Spatial and Temporal Variation of PM10 Mass Concentrations within the Greater Area of Athens,Greece

The formation of chlorination by-products (CBPs) was investigated through bench-scale chlorination experiments with river water. The compounds selected for analysis belonged to the groups of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloketones and haloacetonitriles. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were the major species formed during chlorination, while haloketones and haloacetonitriles occurred at lower levels. The factors affecting the formation of these compounds were examined by two sets of experiments; the first with varying pH and reaction time, and the second with varying chlorine dose and temperature. Different effects of these factors were observed for different categories of CBPs, and in many cases, these effects were compound-specific, as confirmed by statistical analysis. Optimization of chlorination conditions in water treatment plants is a critical issue that should take into account the influence of chlorination parameters on the formation of individual CBPs.     

艾比湖湿地土壤速效钾空间变异性分析

选择艾比湖湿地的博尔塔拉河,精河下游河岸带为研究区域,针对土壤中的速效钾进行定量测定,采用描述性统计法、地统计学方法和空间分析法,讨论研究区土壤速效钾的空间变异及分布特征。结果表明:在0~20 cm和40~60 cm土层速效钾空间变异中块金值与基台值之比分别为38.61%、32.63%,表明其空间变异性主要是随机性因素和结构性因素共同引起的,其空间分布体现为中等空间相关性。在20~40 cm土层块金值与基台值之比为17.09%,表明其空间变异性主要是结构性因素引起,其空间分布相关性很强,而在60~80 cm土层块金值与基台值之比为78.96%,表明其空间变异性主要是随机性因素引起,其空间分布相关性很弱。研究区土壤速效钾的取值范围在3.34~632.10 mg kg-1之间,差异很大。调查样地中37.19%的土壤样品速效钾含量3.34~34 mg kg-1之间,属极缺乏型和很缺乏型;31.70%的土壤样品速效钾含量34~68 mg kg-1之间,属很缺乏型和缺乏型,表明研究区速效钾含量整体偏低。土壤速效钾垂直分异规律为:随土层深度的增加而递减;速效钾含量水平分异规律为:精河区域、精博河间的中部区域博河区域。     

Urban-Scale Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Ultrafine Particle Number Concentrations

In epidemiological studies, ultrafine particle (UFP) data from a single monitoring site are generally used as a measure of population exposure potentially resulting in exposure misclassification. From August 2009 to October 2010, 1-week campaigns were conducted during each season. The temporal and spatial variations of UFP number size distributions were investigated at 12 monitoring sites distributed across a 9?×?9?km urban area in Rochester, New York using a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer^TM spectrometer. The overall average number concentrations of 5.6- to 560-nm particles in summer, winter, spring, and fall were 9,025, 10,939, 4,955, and 14,485?cm^?3, respectively. Coefficients of divergence and correlation coefficients were calculated between site pairs to assess the spatial heterogeneity in the particle number size distributions. Moderate spatial divergence and uniform temporal variation were found for the chosen sites. Elevated UFP number concentrations were observed near highways, off-road diesel engines, and residential wood combustion sources, indicating significant contributions to the UFP exposure of people living adjacent to these sources. Our results suggest that one stationary monitoring site may not represent the actual human UFP exposure over a whole urban area.     

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Groundwater Nitrate Concentrations in Irrigated Mediterranean Agriculture

As nitrogen (N) fertilizer-use efficiency rarely exceeds 50% in most agricultural systems, the potential leaching of N to the groundwater, particularly under irrigated conditions, has economic, health, and environmental implications. Research in the Akarsu irrigation district in the Lower Seyhan Plain in southern Turkey sought to determine spatial and temporal variability of groundwater (GW) nitrate (NO₃) concentrations in 2007–2008. Shallow groundwater observation wells 3 m deep were installed at different locations to represent the whole irrigation district. Groundwater samples were collected (February, April, July, October) and analyzed for ammonium (NH₄) and NO₃ concentrations. Because NH₄ values were negligible, only NO₃ data were processed to determine spatial and temporal variability and then used to develop regional NO₃ maps using geographic information systems. Groundwater NO₃ concentrations ranged between 0.17 and 55.96 mg L^–1 during the 2 years, only exceeding the critical 50 mg L^–1 concentration in 1% of the area sampled. The areal mean of NO₃ concentration was greatest in February, indicating a potential N leaching of unused N from the early season with intensive rainfall, especially in wheat-growing areas. Groundwater NO₃ concentrations decreased after February; however, during the peak irrigation season in July, NO₃ was relatively low because of crop uptake during spring and summer. In about half the area, groundwater NO₃ concentrations ranged between 20 and 50 mg L^–1 and were thus marginal relative to the critical pollution level. As N fertilizer use will continue to increase, especially with the expanded irrigation that is now occurring in the Mediterranean region, regular monitoring of groundwater NO₃ is advisable under such conditions.     

