Release of Carbon in Different Molecule Size Fractions from Decomposing Boreal Mor and Peat as Affected by Enchytraeid Worms

Terrestrial export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to watercourses has increased in boreal zone. Effect of decomposing material and soil food webs on the release rate and quality of DOC are poorly known. We quantified carbon (C) release in CO₂, and DOC in different molecular weights from the most common organic soils in boreal zone; and explored the effect of soil type and enchytraeid worms on the release rates. Two types of mor and four types of peat were incubated in laboratory with and without enchytraeid worms for 154 days at +?15 °C. Carbon was mostly released as CO₂; DOC contributed to 2–9% of C release. The share of DOC was higher in peat than in mor. The release rate of CO₂ was three times higher in mor than in highly decomposed peat. Enchytraeids enhanced the release of CO₂ by 31–43% and of DOC by 46–77% in mor. High molecular weight fraction dominated the DOC release. Upscaling the laboratory results into catchment level allowed us to conclude that peatlands are the main source of DOC, low molecular weight DOC originates close to watercourse, and that enchytraeids substantially influence DOC leaching to watercourse and ultimately to aquatic CO₂ emissions.     

Effect of a Temporal Carbon Gradient on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dynamics and Decomposition During Mesophilic Composting

Abstract

Excess carbon (C) can immobilize inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) when composting manure and has been used to reduce the moisture content of liquid manure so they can be composted. A mesophilic composting strategy was previously developed and shown to be an effective method to manage liquid manure without the need for excess C. The objective of this study was to determine if a temporal C gradient would sequester more N and P without the need for excess C. The experiment was conducted in bags. All treatments had arctic char manure applied at the same rate (1.28 g N), every 14 days for 112 days. The C source, ground corn stover, was applied in three batch sizes. The 1X treatment applied 70 g of corn stover every 14 days, the 4X treatment applied 280 g of corn stover at days 0 and 56, and the 8X treatment applied 560 g of corn stover once at day 0. All bags had the same amount of C and N added to them by the end of the experiment at a C∶N ratio of 30∶1. As the C to N or P ratio decreased below 20 and 30, respectively, net mineralization occurred, and the time of this occurrence was similar for all C treatments. The concentration of N and P were relatively low until day 91 when NH₄‐N and P and day 105 when NO₃‐N started to increase, after which point mineralization occurred at a rate of about 60 mg N and 4 mg P/kg mass/day. Because the temporal C gradient was not in phase with mineralization, it was not effective at immobilizing N and P. Spatial separation of high carbon zones through layering manure and the carbon source may be an effective way to maintain a long‐term C gradient and capture leaching N and P while minimizing C inputs.     

亚热带山地森林源头溪流米槠凋落叶分解的水溶性碳氮磷动态

以亚热带常绿阔叶林建群种米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)凋落叶为研究对象,对照地表环境,研究了溪流和间歇性溪流凋落叶分解过程中水溶性有机碳、氮、磷含量变化及其累积损失特征。结果表明:(1)3种生境中凋落叶水溶性有机碳的含量在分解过程中均表现出逐渐降低的趋势,但在溪流中降低程度最大,损失率达92.18%;水溶性氮含量在溪流和间歇性溪流释放时间提前,其变化程度相对较小;相比于地表和间歇性溪流,溪流中的凋落叶水溶性磷含量在分解过程中持续降低,损失率达86.75%。(2)相对于地表,溪流和间歇性溪流显著促进了凋落叶中的水溶性有机碳、氮、磷的释放速率,表明源头溪流持续流动的水体促进凋落叶水溶性组分的释放。(3)尽管3种生境中凋落叶水溶性有机碳、氮、磷元素的损失率共同受到温度、降水、环境中营养元素含量的影响,但源头溪流持续流动的水流和间歇性溪流频繁的干湿交替促进凋落叶水溶性组分的释放。研究结果为揭示亚热带山地森林凋落叶分解过程中水溶性碳氮磷在不同生境中的释放动态提供基础数据。     

