed Production System in the Canadian Prairie

ABSTRACT

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has been shown to be a poor di-nitrogen (N₂) fixer and nitrogen (N) fertilizers are usually recommended in bean production. Recent research results suggest that the success of the bean/Rhizobium symbiosis may depend, in part, on the specific bean genotype. Twelve dry bean genotypes differing in growth habit, commercial class, and maturity were evaluated for N₂ fixation in field experiments. Response to inoculant application was highly influenced by environmental conditions. Genotypes differed in nodule dry mass, seed yield, seed N yield, and in amount of N₂ fixed. Growth habit alone was not adequate in classifying bean genotypes for N₂ fixation. The actual amount of N₂ fixed was low ranging from 16 kg ha^?1 to 27 kg ha^?1, suggesting that the symbiotic process alone may not provide adequate N for optimum seed yield in dry environments.     

Implications of Calcium Nutrition on the Response of Salvadora persica (Salvadoraceae) to Soil Salinity

Effects of Ca (Ca²⁺) level on the response of germination and seedling growth of Salvadora persica Linn. (Salvadoraceae) to sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity in soil were investigated. Salinity significantly retarded the seed germination and seedling growth, but the injurious effects of NaCl on seed germination were ameliorated and seedling growth was restored with Ca supply at the critical level to salinized soil. Calcium supply above the critical level further retarded the seed germination and seedling growth because of the increased soil salinity. Salt stress reduced nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and Ca content in plant tissues, but these nutrients were restored by addition of Ca at the critical level to saline soil. The opposite was true for sodium (Na⁺). The results are discussed in terms of the beneficial effects of Ca for plant growth under saline conditions.     

低温胁迫及恢复对番茄快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学特征的影响

以番茄品种“中蔬4号”为试材,设置对照（人工气候室,温度变化范围18～28℃,600μmolm−2s−1,光周期12h,CK）和低温（人工气候箱,8℃,200μmolm−2s−1,光周期12h,CL）两个处理,低温处理4d后将番茄幼苗移入对照环境下恢复4d,观测叶片快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线在低温处理及恢复期的变化,以探讨低温胁迫和随后恢复对番茄叶片光系统II（PSII）反应中心和受体侧的影响。结果表明：低温胁迫降低了番茄叶片PSII光化学效率和光合性能,导致低温光抑制的发生。低温胁迫导致番茄叶片单位面积有活性的反应中心数目（RC/CS）及其开放程度（Ψo）下降,从而降低了叶片单位面积对光能的吸收（ABS/CS）、捕获（TRo/CS）和进行电子传递（ETo/CS）能力,减少了电子传递到电子传递链中超过QA−电子受体的概率（φEo）,阻碍了光合电子传递的进行;与此同时,低温首先诱导了PSII可逆失活和热耗散增强以减少对过剩光能的吸收、传递与积累,随后促进了PSII受体侧电子传递体PQ库容量（Sm）增大以防御PSII过量激发压积累。本实验中低温主要抑制了番茄叶片PSII活性,而对PSI影响相对较小。恢复期天线色素对光能的吸收和PSII反应中心对光能的捕获能力较电子传递更易于恢复,并且恢复初期强光反而会加重光抑制程度。     

太湖地区典型水稻土大时间尺度下的肥力质量演变

2004年通过调查与第2次土壤普查(1982年)相对应地块的土壤性状,对太湖流域江苏省武进地区典型水稻土土壤肥力变化趋势及原因进行分析.结果表明:从1982年到2004年,该研究区主要的6类水稻土共198个取样点的有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾显著上升,而pH和CEC显著下降.各亚类水稻土,除小粉土和沙土肥力质量指数有较大幅度提高外,其他类型水稻土肥力质量指数增加不大.各亚类水稻土土壤肥力单因子质量指数变化趋向一致,即1982年各亚类土壤速效钾的单因子质量为最低,其中速效钾单质量指数最小的小粉土为1.48;2004年pH值的质量指数则为最小值,其中pH质量指数最小的白土仅为1.73;同时,各水稻土CEC单质量指数由第2次土壤普查时的2.91～3.0显著下降为2004年的2.14～2.93.因此土壤酸化并伴随盐基离子的淋失是限制研究区水稻土土壤肥力质量的关键因素.     

