Photosynthetic Response of Maize Plants Against Cadmium and Paraquat Impact

The effects of cadmium (Cd) and/or paraquat (PQ) toxicity on photosynthesis in maize leaves were examined by measurement of gas exchange and chlorophyll content in hydroponically cultured plants. It was found that growth rate was distinctly influenced only by 100 µM Cd treatment. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased along with the increase of Cd concentration, while PQ spraying, alone and combined with Cd, increased chlorophyll a content on the third and seventh experimental days. Generally, carotenoid content increased in response to Cd and PQ and reached the highest levels at 100 µM Cd. Rate of photosynthesis in maize decreased after Cd treatment. CO₂ assimilation was approximately 60% reduced at 50 µM Cd and 70% reduced in the presence of 100 µM Cd. PQ toxicity was partly overcome after the third day of exposure. Transpiration and stomatal conductance in maize leaves decreased on the third day along with Cd concentration and PQ spraying, except for the 25-µM Cd-treated plants. On the tenth day, the 25-µM Cd-treated plants and those from PQ-treated variants showed an increase of transpiration and stomatal conductance. Maize exhibited an ability to accumulate Cd in high quantities, especially in the roots—over 4,500 mg Cd/kg dry weight.     

不同水分与养分水平对玉米叶绿素荧光特性的影响

通过对玉米拔节期叶片叶绿素荧光参数的测定，发现这些参数均受诸如水分、光热、养分等外界条件的影响。水分对叶绿素荧光参数的影响非常显著，随着水分的降低，玉米叶片的基础荧光增大，而可变荧光、PSⅡ光化学效率及PSⅡ潜在活性显著降低，因此，只要选择合适的测定时间，加快测定速度，叶绿素荧光可作为研究判断玉米水分胁迫程度的理想指标。     

日光诱导叶绿素荧光研究及应用的文献计量分析

日光诱导叶绿素荧光SIF(solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence)作为直接监测植被光合作用的理想“探针”,能对植物的生理状态作出快速、灵敏的响应,是近年来植被遥感领域的研究热点。为了系统梳理SIF研究的发展脉络,本研究以Scopus数据库中1982-2021年的786篇相关文献作为数据源,结合VOSviewer软件,从国家、机构、作者、期刊和关键词等角度分别进行文献计量分析和可视化计量分析。结果表明,SIF领域年发文量整体呈增长趋势,现已进入快速发展阶段;发文量排名前3的国家分别为美国、中国和德国,其中德国拥有最高的篇均被引次数（56.2次）和最多的合作国家数（36个）;南京大学、加州理工学院、瓦伦西亚大学等机构有着较高的发文量和H指数,为该领域的发展做出了突出贡献;Guanter、Zhang、Frankenberg、Liu、Rascher等国内外学者致力于该领域的研究,发表论文数均在40篇以上;期刊Remote Sensing ofEnvironment在该领域中拥有最高发文量（92）和最高的H指数（40）,GlobalChangeBiology...     

Cadmium Impact on Root Exudates of Sorghum and Maize Plants: A Speciation Study

ABSTRACT

The effect of cadmium (Cd) on root exudates of sorghum and maize was investigated in order to get further insight into the mechanisms of plant tolerance to Cd. Plants were grown hydroponically and supplemented with: 0, 0.5, and 5.0 mg Cd L^{? 1}. Hydroponic solutions containing exudates were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed different exudation patterns by sorghum and maize with cadmium supply. While sorghum enhanced malate exudation over the entire range of applied Cd in the uptake solutions, maize increased mainly citrate. Moreover, malate concentration exuded in sorghum rhizosphere presented higher values than citrate (from maize). With the aid of the HYPERQUAD speciation program, a significant decrease in the bioavailable Cd (free Cd plus Cd chloro-complexes) was found due to the increase of Cd organic complexation in the hydroponic solution. Furthermore, similar metal organic complex concentrations were obtained for both plants, which turned the maize and sorghum overall detoxification process equivalent. Exudation of malate and citrate should contribute to tolerance mechanisms of these plants, reducing deleterious effects of free Cd on root growth. These findings support the idea that the metal-binding capabilities of root exudates may be an important mechanism for stabilizing metals in soil.     

Early Disease Detection in Wheat Fields using Spectral Reflectance

The difference in spectral reflectance between healthy and diseased wheat plants infected with Puccinia striiformis (yellow rust) was investigated. In-field spectral images were taken with a spectrograph mounted at spray boom height. A normalisation method based on reflectance and illumination adjustments was applied. To consider the entire canopy reflection, a spatially moving average was introduced. A classification model based on quadratic discrimination was built on a selected group of wavebands obtained by stepwise variable selection. Through this method, confusion rates dropped from 12 to 4% error classification, based on four different wavebands. These results are very encouraging for the development of a cost-effective optical device for recognising diseases, such as yellow rust, in the field in early spring.     