焦作市城区土壤重金属空间变异特征及污染评价

为揭示人类活动对土壤环境质量的影响,在河南省焦作市3个城区采集了44个表层土壤样品。利用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价了土壤表层重金属的污染程度。并采用地统计学方法对表层土壤样品Cr,Cu,Cd,Pb共4种重金属的空间变异结构和分布格局进行了分析。结果表明,Cr,Cu,Cd,Pb的超标率分别为47.73%,0%,22.73%,0%,土壤Cr,Cd污染较为严重。3个城区Cr和Cd的分布特征总趋势为:山阳区中站区解放区,Pb和Cu的分布特征总趋势为:解放区山阳区中站区。土壤Cr,Cd和Pb之间以及Cu和Pb之间呈显著相关。空间变异结构分析表明,Cd具有极强的变异性,Cr具有较强的变异性,Cu和Pb是中等变异强度。半方差函数模型拟合结果显示Cr具有较强的空间自相关性,Pb具有中等程度的空间自相关性,Cd和Cu具有较弱的空间自相关性。在此基础上,元素Pb呈环状,Cu呈岛状,Cr和Cd呈带状分布。     

礼泉县苹果园土壤养分空间变异特征及综合评价

以陕西省礼泉县苹果园为研究区,基于地统计学研究果园土壤养分的空间变异特征,并采用改进TOPSIS和GIS实现对土壤养分空间定量化评价。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤属性空间分布不均和呈弱、中等变异,其由高到低的排序为有效磷速效钾碱解氮SOMpH;(2)pH、SOM、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的最优变异函数拟合模型分别为指数、指数、高斯、球状和球状,土壤酸碱性的基台效应值小,呈强烈空间相关性,主要由结构性因素引起空间异质,4项土壤养分指标均呈中等空间相关性,空间变异是由随机性因素和结构性因素共同作用的结果;(3)研究区土壤养分综合指数的大致空间分布格局:烽火-史德镇一带和昭陵-石潭镇一线分别向西北降低,土壤养分等级高的地区多处于河谷平原和黄土台塬的南部。从高到低养分等级面积比例为8.581∶22.406∶30.213∶26.482∶12.317。中等及偏下的养分等级占全区的69.013%,主要有南坊、叱干、建陵、城关和烟霞镇等地区。研究区土壤养分等级总体属于中等及偏下,主要分布在研究区的北部和中南部。研究结果为掌握苹果园的养分丰缺状况、变异机理、空间分布和为其精准施肥提供了科学依据。     

土壤空间变异研究中的半方差问题

简要回顾了土壤空间变异的研究。根据地质统计学理论和多年从事土壤空间变异研究的经验,对土壤空间变异研究的关键问题——半方差函数的基本假设、取样、模型选取及模型的检验进行了讨论,并对确定半方差函数模型应注意的问题提出建议。在保证取样样本容量的前提下,检查测定数据是否服从内蕴假设;注意提高每一个估算值的置信水平;尽量选择安全型模型作为半方差函数模型;对确定的半方差模型进行统计检验。由此可以求得较为客观合理的半方差模型。     

菜地土壤养分的空间变异特征

通过地统计学、空间分析方法及结合农户施肥调查,对菜地土壤养分的空间变异特征进行研究。结果表明,农户施肥水平差别较大,整体上施磷相对过多,施钾相对较少,土壤OM、NH4+-N、P、K、Ca、Mg和S的变异系数在28.4%～69.2%之间。土壤各养分的空间变异结构有较大区别,土壤OM及NH4+-N的变异具有强烈空间相关性,土壤P、K、Ca、Mg和S养分含量的变异为中等空间相关性。土壤养分的等值线图显示,OM在空间的分布与土壤质地渐变规律相关,NH4+-N呈现南北向的带状分布,P、K、Ca、Mg和S趋于小块状分布。总的来说,施肥等人为因素加剧了土壤矿质养分的空间变异。     

地统计学在土壤空间变异研究中的应用

地统计学应用于土壤科学中,探索其空间分布特征及其变异规律,已为越来越多的学者所推崇。本文对地统计学基本原理及地统计学在土壤物理特性、土壤养分、土壤盐分、土壤重金属等土壤空间变异研究中的应用进行了论述,并针对存在的问题及发展趋势提出了一些看法。     

