水稻秸秆热压成型工艺参数试验研究

水稻秸秆冷压成型试验得到的成型燃料能耗较高且质量不佳,为提高水稻秸秆成型燃料质量,本次试验利用水稻秸秆成型设备,在不同成型压力、原料粒径、温度以及含水率等工艺参数条件下对水稻秸秆进行热压成型试验。通过分析成型燃料的物理性能,确定各工艺参数最佳选取范围为：粒径0~2mm、温度70~100℃、成型压力8.89～40MPa、含水率12%～25%。为进一步提高水稻秸秆原料成型燃料的质量,提出通过添加木质素含量较高的木屑原料即形成混合原料,并通过对比试验进行研究。结果表明,混合原料可以有效提高水稻秸秆成型燃料的综合质量。     

Dispersion of Dissolved Contaminants in Groundwater: from Visualization Experiments to Macroscopic Simulation

In order to estimate the longitudinal and transverse dispersivities of pore networks, an explicit method, based on the calculation of the transient variation of the spatial moments of the solute concentration over a disordered medium, is used to analyze visualization miscible displacement experiments and calculate the components of velocity vector and dispersion tensor. The longitudinal dispersion coefficient commonly estimated by using the 1-D advection dispersion coefficient is smaller than that calculated by the present method which accounts for the transverse dispersivity. The numerical predictions of the contaminant spreading in a macroscopically homogeneous porous medium are reliable presuming that correct values of longitudinal and transverse dispersivity are used.     

粪秆结构配比厌氧发酵中pH、VFA与产气效果的关系

为探索发酵原料产气量与pH值、挥发性脂肪酸之间的关系,确定最佳原料配比以及发酵温度是关键。通过试验在恒温条件下以不同配比的鸡粪、麦秆混合物为原料,在25～40℃范围内进行厌氧发酵,研究pH值和挥发性脂肪酸对沼气产量的影响。结果显示,在约50d的发酵过程中,以40℃、鸡粪和麦秸3∶1处理的（简称鸡麦3∶1）累积产气量最高,达11492mL,25℃、鸡麦3∶1处理的累积产气量最低,为6227mL。在25、30℃发酵条件下,随着麦秆比例的增加,产气量逐渐增加;在35、40℃发酵条件下,随着麦秆比例的减少,产气量逐渐增加。pH值与日产气量成正比,而挥发性脂肪酸与日产气量成反比。     

畜禽舍末端废气净化可调孔隙率填料结构设计与试验

集约型畜禽舍末端废气净化广泛采用酸洗喷淋的化学方法去除氨气和固体颗粒物。填料作为酸洗液与废气的反应场所，是影响废气净化效果的关键因素。针对畜禽养殖舍通风管理对废气净化系统净化效率及其产生的压降需求差异，该研究基于点阵结构优化方法，通过优化单胞构型研制了孔隙率可调的填料结构，并结合数值仿真和试验，分析了填料结构的孔隙率、压降和比表面积的变化规律及其对氨气和固体颗粒物（PM_2.5和PM₁₀）净化效果的影响。研究结果表明：当填料结构孔隙率从98.7%降低至91.1%时，压降从2.7 Pa增至35.2 Pa，氨气净化效率从77.4%升高至92.6%，PM_2.5和PM₁₀的净化效率分别从69.2%和87.2%升高至90.1%和97.7%。相较于现有净化系统广泛应用的填料（孔隙率90%，压降30 Pa，氨气净化效率85%，悬浮颗粒物净化效率40%～45%），本研究设计的填料结构孔隙率可根据养殖舍通风系统的压降负荷要求在91.1%～98.7%区间内进行调节，且能够满足除氨效率83%～90%、颗粒物净化效率不低于50%的畜禽舍废气净化效率需求，为实现填料孔隙率自动调控提供了理论基础和设计参考。     

Experimental study and numerical simulation of denitrification in saturated porous media

The effect of denitrification on the behavior of nitrate in saturated sandy soil was studied in the laboratory and the results were compared with the temporal and spatial concentration of nitrate in nonreactive (without denitrification) and reactive (with denitrification) cases. A laboratory model was fabricated to study steady one-dimensional flow and to transport nitrate with or without denitrification. Denitrification at various rates has been simulated with varied C∶N ratios and detention time. Retardation constant, dispersivity, and degradation constants have been computed using existing analytical models supporting adsorption and zero and/or first order production or decay. It was found that such analytical models can be used to fit the concentration of nitrate in saturated porous media for a C∶N ratio between 2 and 5.     