植物镉富集PCS基因的生物信息学分析

植物络合素是植物细胞中的小分子多肽,可以螯合重金属离子并储存于液泡中,起到降低毒性和富集重金属的作用.植物络合素合酶基因(PCS)是植物络合素合成过程的关键基因,本研究对15种植物镉(Cd2+)富集相关的PCS基因序列进行了生物信息学分析.结果表明,PCS具有保守的外显子组成;位于PCS肽链N端的氨基酸序列一致率达到82.54％,位于C端的氨基酸序列一致率为63.37％;PCS含量最多的氨基酸为亮氨酸(11.17％),色氨酸含量最少(1.63％);PCS具有保守的催化活性中心Cys70、His176、Asp194;不同PCS基因的密码子偏好使用性差异明显,高频密码子平均数量超过9个.研究结果显示,不同PCS基因既有保守的结构组成,也显现出种属的差异,可以用于物种的分类和亲缘关系分析.研究结果为PCS基因的功能及作用机制研究提供了重要的科学依据.     

经高赖氨酸基因导入玉米自交系的研究

通过对18个玉米自交系的组织培养,筛选到8个可以正常分化的自交系.用基因枪的方法对其中的4个自交系进行了遗传转化,将高赖氨酸基因导入玉米的胚性愈伤组织.以减少潮霉素筛选次数和筛选浓度的方法,得到分化再生植株.经分子检测,证明外源基因已成功整合到玉米基因组中.部分T0代植株正常结实,通过对T1代植株的分子检测,表明外源基因可以稳定遗传.对其中的转化植株所结的种子进行了赖氨酸含量的检测,发现赖氨酸含量最高提高了16%.     

低磷胁迫下加硅对玉米苗期硅、磷营养及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为研究硅对低磷胁迫下玉米苗期硅、磷吸收积累和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,采用砂培方式模拟低磷胁迫环境,以玉米品种正红2号和正红115为供试材料,设置3个磷浓度:重度低磷胁迫P1(0.01mmol/L)、中度低磷胁迫P2(0.1 mmol/L)和正常磷浓度P3(1 mmol/L),设置3个硅浓度:Si1(0 mmol/L)、Si2(0.75mmol/L)和Si3(1.5mmol/L),定苗培养28d,测定植株顶部往下第1全展叶叶绿素荧光参数、植株干物质重、硅和磷素含量和积累量。结果表明:(1)磷浓度从P3降低至P2和P1,2个玉米品种平均,单株干物质积累量、硅积累量、磷积累量分别下降34.73%,39.26%,29.10%,33.01%,81.81%,87.63%;同时降低叶片PSⅡ反应中心开放程度、减弱光能捕获和光能转换能力、降低电子传递效率,导致植株叶片热耗散能力明显增强。(2)硅浓度从Si1增加至Si2和Si3,2个玉米品种平均,单株干物质积累量、硅积累量、磷积累量分别提高21.54%,36.05%,120.08%,236.65%,39.81%,69.17%;同时增加叶片PSⅡ反应中心开放程度,提高光能捕获和光能转换效率,增加电子传递效率,加速利用过剩激发能。(3)玉米植株硅积累量和磷积累量呈显著正相关,并且Fv/Fm(XE)、Fv′/Fm′(XE′)、Fq′/Fm′(φPSⅡ)、ETR与植株硅积累量和磷积累量也呈显著正相关。(4)在P3和P2处理中,与Si1相比,Si2和Si3能明显提高正红2号和正红115植株硅、磷素积累量,提高叶片对光能的捕获、转化和传递效率,提高植株的干物质积累量;在重度低磷胁迫P1处理中施硅对玉米幼苗硅、磷营养和叶绿素荧光参数的改善作用十分微弱。综上所述,在非严重低磷胁迫条件下,外源加硅可以增强玉米对硅、磷的吸收和积累,提高叶片光合物质生产能力,加速消耗过剩的激发能,减轻光抑制。     