艾比湖面积变化及其径流特征变化的响应

近年来随着艾比湖湖面的不断退化,其环境问题日益严重。研究艾比湖面积变化对于艾比湖地区的生态环境保护、社会经济发展,乃至整个北疆地区的生态都有着重大的作用。利用2008—2015年逐月的高分遥感影像信息源,提取湖泊边界归一化坐标系和投影方式并以GIS工具对湖泊分析获取湖面变化信息。并提取年2013年3—10月份的艾比湖湖面边界,进行边界叠加对年内湖面动态变化进行分析。结合博乐市水文水资源局所实测的1989—2007年的艾比湖湖面面积对其年际变化进行分析。同时对博尔塔拉河和精河的1992—2012年的径流数据、降水量数据、平均气温数据进行统计,分析河流的径流特征,探讨支流径流变化对艾比湖面积变化的影响。结果表明:(1)利用湖泊动态度对艾比湖湖面面积进行分析,其部分年份有增加的时期,但是整体上呈现减少的趋势;(2)以2013年为例对艾比湖3—10月份的动态变化进行了监督,发现从3月份开始艾比湖的面积在不断减少,在10月份湖面面积最小,且大部分水体变化发生在西北方;(3)对艾比湖入湖水量与湖面面积进行统计分析,二者具有很好的相关性,相关系数R=0.71。     

Liming to mitigate acidification in freshwater ecosystems: A review of the biological consequences

The use of lime to mitigate the biological effects of surface water acidification, has recently become a widespread practice. Following a background section on liming strategies and physico-chemical effects, the observed effects of this treatment on the decomposition process and major biological components of freshwater ecosystems are reviewed. Available studies, which cover up to about 6 to 8 yr post-treatment, describe many positive biological responses to liming. These include population expansion of acid-sensitive plant and animal species, and restoration of fisheries. However, no ecosystems have so far been returned to pre-acidification status, and possible reasons for this are discussed. The frequent persistence of acid episodes in limed waters may adversely affect some species. Reductions in available P and dissolved organic C may also be limiting factors, whilst precipitated metal hydroxides are potentially toxic. When physicochemical conditions are favorable, biological recovery may be restricted by other factors, including colonization rates and the reduced genetic diversity of small residual or founding populations. If the long-term ecological consequences of liming are to be predicted, further understanding of these limitations and the stability properties of aquatic communities is necessary.     

Flow and pH Modelling to Study the Effects of Liming in Regulated, Acid Salmon Rivers

In the regulated river Ekso, Western Norway, liming of the headwater has been introduced as a mitigating action to improve the water quality for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Supply of lime from a dosing plant situated 5 km above the salmon producing part of the river, aims to raise pH from 5,0 to 6,5 during the smolt period for Atlantic salmon, and to 6,2 for the rest of the year. Hydrological modelling based on the relationship between CaCO₃ and pH is applied for the evaluation of the liming strategy, based on monitoring data from the spring 2000. The water quality demand was satisfied 80% of the time in the upper part of the salmon area, and 40% of the time in the lower part, influenced by power plant discharge. Flood forecasting and overdosing of lime ahead of floods will reduce the effects of acidified and unlimed tributaries. An additional lime doser is recommended to supply the power plant discharge.     