基于下吸式固定床的木片气化试验

樟子松木材是中国一种重要的生物质能源原料,通过气化技术可将其转化为高热值生物燃气,用于内燃机发电。该文研究了下吸式固定床气化系统中当量比(ER)对樟子松木片气化性能的影响,并且对气化副产物炭和焦油的基本特性进行了分析。结果表明,气化最优ER值为0.251,可燃气热值为4.55 MJ/Nm~3,可燃气成分为CO(17.47%,以体积分数计,下同)、H2(14.67%,以体积分数计,下同)、CO_2(12.43%,以体积分数计,下同)、CH_4(2.12%,以体积分数计,下同),可燃气焦油含量为350 mg/Nm3,冷气效率为65.46%,具备较强的气化发电潜力。木炭的低位热值和比表面积分别为28.17 MJ/kg和342 m~2/g,可制备成型炭燃料和高比表面积活性炭。轻质焦油主要成分为酚类(36.75%,以质量分数计,下同)、乙酸(22.14%,以质量分数计,下同)和酮类(13.73%,以质量分数计,下同),可制成植物生长调节剂;重质焦油主要成分为杂环的芳香烃(59.98%,以质量分数计,下同)、1环的轻质芳香烃(4.71%,以质量分数计,下同)和2-3环的轻质多环芳香烃(16.48%,以质量分数计,下同),可制备高附加值芳香烃类化学品。小试规模的木片气化试验研究将为大规模的气化发电工艺和设备提供优化设计参数。     

Assessing How the Ratio of Barley Mash to Wood Chips in Compost Affects Rates of Microbial Processing and Subsequent Vegetable Yield

The composting of food waste coupled with urban agriculture presents an opportunity to increase nutrient recycling in urban ecosystems. One potential constraint limiting the expansion of aerobic food waste composting is the availability of carbon-rich recalcitrant materials, such as wood chips. We measured the differences in nutrient retention throughout the compost life cycle for different mixtures of barley mash to wood chips, to assess whether composting using proportionally less wood chips would lead to higher nutrient recycling rates. Nine compost piles (1 m³) were constructed at varying ratios barley mash to wood chips, ranging from 10:90 to 90:10. During the composting process, the 50:50 mixture maintained internal temperatures above 55°C for 30 days, with drop-offs as mixtures diverged in either direction. Food waste content was positively related to internal moisture and CO₂, and negatively related to internal O₂, throughout the ensuing 3 months. The finished compost was used in raised-bed garden plots during the following summer. Yields of arugula and tomatoes increased with compost barley mash content, saturating at high levels. Across all treatments, <5% of N and <2% of P were recycled from barley mash into new vegetable production. Although the maximum amount of nutrients was recycled using high barley mash compost, these treatments also had lower nutrient recycling efficiency compared to intermediate mixtures. These results indicate that the use of wood chips in composting increases the efficiency nutrient retention from food waste and in turn enhances nutrient recycling in urban environments.     

SOME ASPECTS OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC DISPERSION OF SOLUTES IN POROUS MATERIALS

The paper reviews some quantitative aspects of the hydrodynamic dispersion of solute that occurs under the combined influence of molecular diffusion and convection when a solution flows through a porous material. In particular, the paper (i) describes several methods of analysing the breakthrough curve of one solution as it displaces another from- a column of porous material to yield a coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion (K); (ii) discusses the form of K as a function of particle size and fluid velocity in granular beds composed of solid particles or of aggregates; (iii) discusses the effect of K on the dispersion observed in a column of porous material, as fluid velocity and particle size vary, as an aid in assessing the efficiency of leaching.     