3种植物对红壤中镉的富集特性研究

重金属超富集植物是重金属污染土壤植物修复的基础,研究了3种重金属富集植物羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆和紫叶芥菜对重金属Cd的吸收积累规律,为植物修复Cd污染的农田和生态环境建设提供科学依据。采用盆栽方法,在不同浓度（0、20、35、50、65、80mg·kg^-1）Cd处理下,分别测定3种植物地上部与根部Cd的含量,计算了地上部Cd迁移量、根系耐性指数、富集系数,研究了土壤中Cd添加量与植物富集Cd量的相关性。结果表明,随着土壤中Cd离子浓度的升高,3种植物地上部和根系中的Cd含量也在增加,相关系数都大于0．99;综合地上部与根部Cd含量,地上部Cd迁移量,根系耐性指数和富集系数,3种植物对Cd的富集能力的相对顺序为：羽叶鬼针草〉美洲商陆〉紫叶芥菜。羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆种植在Cd处理浓度为65mg·kg^-1的土壤中和紫叶芥菜种植在Cd处理浓度为80mg·kg^-1的土壤中栽培时,3种植物地上部与根部的Cd含量均超过了100mg·kg^-1,达到了Cd超富集量的标准。羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆和紫叶芥菜对Cd有很强的耐受性和富集性,可以作为先锋植物去修复被Cd污染的土壤。     

外源锌对水稻植株镉的累积差异分析

通过水稻威优46盆栽种植试验,研究了外源Zn施用(0,40,80,160 mg/kg 4个水平)对Cd中度(0.72mg/kg)和重度(5.26mg/kg)污染土壤中Cd生物有效性及水稻Cd累积的差异。结果表明:施Zn对各检测指标存在影响,但土壤Cd总量仍是土壤Cd活性和水稻Cd累积差异变动的主控因素。在Cd中度污染土壤中,施Zn降低了土壤交换态Cd含量1.9%~17.0%,但水稻根表铁膜、根和糙米中Cd含量随Zn施用浓度的增大而增大,糙米Cd含量从0.09mg/kg上升到0.17mg/kg,相关分析显示糙米Cd含量与土壤交换态Zn含量显著正线性相关。在Cd重度污染土壤中,施Zn增大了土壤交换态Cd含量2.1%~4.8%,但降低了水稻各部位中Cd含量,当施Zn浓度超过80mg/kg时,糙米Cd含量可从对照组的0.45mg/kg降低到0.12mg/kg,符合国家食品污染物限量标准(GB 2762-2017)的要求,相关分析显示糙米Cd含量与土壤交换态Zn含量显著负线性相关。对2种Cd污染程度的土壤,施Zn均可增大Cd在水稻地下部的累积率,从而降低水稻地上部Cd的累积率。在Cd重度污染土壤中,可通过施Zn降低糙米Cd含量,施Zn量80mg/kg是试验中最佳施用量;但在Cd中度污染土壤中,施Zn有增大糙米Cd含量的风险。     

不同土壤水分条件下玉米叶片/冠层气孔导度的光谱监测模型

通过玉米水分控制试验,测定不同水分条件下各生育期叶片气孔导度、叶面积指数和冠层光谱反射率等,以分析玉米叶片气孔导度的变化规律及其与光谱植被指数的相关性,从而建立基于光谱植被指数和土壤湿度的叶片气孔导度模型。结果表明：玉米在可见光区和近红外中、长波区的反射率随着土壤水分的降低而上升,但叶片气孔导度（Gs）、叶面积指数（LAI）、比值植被指数（RVI）和归一化植被指数（NDVI）随着土壤水分的下降而降低;玉米NDVI和RVI与单叶片和冠层气孔导度均呈极显著指数函数关系（P〈0.01）,且对单叶片气孔导度的拟合效果优于对冠层导度的拟合效果,而经土壤湿度订正的RVI监测模型优于NDVI监测模型。表明通过测定冠层反射光谱率可实时、迅速地定量监测玉米叶片的气孔导度,为大面积作物气孔导度估算奠定基础。     

Comparison of Plants for Germination Toxicity Tests in Petroleum-Contaminated Soils

Pollution of soil by petroleum hydrocarbons is a serious environmental problem world-wide. Although total concentration of contaminants in soil and/or water is used for regulatory review, it also is beneficial to assess the potential for ecosystem impact through a series of bioassays. One commonly used bioassay is seed germination. In this test, seeds are placed in contaminated material, and seedlings enumerated after a specified incubation period. However, different plant species produce variability in response. In the research project reported here, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), millet (Panicum miliaceum), radish (Raphanus L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were tested for sensitivity to petroleum-contaminated soil in germination tests. While most plants appeared to show some sensitivity to the pollutant, only lettuce had a statistically significant difference in response to contaminated and uncontaminated soil. These results confirm that Latuca sativa L is the optimal plant choice for standard germination toxicity tests with petroleum-impacted soil.     