我国东北寒温带湿地土壤碳氮分布及相关性

以东北寒温带不同纬度典型湿地土壤碳氮分布关系为研究对象,遴选漠河湿地、洪河湿地及七星河湿地进行土壤样品的调查采集并进行土壤碳氮分布相关分析,通过构建不同纬度沼泽湿地土壤碳氮含量垂直分布结构,考察不同湿地不同植被类型土壤碳氮分布规律及土壤对植被生长状况的影响。结果表明:土壤氨氮及硝态氮在土壤垂直分布中有明显的表聚现象,含量随土壤深度的增加呈明显下降趋势;七星河湿地及洪河湿地土壤碳氮含量呈显著的线性相关关系,而漠河湿地土壤碳氮含量相关性不显著。本研究通过对东北寒温带不同纬度沼泽湿地土壤碳氮含量分布的研究,旨在对全球沼泽湿地氮循环的研究提供一定的参考作用。     

黎平县森林土壤分解过程中有机碳的动态变化

土壤有机碳是地球表层系统中最大且最具有活动性的生态系统碳库之一。近年来,全球变化使得土壤有机碳的动态变化日益成为全球有机碳研究的热点,也是国际全球变化问题研究的核心内容之一。通过对土壤样品在控制条件下进行的实验室培养,了解不同林型下土壤有机碳分解的动态变化。结果表明:各林型土壤有机碳含量均为中上层土壤明显高于下层;不同森林类型对土壤有机碳状况具有很大影响,并且对中上层土壤影响较大;土壤样品培养61天后,总土壤有机碳损失量是CO2累计释放量,大致在200～400mg/kg;从不同植被下的土壤有机碳平均日分解速率可以看出:分解速率呈相同的变化规律,前期分解速度快,后期速度变慢。即前期分解较快,前7天的分解量占61天分解总量的37%～41%,但不同林型土壤有机碳分解呈现不同的变化,总体分解趋势是灌木林>阔叶林>针叶林>马尾松。     

苜蓿对旱地土壤有机碳氮变化的驱动作用

根据旱地长期定位试验和分离土壤有机质中微粒有机质及矿物结合有机质的方法,研究了长期生长苜蓿对土壤有机碳、全氮变化的驱动作用。结果表明:不施肥条件下,苜蓿地土壤有机碳、全氮的含量比裸地土壤中的含量明显增加,土壤有机碳和氮库中的微粒有机碳、氮的含量没有显著增加,而增加的有机碳、氮主要分布在矿物结合有机碳、氮组分中。在施用有机肥及氮、磷化肥条件下,苜蓿地土壤有机碳和全氮的含量显著地提高,增加的有机碳、氮几乎平均地分布在微粒有机碳、氮和矿物结合有机碳、氮组分中。由此表明,保持适宜的苜蓿生产力并采用合理的施肥措施,长期生长苜蓿能够有效地驱动土壤固定有机碳和氮素,从而保持和提高土壤肥力。     

尕海湿地不同植被退化阶段凋落物分解及其有机碳动态

以甘南尕海湿地不同植被退化阶段的泥炭沼泽和沼泽化草甸为研究对象,通过2013,2014两年凋落物试验分析,研究了不同植被退化过程中凋落物的分解速率及有机碳动态变化特征。结果表明:随着植被退化演替,凋落物有机碳浓度、碳绝对含量和分解速率显著下降(p0.05)。分解速率从6—9月随时间变化均呈现下降趋势,相应的分解速率在0.001 3~0.009/d之间,分解速率最大的为2013年泥炭沼泽未退化PI(0.009/d),最小为2014年沼泽化草甸中度退化SⅢ(0.001 3/d)。泥炭沼泽凋落物中有机碳平均浓度未退化PI(515.07g/kg)退化PⅡ(489.62g/kg),沼泽化草甸凋落物有机碳平均浓度未退化SI(541.26g/kg)轻度退化SⅡ(488.28g/kg)中度退化SⅢ(456.01g/kg),且两年的凋落物碳绝对含量均减小,即发生净释放;凋落物分解速率及有机碳浓度、碳绝对含量都随植被退化加深而减小。     

外源氮输入对土壤有机碳矿化和凋落物分解的影响

目前,由人类活动造成的陆地生态系统氮输入量已经远远超过了其自身的生物固氮,外源氮输入的增多已经并将继续对土壤有机碳矿化和凋落物分解产生影响。本文分析了国内外有关氮输入增多对土壤有机碳矿化和凋落物分解的影响及其机理:由于研究点环境状况不同,凋落物性质的差异和分解阶段的不同等原因,氮输入对土壤有机碳矿化的结果主要表现为抑制或促进作用;对凋落物分解的影响表现为促进、无影响和抑制三种效果,有关其作用机理还有待进一步深入研究。着重指出对于作为大气CO2"汇"的沼泽湿地,氮输入的增多能够对其碳"汇"功能产生影响,因此进行氮输入对湿地土壤有机碳矿化和凋落物分解方面的研究,对于探讨湿地碳循环对外源氮输入的响应及其机理非常重要。     