基于泰森多边形的南京市PM2.5时空特征及其与土地利用的相关性研究

[目的]分析南京市PM2.5时空分异规律,探讨PM2.5浓度变化与土地利用的关系,为南京市生态保护和空气污染治理决策提供依据。[方法]基于南京市2013年12个月的日均PM2.5浓度数据以及2013年土地利用数据,利用泰森多边形将南京市划分为9个研究区域,以月、季、年为时间尺度,对各个研究区内的PM2.5浓度的时空特征以及与土地利用的关系进行分析。[结果]时间上,南京市PM2.5浓度冬季呈现最高,达到129.93μg/m^3,夏季最低,达到44.65μg/m^3。空间上,迈皋桥和瑞金路监测区片年均浓度最高,达到78.90和78.56μg/m^3,仙林大学城和中华门监测区片年均PM2.5浓度最低,为72.09和72.64μg/m^3。在与土地利用类型的相关性分析中,与水域用地的相关性较强,春夏秋呈现正相关,冬季呈现负相关;年均PM2.5浓度与5种土地利用类型成不同程度的负相关。[结论]南京市PM2.5浓度具有明显的时空分异规律,土地利用类型对PM2.5浓度变化具有重要影响。     

Small-Scale Spatial Variability in Winter Wheat Production

Spatial variability is well documented in agricultural crops. Research has shown that average differences in grain yield for neighboring corn (Zea mays L.) plants can vary by as much as 4211 kg ha^?1; however, little work has been done in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to determine the amount and scale of spatial variability that exists in grain yields. This study used 22-m?×?0.9-m transects, partitioned in 0.9-m?×?0.9-m subplots, to document the spatial variability that occurred in winter wheat yields. Average yields of each transect ranged from 1023 to 3807 kg ha^?1. Within transects, there was a 1.7- to 2.3-fold difference between the highest and lowest yielding units. This study documented large levels of variability over distances of <1 m. Agronomists working toward precisely managing crop inputs for their most efficient use should account for spatial variability, as significant differences in winter wheat grain yield were found in adjacent 1-m?×?1-m plots.     

城郊耕层土壤养分的空间变异特征

以广州郊区岑村为例,采用G IS与地统计学相结合的方法对城郊耕层土壤(0~20cm)的有机质、全N、全P和全K4种土壤养分要素的空间变异特征进行了分析。结果表明:有机质、全N和全K变异函数曲线的最优理论模型为指数模型;全P为球状模型。几种土壤养分具有很强的空间相关性,异质性特征。各土壤养分由随机因素引起的空间变异占空间总变异的比例小,其值分别为9.90%、8.80%、0.26%和17.10%。说明受母质、地形、土壤类型等自然的结构性因素影响较大。土壤特性的相关距变化范围为139.00~750.00m。该成果可为城郊农业的定位施肥、灌溉以及其它的农田精细管理提供依据。     

农田土壤养分的空间变异性特征

对一块面积为１ｈｍ^２麦田内的９８个观测点取样分析,测定了代表不同土壤含水率水平下的两个时期土壤表层和底层的ＮＨ_４-Ｎ、ＮＯ₃-Ｎ、Ｏｌｓｅｎ-Ｐ、表层有机质和全氮等养分。应用地统计学的方法对所取的数据进行了分析,结果表明底层土壤的ＮＨ_４-Ｎ、表层土壤的有机质服从正态分布;其余养分基本上服从对数正态分布;按一定的精度和置信水平确定了合理的取样数目。通过半方差函数分析,发现这些养分在一定范围内存在空间相关性;采用Ｋｒｉｇｉｎｇ方法对未测点进行了估值,绘制了等值线图,并对两个时期的养分动态的空间变异进行了初步分析。该成果可用于提高氮肥利用率和精确农业（施肥）的研究和实践。     

坡面尺度土壤特性的空间变异性

通过对20m长坡面土壤特性空间变异性的经典统计学分析,结果表明:(1)在同一土壤剖面内,各级粒径含量呈弱变异性,而有机质含量随土层深度的增大而逐渐降低,呈中等变异性;(2)土壤干容重的空间变异性较小,呈弱变异性,但土壤饱和导水率的空间变异性较大,呈中等变异性;(3)水分特征曲线具有一定的空间变异性,比水容量空间变异性较大,呈中等变异性。坡面土壤饱和导水率和干容重的等值线图表明,土壤饱和导水率的变化趋势并不仅仅取决于土壤干容重的相对大小,可能与有机质含量、黏粒含量以及根系分布情况等也有一定的关系。     