用基因枪将高赖氨酸基因导入玉米及转基因植株的检测

构建了两个含高赖氨酸蛋白质基因ｃＤＮＡ的表达载体,用基因枪法将其导入玉米不同杂交组合的胚性愈伤组织,经潮霉素抗性筛选,得到了可育的再生植株,经ＰＣＲ扩增分析。点杂交,及Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍ杂交检测,表明该基因已整合到玉米的基因组中。测定１３株Ｔ１代种子中赖氨酸的含量,其中有３株赖氨酸含量提高１０％以上。     

过量硼对植物的毒害及高硼土壤植物修复研究进展

硼作为一种植物必需元素,在土壤中过量存在会对植物产生毒害,硼对植物的毒害作用以及利用植物修复高硼土壤已经日益受到关注。目前,硼对不同类型植物的毒害特点,植物的耐受机制还不十分清楚。特别是对于硼污染的植物修复,其研究还处于起步阶段。本文分别从植物的表观症状、生理生化和基因水平等层次,综述了过量硼对植物的毒害,并从高耐受性、超富集能力植物筛选,以及转基因技术应用等角度回顾了硼污染的植物修复研究进展。在此基础上,提出了当前相关研究存在的主要问题,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

初花期喷镧对UV-B辐射增强下紫花苜蓿光合及荧光特性的影响

在温室大棚内采用样方法条播和叶面喷施技术,以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)为试验材料,UV-B辐射增强设5%(T1)和10%(T2)2个梯度,镧(Lanthanum)喷施设30、60和90mg·L-1 3个浓度,以植株上方悬挂灯架但不安装紫外灯管且不喷施镧的处理为对照(CK),研究UV-B辐射增强下喷施镧对紫花苜蓿光合及荧光特性的影响。结果表明:(1)在UV-B辐射增强条件下,紫花苜蓿叶片叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、净光合速率(A)、蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、光化学淬灭(q P)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)均低于对照,表观光合电子传递效率(ETR)则高于对照(CK),说明UV-B辐射增强会降低紫花苜蓿叶片的光合特性。(2)喷施镧后,紫花苜蓿初花期、盛花期和成熟期叶片以上各指标均相应高于T_1和T_2处理,其中以在UV-B辐射增强5%条件下喷施30mg·L-1和UV-B辐射增强10%条件下喷施60mg·L~(-1)镧效果显著(P0.05),说明一定浓度的镧可以缓解UV-B辐射增强对紫花苜蓿光合特性造成的伤害,叶片光合作用得以增强;随着生育期的推进,紫花苜蓿叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量持续上升,说明UV-B辐射和镧的喷施对紫花苜蓿叶片糖和蛋白的合成有一定促进作用。     

Oxidative Stress, the Paradigm of Ozone Toxicity in Plants and Animals

Tropospheric ozone represents a relevant atmospheric pollutant, because of its strong oxidizing potential. The risk for animal (human) and plant health, at molecular and cellular level, arises from the oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, depending on the dose. Therefore, ozone concentration and exposure time determine the chronic or acute toxicity and, consequently, the severity of injury at biochemical and physiological level. In living organisms, reactive oxygen species (ROS), directly or indirectly derived from ozone exposure, are scavenged by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defensive mechanisms, overall deputed to preserve cell structures and biomacromolecules from the oxidative damage. These defences are essentially those also involved in detoxifying the ROS inevitably produced by the metabolism of organisms living in oxygenic atmosphere.     

Zn对大麦Cd、Cu毒性的影响及其联合毒性效应

通过模拟土壤溶液进行水培试验,研究了锌（Zn）对大麦（Hordeum Vulgate）镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）毒性的影响,以及Zn-Cd和Zn-Cu的联合毒性效应。结果表明：Zn、Cd和Cu单独作用于大麦时,EC。分别为78．01、2．98、0．64μmol·L^-1,Zn的毒性远远小于Cd和Cu。在Zn-Cd混合体系中,当Zn浓度低于5μmol·L^-1时,随着溶液中Zn浓度的增加,EC50（Cd）呈显著的线性增加,表明低浓度Zn对大麦Cd毒性具有抑制作用;利用毒性单位（TU）模型计算了Zn-Cd混合体系的TUmix值,结果显示TUtax≥1TU,且Tu。随Zn浓度的升高而增加,表明Zn、Cd联合作用于大麦时主要表现为拮抗作用,且这种作用和混合体系中Zn的比例有关。在Zn-Cu混合体系中,随着Zn浓度的增加,大麦相对根长（RE）明显减小,EC50（Cu）逐渐降低,表明Zn增强了大麦Cu的毒性;Zn-Cu的Tumix。均小于1TU,Zn、Cu联合作用于大麦时表现为协同毒性作用。