外源氮输入对黄河口碱蓬湿地土壤碳氮含量动态的影响

2014年4—11月,选择黄河入海口北部滨岸高潮滩的碱蓬湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位氮输入模拟试验,研究了不同氮输入梯度下(N0,无氮输入;N1,低氮输入;N2,中氮输入;N3,高氮输入)湿地土壤碳氮含量动态特征及其差异。结果表明,不同氮输入处理下土壤的SOC、TN、NH_4~+—N和NO_3~-—N含量整体上均随着土层深度的增加而逐渐降低,各土层的SOC和NO_3~-—N含量在N2处理最高,而TN和NH_4~+—N含量在N3处理最高。尽管不同氮输入处理并未改变湿地土壤中TN和NH_4~+—N含量的动态变化模式,但随氮负荷增强二者含量均呈增加趋势。不同的氮输入处理明显改变了土壤中SOC和NO_3~-—N的动态变化模式,适量氮输入(N1和N2)明显提高了土壤中的NO_3~-—N含量,过量氮输入(N3)则不利于NO_3~-—N的累积;不同氮输入处理下(特别是N2和N3处理)湿地表层土壤(0—20cm)的SOC含量在7月中旬后远大于N0处理(P0.05),说明持续的氮输入可能不利于表层土壤中SOC的转化。研究发现,当未来黄河口湿地氮养分达到N1和N2水平时将有利于土壤氮矿化,而这将使得土壤氮养分的供给更为充足;但氮负荷持续增强可能使土壤表层的SOC转化受到抑制,而这将有助于提升土壤的储碳功能。     

添加腐熟粪及蜉金龟堆肥过程中碳氮转化与腐殖质的变化

利用蜉金龟(Aphodiidae)对哺乳动物粪便的喜食性,将200条蜉金龟放入400kg的新鲜牛粪(以鲜重计)中进行堆肥试验,研究堆肥过程中碳氮转化特征及腐殖质变化,并在堆肥的49d内,根据堆温采样7次,分析堆肥样品中温度、pH、氮素及腐殖质的变化情况。研究结果表明,接种蜉金龟处理的升温效率最佳,堆肥第3天时即达最高堆温(46.9℃);pH值在堆肥第35天时达到高峰,为8.88,显著高于新鲜牛粪和添加腐熟粪处理;堆肥49d后,接种蜉金龟处理的NH4+-N含量分别比新鲜牛粪和添加腐熟粪处理降低了26.4,41.9mg/kg。添加腐熟粪处理堆肥第21天时的NH4+-N含量最高,为142.7mg/kg,分别显著高于新鲜牛粪和接种蜉金龟处理28d时的42.1,27.1mg/kg;添加腐熟粪处理的NO3--N含量增幅最高,为244.2%,分别显著高于新鲜牛粪和接种蜉金龟处理104.4%,182.2%。堆肥49d与0d相比,添加腐熟粪处理的有机碳含量降幅最高,为39.9%,类胡敏酸的E4/E6值降幅最大,为19.3%。     

封育对草地深层土壤碳储量及其固持速率的影响

为了揭示长期封育草地深层土壤碳、氮固持及固持速率,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,研究了黄土高原宁夏固原云雾山自然保护区长期封育草地土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤全氮(STN)储量及其固持速率的变化特征。结果表明封育30年草地0—500cm各土层SOC储量显著高于封育10年草地和放牧草地,封育10年草地不同深度SOC储量与放牧草地并无差异;封育30年、10年和放牧草地STN储量在各土层无统计学上的差异,而封育30年不同深度STN储量显著高于封育10年和放牧草地;封育30年SOC,STN固持主要发生在10~30年间,0—500cm固持量分别为(482.5±39.3)Mg/hm~2,(27.7±2.4)Mg/hm~2,封育前10年有机碳、全氮固持量小,分别为(42.8±6)Mg/hm~2,(3.4±2.1)Mg/hm~2;封育30年0—500cm土层SOC和STN固持分别为(525.3±62.0)Mg/hm~2,(25.0±3.0)Mg/hm~2,固持速率分别为(17.5±2.1)Mg/(hm~2·a),(0.83±0.3)Mg/(hm~2·a);碳氮比随着封育年限增加而增大,随土层深度增加而降低。封育草地深层土壤有巨大固碳潜力,评估碳氮固持不仅要时间尺度,也要考虑深层土壤碳氮固持,以达到对生态系统碳氮储量评估的无偏估计。     