不同有机材料覆盖对土壤保水效果的影响

[目的]研究不同有机材料覆盖对土壤水分蒸发量、土壤含水量的影响,并筛选出保水效果最佳的材料。[方法]以木片、树皮及经过堆腐的园林废弃物为研究对象,进行模拟蒸发及桶装控制试验。[结果]不同粒径的园林废弃物覆盖均能降低土壤水分日蒸发量,日蒸发量从大到小依次为CK,3～5 cm粒径(M_3)、0～1 cm粒径(M_1)、1～3 cm粒径(M_2)。在连续蒸发14 d后,M_2,M_1,M_3和CK的土壤水分累积蒸发量分别为193.0,269.5,304.0和1 037.0 g,与CK相比,分别减少了81.4%,74.0%,70.7%;不同有机材料覆盖均能提高土壤含水量。除了雨季之外,不同土层土壤含水量从高到低依次表现为:木片覆盖(M_4)树皮覆盖(M_5)1～3 cm粒径园林废弃物覆盖(M_2)CK。土壤含水量的年变化整体呈现出双峰趋势,一年中4—5月含水量较低,6—8月含水量较高,不同土层土壤含水量的年变化趋势基本一致。M_4,M_5,M_2和CK的0—40 cm土层土壤年平均含水量分别为32.9%,30.3%,27.4%,26.8%。[结论]木片为保水效果最好的有机材料,其次是树皮和园林废弃物。     

基于格子Boltzmann方法分析果蔬真空冷冻干燥冻干速率

为实现果蔬真空冷冻干燥水分在线检测,研究果蔬冻干过程水分扩散运移规律及过程参数优化,该文基于格子Boltzmann方法以果蔬冻干过程孔隙度变化表达其冻干速率。由于果蔬在冻干过程中孔隙度会随着冰晶的升华而发生相应变化,水分扩散路径及孔隙度由外向内逐渐变化,运用格子Boltzmann方法和动力学能量守恒定律,模拟分析了果蔬冻干水分扩散速率变化分布情况,建立了孔隙度线性变化的多孔介质模型,结果表明多孔介质类果蔬孔隙度变化越大冻干速率就越大。试验验证以苹果为试材,在冻干1、3、5、7 h测取苹果样品含水率和对应的水分运移边界位置,并在苹果冻干样本水分运移边界处进行电镜微观拍片与孔隙度图像信息采集处理,获得相应的孔隙度试验值,通过对水分扩散边界位置与孔隙度相关性分析可知,苹果冻干过程孔隙度由内向外呈线性增加。进而导出含水率与孔隙度、孔隙度变化与干燥速率的相关关系,得知孔隙度的变化与冻干速率呈正比,试验验证与模拟结论相一致。表明多孔介质的孔隙度可作为物料内部流体传输的表征参数,可应用孔隙度的变化来表达冻干速率。该研究为冻干过程参数优化与机理分析提供了参考,在冻干水分在线监测等方面提供了应用基础。     

有机地表覆盖材料对树穴土壤理化性质的影响

通过大田试验,研究有机地表覆盖材料对土壤理化性质的影响。以圆明园公园内的桑葚林(Morus alba L.)树穴土壤为研究对象设置6种处理,即水性聚氨酯胶黏剂有机覆盖垫(A)、水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比9∶1有机覆盖垫(B)、水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比8∶2有机覆盖垫(C)、水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比7∶3有机覆盖垫(D)、木片覆盖(M)和无覆盖处理(CK),对不同地表覆盖材料的覆盖效果进行评价。结果表明:(1)总体来看,1年后不同有机地表覆盖材料覆盖下树穴土壤的容重、孔隙度、持水量等物理指标以及不同土层土壤pH变化不大。(2)与CK相比,不同有机地表覆盖材料可增加土壤中有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量,覆盖后0-10 cm土层比10-20 cm土层的效果更为明显。综合考虑,不同有机地表覆盖材料能够改善土壤养分含量,水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比8∶2有机覆盖垫(C)为5种有机地表覆盖材料中最适合裸露树穴的覆盖材料。     