The Potential of Green Manure Mixtures to Provide Nutrients to a Subsequent Lettuce Crop

The objectives of this greenhouse experiment were to quantify the benefits of green manure (GM) diversity and to assess effect of GM on a succeeding lettuce crop. Species included barley (B), field pea (P), sunn hemp (S), and buckwheat (U). Treatments included single plantings of B and P and mixtures of B and P (BP), B, P, and S (BPS), and B, P, S, and U (BPSU). The pea GM had the highest shoot concentration of potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and iron. Roots had higher concentrations of nutrients than shoots. Accumulation of nutrients in legumes was higher than in barley. The CO₂ flux from the soil suggests that the most intensive mineralization period occurred within two weeks after incorporation of GMs. The mixtures and single planting of P mixtures had a significant benefit over single planting of B regarding fresh and dry weight of the lettuce.     

Suitability of Watershed Models to Predict Distributed Hydrologic Response in the Awramba Watershed in Lake Tana Basin

Planning effective landscape interventions is an important tool to fight against land degradation and requires knowledge on spatial distribution of runoff. The objective of this paper was to test models that predict temporal and spatial distribution of runoff. The selected models were parameter‐efficient semi‐distributed watershed model (PED‐WM), Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning integrated hydrological modeling system (HBV‐IHMS), and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). We choose 7‐km² Awramba watershed in the Lake Tana basin with detailed hydrological information for testing these models. Discharge at the outlet, rainfall, and distributed information on infiltration rates, water table, and extent of the saturated area were collected from 2013 to 2015. The maximum saturated area was 6·5% of the watershed. Infiltration rates exceeded rainfall intensities 91% of the time. Hence, saturation excess runoff was the main runoff mechanism. Models were calibrated for the rainy seasons in 2013 and 2014 and validated for 2015. For daily flow validation, the PED‐WM model (Nash–Sutcliff efficiency, NSE = 0·61) outperformed HBV‐IHMS (NSE = 0·51) and SWAT (NSE = 0·48). Performance on monthly time step was similar. Difference in model behavior depended on runoff mechanism. In PED‐WM, saturation excess is the main direct runoff process and could predict the maximum extent of the saturated area closely at 6·9%. HBV‐IHMS model runoff simulation depended on soil moisture status and evapotranspiration, and hence was able to simulate saturation excess flow but not the extent of the saturated area. SWAT, where infiltration excess is the main runoff mechanism, could only predict the monthly discharges well. This study shows that prevailing runoff mechanisms and distribution of runoff source areas should be used for proper model selection. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天目湖流域土地利用的动态变化及其景观响应

采用遥感、地理信息系统及景观分析的方法研究了天目湖流域1984年、1995年、2000年、2004年4个时段土地利用／覆盖变化及其景观响应。结果表明：20年来天目湖流域土地利用变化的阶段特征明显,2000-2004年这一时段的土地利用变化最为剧烈,共有14．75％的土地类型发生了变化,年均变化率为3．68％,且近期开发的空间范围广、强度大;各种景观指数对土地利用／土地覆盖变化呈明显的时空响应;迎湖地区景观格局指数的变化最为剧烈,背湖地区较为平缓;人湖河流流域的景观指数空间分异较为明显,下游地区变化较大,而其上游相对较小;土地利用变化剧烈的时段与近几年水质恶化的趋势相呼应。     

天目湖流域土地利用的动态变化及其景观响应

采用遥感、地理信息系统及景观分析的方法研究了天目湖流域1984年、1995年、2000年、2004年4个时段土地利用/覆盖变化及其景观响应。结果表明:20年来天目湖流域土地利用变化的阶段特征明显,2000~2004年这一时段的土地利用变化最为剧烈,共有14.75%的土地类型发生了变化,年均变化率为3.68%,且近期开发的空间范围广、强度大;各种景观指数对土地利用/土地覆盖变化呈明显的时空响应;迎湖地区景观格局指数的变化最为剧烈,背湖地区较为平缓;入湖河流流域的景观指数空间分异较为明显,下游地区变化较大,而其上游相对较小;土地利用变化剧烈的时段与近几年水质恶化的趋势相呼应。     

Acute and Chronic Effects of Three Pharmaceutical Drugs on the Tropical Freshwater Cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all living organisms, and plays a major role in many physiological processes. However, in recent years, excessive...