Dynamics of Soil Moisture,pH, Organic Carbon,and Nitrogen Under Switchgrass Cropping in a Semiarid Sandy Wasteland

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a perennial biofuel crop with a high production potential and suitable for growth on marginal land. This study investigates the long-term planting effect of switchgrass on the dynamics of soil moisture, pH, organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^–-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) for soils to a depth of 90-cm in a sandy wasteland, Inner Mongolia, China. After crop harvesting in 2015, soil samples were collected from under switchgrass stands established in 2006, 2008, and 2009, native mixture, and a control that was virgin sand. Averaged across six layers, soil moisture and pH was significantly higher under the native mixture than switchgrass or virgin sand. However, SOC and TN were significantly higher under the 2006 switchgrass stand when compared with all other vegetation treatments and the control. The SOC and TN increased from 2.37 and 0.26 g kg^?1, respectively, for 2009 switchgrass stand, and to 3.21 and 0.42 g kg^?1, respectively, for 2006 switchgrass stand. Meanwhile, SOC and TN contents were 2.51 and 0.27 g kg^?1, respectively, under the native mixture. The soil beneath switchgrass and native mixture showed the highest NO₃^–-N and NH₄⁺-N, respectively. The soil moisture increased with depth while SOC, TN, and NO₃^–-N decreased. An obvious trend of increasing moisture, SOC, TN, and mineral N was observed with increasing switchgrass stand age. Thus, growing switchgrass on sandy soils can enhance SOC and TN, improve the availability of mineral N, and generate more appropriate pH conditions for this energy cropping system.     

Carbon Control on Nitrogen Dynamics in the Forest Floor of an N-Enriched Deciduous Forest Ecosystem

Recent evidence from nitrogen (N) saturation studies indicates that forest floors in moderately impacted forests are the primary sink for atmospheric N inputs. Some researchers have suggested that the sink capacity of organic horizons is dependent on the amount of available carbon (C), which can be used for microbial N assimilation. To test the hypothesis that C limitation in forest floors exposed to chronic N deposition leads to an enhanced N leaching, a field C input manipulation experiment is under way in a deciduous forest. Since September 1999 aboveground C input has been doubled (by doubling litter input or by amending glucose) or excluded in replicated plots. Here we report the short-term response of concentrations of dissolved inorganic N (DIN: NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N) in forest floor percolate to the C input manipulation. In autumn following the C input manipulation, DIN concentrations in forest floor percolate decreased in all plots except the No Litter plots compared to the pre-treatment summer concentrations. In contrast, the concentrations of DIN in the No Litter plots remained high. A different seasonal pattern of DIN leaching among treatments, along with measurements of microbial biomass C and potential nitrification rates of forest floor samples, indicates that seasonal N dynamics in the forest floor are largely regulated by C availability changes assoicated with litterfall C input.     

模拟氮沉降对华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物碳和微生物氮的动态影响

为揭示过量的大气氮沉降对华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物碳、氮和土壤呼吸的影响,通过对照(N0:0 g/(m^2·a))、轻度施氮(N1:8 g/(m^2·a))、重度施氮(N2:15 g/(m^2·a))3个外源施氮水平下5年的野外定点试验和观测,模拟过量氮沉降条件下华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物碳、氮和土壤呼吸的变化,旨在阐明林下土壤微生物和呼吸对过量氮沉降的响应及其对土壤碳氮循环的影响。结果表明:在5-10月生长季中,土壤微生物碳和氮的平均含量分别为1 098.93,97.31 mg/kg,二者都随土层深度的增加呈下降趋势;轻度施氮促进土壤微生物碳和氮的增加,重度施氮抑制土壤微生物碳和氮的增加;土壤微生物碳和微生物氮从生长初期5月起,5-7月呈增加趋势,7月出现峰值,8月降低,9-10月小幅增加,呈现"N"形曲线。土壤微生物碳氮比为4.94~18.54,且随施氮量增加而减小。各氮处理下,华北落叶松人工林土壤呼吸速率5,6月较低,7-8月持续增加,并在8月达到最高,9-10月逐渐降低。相关分析表明,土壤呼吸与土壤全氮、含水量、微生物碳和微生物氮含量呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤有机质呈显著正相关关系。在全球变化背景下,研究结果可为进一步明确过量大气氮沉降对森林生态系统碳氮循环的影响途径和机制研究提供重要参考。     