胶体颗粒对不同粒径饱和多孔介质渗透性的影响

探讨胶体颗粒在多孔介质中迁移所发生的物理、化学及生物作用过程,在许多学科中具有重要的科学意义。采用室内石英砂柱实验,开展了定水头条件下不同浓度和粒径的胶体颗粒在饱和多孔介质中的运移行为研究。共使用了3种胶体粒径、3种浓度的胶体溶液和3种粒径范围的石英砂。实验表明:多孔介质的相对渗透系数K/K0(K为各时刻计算所得的渗透系数,K0为初始渗透系数)减小程度与颗粒浓度成正比;胶体颗粒越大,越易在表层沉积,而小颗粒易向下部迁移,但总体来看粒径效应没有浓度效应明显;当胶体颗粒在不同粒径的饱和多孔介质中迁移时,粒径大的多孔介质各段K/K0均有明显降低,而粒径小的只在表层变化明显。不同条件下总体相对渗透系数与时间之间呈二次方相关关系,但当多孔介质粒径较小时,相关性不显著。介质渗流流速及砂柱不同位置胶体颗粒浓度变化与介质渗透性变化相对应。用扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)进行定性表征,进一步说明胶体颗粒会堵塞多孔介质孔隙影响其渗透性。实验中发现当输入浓度C0小于0.5 g·L–1且dp/Dp>0.018(dp为胶体颗粒粒径,Dp为石英砂算数平均粒径)时,会出现多孔介质局部K/K0增大的现象。     

Effects of Cow Dung Biochar Amendment on Adsorption and Leaching of Nutrient from an Acid Yellow Soil Irrigated with Biogas Slurry

Knowledge of the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _sat) of porous filters used in water treatment technologies is important for optimizing the retention of nutrients and pollutants. This parameter determines the hydraulic capacity, which together with the chemical properties of the filter media, affects the treatment performance of the filter system. However, measuring K _sat is time consuming and expensive. This study developed a novel transfer function to predict K _sat of coarse porous media from easily measured parameters. The hydro-physical parameters determined were K _sat, grain size distribution, bulk density, uniformity coefficient, particle density, and porosity of 46 porous media fractions. The fractions ranged in grain size from 0.5 to 20 mm and were obtained from seven commercial available coarse filter materials. A backward stepwise regression analysis was performed between K _sat and 10 variables obtained from the grain size distribution and bulk density. The optimal model for predicting K _sat contained two parameters, D₂₀ and D₅₀, which describe respectively the particle diameters, where 20 and 50 % of all particles are finer by weight. The predicted K _sat values were in good agreement with the measured values (R ²?=?0.91). The transfer function can find potential usage in relation to dimensioning of permeable agricultural drainage filters or subsurface-flow constructed wetlands. The predicted values of K _sat can also be used as input to numerical models that simulate filter treatment performance.     

稻壳和木粉在内循环流化床气化炉中气化实验研究

本文主要以稻壳和木粉为原料在内循环流化床气化炉中进行气化实验的研究,测试了温度对当量比的反影响,及对气体成分、气体热值等的影响,并比较内循环流化床气化炉中气化效率与碳转化率的影响。结果表明:在一定温度范围内,温度与当量比呈一定的线性关系,且床温中密相区温度对当量比的影响最大,是其它两温度的斜率的2倍;一旦内循环流化床结构固定,同一高度温度将在一定范围内变化,而不随着当量比的变化而变化;床层密相区温度影响着一氧化碳、氢气、甲烷等气体的组成,同时影响着气体的热值。稻壳与木粉在内循环流化床气化炉中的气化效率最大值相近,接近60%,但木粉的相对稳定。     