松嫩平原黑土核心区土壤砷空间变异特征及污染评价

基于多目标区域地球化学调查数据,采用地统计分析与GIS空间分析方法,对松嫩平原黑土核心区土壤As含量进行冷热点分析和空间变异特征分析,运用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法对研究区土壤As污染进行了评价。结果表明:研究区土壤As含量范围在2.1～107.7 mg/kg,平均含量9.09 mg/kg,略高于黑龙江省松嫩平原土壤As含量背景值;土壤As高值聚类区主要分布在呼兰河上游,低值聚类区主要分布在呼兰河下游和松花江流域;土壤As含量具有强烈的空间自相关性,以结构性变异为主,空间分布受成土母质、水系等因素影响显著;研究区98.52%的地区为无污染的状态,99.88%的地区为低潜在生态风险。建议通过改善农业耕作方式、调整种植结构、减少农药和化肥使用量等人为因素来减缓土壤中As含量增加的趋势。     

于田绿洲土壤含盐量的空间异质性研究

在GIS背景之下,利用地统计学,结合于田绿洲2014年5月的土壤含盐量采样数据,研究于田绿洲土壤含盐量的空间变异特征。分析结果显示:各深度土壤含盐量的空间分布是不均匀的,主要是以弧状、斑状以及条带状存在,从总的空间分布的格局上来看,有一定的聚集趋势;研究区土壤含盐量主要受到荒漠化程度、植被覆盖度的影响。通过分析于田绿洲土壤含盐量的空间变异性,有利于快速诊断土壤盐渍化,也能够为提升土地的利用效率、保障区域的农田可持续利用提出决策依据。     

乌鲁木齐城市土壤磁性的空间变异特征研究

在乌鲁木齐市,按不同用地类型和空间分布的均匀性,采集45个表土样品。分析了土地利用类型引起的市、郊区土壤磁性参数的差异,研究了土壤磁性参数空间变异性和分布特征,并初步探讨了其人为影响因素。结果表明:除了χFD以外,市区土壤χLF、Soft IRM和HIRM均值高于郊区。研究区土壤以亚铁磁性矿物主导,并伴有少量不完全反铁磁性矿物,市区土壤超顺磁性矿物颗粒含量低于郊区。土地利用类型是导致市、郊区土壤磁性参数差异的重要因素。从变异系数看,4种磁性参数都属于中等变异程度。空间变异性分析表明,各磁性参数的最优拟合模型是球状和指数模型,变程介于15~18km之间。从Q值结果看,χFD、Soft IRM属于高度空间变异性,χLF为中度变异性,HIRM变异程度最低。空间分布特征表明,χLF、Soft IRM值基本以工业区为中心,向外围递减。χFD分布趋势大致与其他参数相反。HIRM分布呈东、西部高,中部低且向南北方向递减的趋势。人为因素是影响乌鲁木齐市土壤磁性空间变异的关键因素。     

土壤特性空间变异研究进展

对土壤特性空间变异的影响因素作了扼要分析 ;对土壤特性空间变异研究方法的发展概况作了初步讨论 ,并对土壤特性空间变异定量研究中涉及的主要分析方法及其参数作了初步介绍 ;对土壤养分空间变异定量研究的进展作了简要回顾     

Spatial Variability and Soil Sampling in a Grazed Pasture

Spatial variability in soil tests for essential plant nutrients influences how well producers accurately sample their fields for fertilization and compliance with environmental regulations. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of spatial variability on soil tests in a pasture system. Soil samples were collected from a 6‐ha and a manured 4‐ha pasture (study sites 1 and 2, respectively). Samples were analyzed for soil pH, organic matter, and plant‐available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Semivariance parameters from a geographical information system (GIS) were used to quantify spatial variability, and “R” computer program was used to optimize the number of soil subsamples sufficient to form a representative composite sample. Spatial variability was obtained in some of the soil properties, and approximately 22 soil subsamples were sufficient to form a representative composite sample in a pasture system.     

黄土区村级农田土壤养分空间变异特征研究

本研究选择黄土高原地区陕西省新集村为研究对象。在219hm2耕地上用网格法采集364个表层(0~20 cm)土壤,研究了该村土壤pH,有机质和速效养分(N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S)空间变异性。结果表明:该村98.9%耕地缺N,缺K,缺P比例占11.5%和4.4%。地统计学分析结果表明:土壤有机质、有效N、P、K、Mg、Ca、S具有中等的空间相关性,空间变异程度依次为:OM>P>Ca>K>Mg>N>S,土壤pH的空间相关性很弱。有机质、有效N、S最大相关距离大,达到1853m,pH值最小,为148m,K、Ca、P、Mg最大相关距离分别为717m、720m、1032m和1344m。施肥是导致该村土壤养分空间变异性的主要原因。基于土壤养分状况和空间分布特征,目前仅需要考虑对该村土壤K,P进行分区管理。