碳氮添加对雨养农田土壤全氮、有机碳及其组分的影响

为探明碳氮添加4年后,土壤全氮、有机碳及其组分(可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、轻组和重组有机碳)的变化特征,依托布设于甘肃省定西市安定区李家堡镇的不同碳源配施氮素田间定位试验,涉及秸秆、生物质炭、氮素3个因素,秸秆设置为不施、施用秸秆2水平;生物质炭为不施和施用生物质炭2个水平;氮素设置为不施氮、施纯氮50 kg/hm^2、施纯氮100 kg/hm^2 3个水平,共9个处理。结果表明:不同处理下土壤全氮、有机碳及其组分的含量均随土层的加深而降低。添加生物质炭对土壤全氮、有机碳及其组分均具有不同程度的提升效应。添加秸秆对土壤全氮、有机碳和可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、轻组有机碳均具有显著提升效应,仅在0-5 cm土层对重组有机碳有显著提高。添加氮素可显著提升土壤全氮、有机碳和可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、轻组有机碳含量。较其他处理,添加生物质炭对土壤全氮、有机碳和重组有机碳的提升效应最高,添加秸秆对可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、轻组有机碳的提升效果最优。从提升土壤质量的角度出发,推荐秸秆配施氮素模式,该模式下土壤碳素有效性高、易于被微生物利用,有利于作物生长。从提高土壤固碳角度考虑,推荐生物质炭配施氮素模式,该模式有利于碳的封存。     

Carbon sequestration,vegetation dynamics and soil development in the Boreal Transition ecoregion of Saskatchewan during the Holocene

Boreal forest soils have the potential to sequester large amounts of carbon by accumulating charcoal from fire. Some suggest that sequestration rates could be large enough to account for some of the missing sink in the global CO₂ budget, but further data on soil charcoal pools are necessary to adequately develop boreal carbon budgets under a changing climate and fire regime. The primary objective of this study was to determine the amount of charred wood in surface mineral soil horizons (Ah) of the Boreal Transition of Saskatchewan, a fire-prone grassland forest ecotone region of western Canada. A second objective was to use the charcoal data to infer vegetation dynamics and the development of these Ah horizons as a function of parent material type, i.e. glacio-fluvial, glacio-lacustrine and glacial till. The latter objective served to provide information in regards to future vegetation shifts and ecosystem C budgets of Boreal Plain ecosystems under climatic warming. The carbon fraction measured as charcoal is an important component of organic matter in Ah horizons of Chernozemic soils in Saskatchewan and differs from the classical model of humus fractions in Chernozems which suggests that it is a system created from microbial degradation of root litter only. The carbon sequestered as charcoal within the whole ecoregion was estimated at 36.1 Tg, which is the lower limit of the global annual rate of charcoal accumulation in terrestrial environments estimated from experimental fires. Charcoal pools were consistently lower in the fluvial soils relative to the lacustrine and till soils. We suggest a model where dry conditions and low water availability prevailing under the coarser fluvial soils during the Holocene favoured the dominance of low productivity herbaceous vegetation that led to a high ash to charcoal production ratio from fire and to the development of relatively thick Ah horizons through below ground additions of organic matter from root decay. We propose that the more available water in lacustrine and till soils favoured the growth of trembling aspen which, through less frequent/intense fires relative to grasslands and incomplete burning of the woody material, led to high charcoal accumulation rates in soil. The development of thick Ah horizons in lacustrine soils likely occurred during a warm and dry period of the early Holocene (i.e. the hypsithermal) when herbaceous vegetation invaded forested land or during dry spells in the mid to late Holocene (e.g. the Medieval Warm Period) when opening of forest canopies occurred, thus augmenting light transmission to the forest floor and favouring the growth of herbaceous vegetation in the understory. Such events did not create deep Ah horizons in the tills soils as a consistent rock impediment near the surface limited the penetration of understory roots at greater depth. These results suggest that fluvial sites my be the first shifting to herbaceous vegetation in the future due to climatic warming, followed by till sites and then lacustrine sites.     