A Laboratory Column Study on the Biodegradation of Toluene and Methyl tert–Butyl Ether: The Effect of Substrate Interactions

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is one of the most effective remediation technologies for soil and groundwater contamination. Soil particles can be mobilized by air perturbation during SVE, resulting in the differentiation of porous media, which has not been well addressed. This paper developed a numerical method to study the flow pattern and quantify the change of porous media for the first time. Based on the mass equilibrium and Darcy’s law, a two-phase water–air flow model was constructed with integration of saturation, relative permeability, and capillary pressure during SVE. Relationship between porosity and saturation was deduced and coupled with the two-phase flow model for quantifying change of porous media in real time. Results reveal that both porosity and permeability increase sharply in the early stage of SVE then gradually to a quasi-steady state. These increases in vadose zone tapered off with distance from the SVE screen and the steady period occurred later as well. The influence radius of a single SVE well and the change degree in porosity and permeability of media were proportional to the extraction vacuum and the driving coefficient C, which is more sensitive than extraction vacuum according to the simulation results. Knowledge from this modeling exercise provides a useful tool to estimate the change of remediated zone and assess the environmental risk of remedial activities at real-world contamination sites.     

Dispersing sandy soil for the measurement of particle size distributions using optical laser diffraction

Despite the speed and accuracy of particle size distribution measurement by optical laser diffraction instruments, the dispersion of the sample, especially of soil aggregates, remains time-consuming. The Malvern Instruments obscuration measurement was used to calculate the dispersion ratio as an indicator of soil disaggregation. It enabled rapid and direct comparison between measurements made using different amounts of soil, dispersed using different fluids and dispersion methods. The dispersion ratio was necessary to select the most suitable media and method of dispersion for the soil samples and was useful for identifying grain breakage and flocculation. A standard for size distribution measurements involved a soil sample suspended in tap water and dispersed using ultrasonic action for 3 min. Reproducibility of grain size distribution measurements on the Malvern laser sizer showed that variation caused by resampling was greater than variation in the optical measurement provided that the measurement sweeps for the instrument were appropriately set. Blending size distributions for material measured using two different focal lenses was problematic. It is suggested that the laser light source Coulter LS-100 may be a more suitable instrument when many sample measurements are required.     

不同油炸时间的马铃薯片油脂吸收规律

为了表征不同油炸时间下马铃薯片的油脂吸收规律,该文结合索氏抽提、染色法、激光共聚焦扫描镜观察、低场核磁共振成像技术等方法对马铃薯片的油脂吸收规律进行描述和解释,获得了油炸温度180℃、油料比10:1时不同油炸时间下马铃薯片油脂含量、油脂类型以及油脂分布的变化规律,并结合其孔隙特征解释油脂的吸收行为。结果表明:油炸时间(0~12 min)显著影响马铃薯片的总油脂质量分数、表面油脂、结构油脂和表面渗透油脂质量分数(P0.05);随着油炸时间的延长,马铃薯片的总油脂质量分数逐渐上升,当油炸10 min后,总油脂质量分数达到47.09%,之后逐渐趋于稳定;马铃薯片的表面油脂质量分数最低,约1.30%~2.06%;随油炸时间的延长,结构油脂质量分数逐渐上升,而油炸6 min后马铃薯片的表面渗透油脂质量分数呈下降趋势;激光共聚焦扫描镜观察显示,油炸过程中,随着油炸时间的延长,马铃薯片红色区域面积增大,表明油脂质量分数增加,且油脂从表面逐渐向中心渗透,黏附于细胞壁上,充盈细胞间质;当油炸时间为0~8 min时,马铃薯片的孔体积和孔隙率随油炸时间而增大,对应的油脂质量分数也逐渐提高,研究结果可为油脂吸收的表征,以及低油马铃薯片的开发提供参考。     

土壤微生物对不同粒径、不同表面和孔隙性质生物炭的响应

Biochars are known for their heterogeneity, especially in pore and surface structure associated with pyrolysis processes and sources of feedstocks. The surface area of biochar is likely to be an important determinant of the extent of soil microbial attachment, whereas the porous structure of biochar is expected to provide protection for soil microorganisms. Potential interactions between biochars from different sources and with different particle sizes were investigated in relation to soil microbial properties in a short-term incubation study. Three particle size(sieved) fractions(0.5–1.0, 1.0–2.0 and 2.0–4.0 mm) from three woody biochars produced from jarrah wood,jarrah and wandoo wood and Australian wattle branches, respectively, were incubated in soil at 25?C for 56 d. Observation by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and characterisation of pore and surface area showed that all three woody biochars provided potential habitats for soil microorganisms due to their high porosity and surface areas. The biochars were structurally heterogeneous,varying in porosity and surface structure both within and between the biochar sources. After the 56-d incubation, hyphal colonisation was observed on biochar surfaces and in larger biochar pores. Soil clumping occurred on biochar particles, cementing and covering exposed biochar pores. This may have altered surface area and pore availability for microbial colonisation. Transient changes in soil microbial biomass, without a consistent trend, were observed among biochars during the 56-d incubation.     

Verlagerung und Dispersion von Chlorid-, Bromid-, Nitrat- und SulfatTracern in zwei typischen Auenböden

Translocation and dispersion of chloride, bromide, nitrate and sulfate tracers in two typical Fluvi-Eutric Cambisols Chloride, bromide, nitrate and sulfate were applied as tracers on two weakly to moderately acidic Fluvi-Eutric Cambisols. The soil solution was sampled by ceramic suction cups down to a soil depth of 180 cm. At definite time intervals also soils material was taken from different depth to produce the soil saturation extract. The concentrations of the non-adsorbed anions chloride, bromide and nitrate were very similar in the suction cup solutions and in the saturation extracts, whereas the concentrations of the weakly adsorbed sulfate partially showed considerable differences. Obviously both methods extract in acid soils different fractions of the dissolved sulfate. By comparison of marked sulfate peaks with those of chloride, bromide or nitrate, which occur at the same time in different soil depth, a Kd value of 0.16 1/kg can be calculated for the Ap horizon and of 0.02 1/kg for the subsurface horizons of one Fluvi-Eutric Cambisol. Values of the dispersivity of the different horizons were estimated by varying the values of the dispersivity reported in the literature until the best fit of the simulated anion depth distribution to the measured values was found. The estimated dispersivities varied between 1.0 cm in the Ap horizon and 1.8 and 10.0 cm in the subsurface horizons.     

Evaluation of Changes in Hydrogeological Properties of Porous Media Induced by air Sparging in Sand Matrix

Air sparging (AS) is one of the most efficient techniques for remediating saturated soils and groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds. Most studies have focused on how the subsurface conditions control the AS process; however, the “side-effects” of AS that feed back to subsurface environment have not been well addressed. This paper studied the perturbation of porous media induced by AS and the consequent multi-parameter changes with the support of Miller soil box and resistivity test, and Darcy experiment and tracer breakthrough test. The Miller soil box test shows that the resistivity response can be credibly used as a non-intrusive method to indicate the porosity change, and that the porosity-resistivity data can be well fitted using Archie equation (R ² > 0.98). Based upon the electricity measurement and above quantitive relationship, it was found that the porosity increased near the air injection point and decreased near the upper boundary of the column due to the upward-transport of particles during air sparging. The changes in porosity were found to be directly proportional to the air injection rate, and the maximum absolute variation of porosity was up to 0.104 at the air flow rate of 20 ml/min, while it did not change in the absence of AS. Both the hydraulic conductivity and dispersion coefficient increased after AS perturbation as the preferential flow pathway formed. The two parameters changed from 3.40 m/d and 0.110 to 6.13 m/d and 0.288, respectively, at 20 ml/min. This work provides useful insight into the changes in flow and transport properties of porous media induced by AS, which then help to understand the instability of air flow and the parameter-uncertainty analysis in related AS model.