控释氮肥对玉米秸秆腐解及潮土有机碳组分的影响

施肥影响秸秆还田效果,研究不同形态氮肥对秸秆腐解及土壤有机碳组分的影响可为秸秆还田下氮肥合理施用提供科学依据。以10年小麦-玉米轮作定位施肥试验为基础,采用尼龙网袋田间填埋法,研究了控释掺混尿素和普通尿素不同用量(纯氮120,240,360 kg/hm~2)对潮土中玉米秸秆腐解及土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明:与普通尿素相比,控释掺混尿素具有促进秸秆腐解的趋势;在秸秆腐解后期,控释掺混尿素处理较普通尿素显著促进了秸秆氮、磷的释放,而不同氮肥处理对秸秆中钾素的释放影响并不显著。在秸秆腐解后期,相同施氮量条件下,常规施氮量和增施氮量的控释掺混尿素处理较普通尿素显著增加土壤水溶性和热水溶性有机碳含量。在增加土壤微生物量碳、氮含量方面,在秸秆腐解的某些阶段控释掺混尿素处理的促进作用显著高于普通尿素处理。综合来看,与普通尿素相比,控释掺混尿素在秸秆腐解和增加土壤有机碳组分方面具有较好的促进作用。     

Potential for Optimisation of Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics on Black Earth in Central Germany- and N-Turnover

This paper reports results from investigations of carbon turnover and the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in an area with high intensity farming in the black earth region of Central Germany. The long term experiments situated in Bad Lauchstädt provide valuable information about interaction of carbon storage and the efficiency of nitrogen use by the growing crops. Starting from the hypothesis that a sustainable agriculture is bound to make maximum use of diffuse nitrogen inputs from atmosphere, which is estimated to be about 60kg N/ha/a in Bad Lauchstädt, the potentials to control the utilisation of this nitrogen flux will be discussed. A possible benchmark for an environmental sound agricultural system is a N surplus at least lower as N input from atmosphere or better lower than 40kg/ha in order to meet the requierements of water protection. The possibilities for agricultural systems to add nitrogen with organic matter or with mineral fertiliser will be discussed.     

滨海苹果园土壤碳氮空间分布及动态变化研究

土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤全氮(STN)是土壤肥力和土壤质量的重要组成部分,对维持农田和果园生产力至关重要。以我国典型温带滨海果园—胶东苹果园为对象,采集了不同种植年限果园的488件表层土壤样品,探讨滨海果园SOC、STN含量和密度(SOCD、STND)及碳氮比(C/N)的空间分布、动态变化及其影响因素,为滨海地区及我国苹果园的生产、管理提供基础数据和科学依据。结果表明:胶东苹果园SOC和STN平均含量为10.78和1.42 g kg~(-1),平均密度为2.81和0.37 kg m~(-2),平均C/N为7.70;苹果园SOC、STN、SOCD、STND和C/N块基比分别为0.432、0.340、0.420、0.387和0.391,均表现出中等强度的空间异质性。苹果园SOC、STN和C/N的时空分布受种植年限影响显著。随种植年限延长,SOC呈先增加、再下降的趋势,而STN持续增加,相应地C/N呈先降、后增加再降的趋势。土壤类型、地形条件和土壤酸化对胶东果园碳氮均有不同程度的影响。相对于内陆地区的辽宁西部、北京郊区、陕西渭北和新疆伊犁等地果园,山东胶东滨海苹果园SOC、STN含量和密度较高,C/N偏低,具有较快的周转速度和自身的时空变化特征。     

长期施肥条件下黑土有机碳和氮的动态变化

以黑土地区海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站的农田长期(1990～2004年)肥料定位试验土壤为试验材料,对不同施肥处理有机碳和氮进行了系统分析。结果表明,长期不施化肥(CK),土壤中有机碳、全氮、碱解氮及C/N呈现下降趋势;长期施用氮肥,土壤有机碳亏损速率较大,但土壤氮素变化较小,C/N保持相对稳定;长期施用磷肥,土壤有机碳含量下降速率较小,但全氮含量下降速率较大,因而C/N保持上升趋势;长期施用钾肥,土壤有机碳、氮及C/N变化趋势相同,但土壤有机碳含量下降速率较小,C/N增加较快。因此,通过调控化肥可以维持土壤的有机碳、全氮及碱解氮含量,保持土壤的持续生产力及提高作物产量。