山西阳城蟒河猕猴国家级自然保护区维管束植物多样性及区系研究

基于野外调查和查阅文献资料，整理形成了蟒河保护区野生维管束植物名录，分析了其多样性和区系特征。结果表明，蟒河保护区内有野生维管束植物1 063种，隶属于138科514属。其中，温带分布型共31科299属609种，热带分布型共45科116属190种，植物区系地理成分以温带成分占优势，并有明显的热带成分渗透。蟒河保护区野生维管束植物区系地理成分多样，蕨类植物区系地理成分可划分为8个分布型；种子植物科的区系地理成分可划分为10个分布型及8个变型，属的区系地理成分可划分为15个分布型及14个变型，其中，属的温带性质明显。     

成都龙泉山城市森林公园野生维管植物多样性及区系特征

在多次野外实地调查的基础上，对龙泉山城市森林公园野生维管植物的数量特点、区系成分进行了探究。结果表明：（1）该区共有野生维管植物138科442属628种，国家Ⅱ级保护植物7种，其生活型以草本植物种类最为丰富，共392种，占全部种类的62.42%。（2）在科属组成上，科组成以寡种科和单种科占优势，两者共占总科数的78.26%；属组成以寡种属和单种属占优势，两者共占总属数的98.87%。（3）分布区类型多样，科级水平上有10个类型和5个变型，热带成分占明显优势；属级水平上有14个类型和18个变型，热带成分略多于温带成分，具有明显的亚热带特性。     

鲁中山区植物区系初步研究

鲁中山区位于山东省中部，该区植物种类丰富，有维管植物151科，644属，1402种；地理成分复杂，区系类型多样，现有15个分布型及22个变型。区系组成的大科及主要科共18科，如禾本科，菊科，蔷薇科，豆科等，共有植物337属，803种，占鲁中山区种子植物总属数的54．62％，总种数的60．24％，它们构成了鲁中山区植物区系的基本框架。植物区系具有以下特征：(1)属的地理分布类型多样，温带成分优势明显；(2)外来植物数量较多，木本植物比例较大，且多为人工引种；(3)珍稀濒危植物种类丰富；(4)本区特有植物24种，相对全省来讲，区系的特有程度较高。     

辽宁老秃顶子国家级自然保护区植被研究

对辽宁省老秃顶子国家级自然保护区内的植被和植物区系作了分析。结果表明，该区植物物种丰富，有维管束植物120科1141种；区系成分复杂，包含有东亚一北美成分、北温带成分、温带亚洲成分、旧大陆温带成分等多个分布区类型；植被类型多样，有5个植被型组，9个植被型，24个群系，其中包括在该区典型的跳石塘植被。     

白水江--绿色的宝库

位于文县的白水江保护区是植物的王国，北亚热带北缘的湿润气候和侵蚀的高中山地貌结合，为植物的发育创造了良好的条件。已发现的高等植物２１６０种、１９个亚种、２３９个变种，隶属于１９７个科。仅种子植物有１３６科８１３属１８１０种，种子植物具有明显的温带性质，汇聚了中国———日本、中国———喜马拉雅、以及青藏高原三大植物区系成分，具有我国亚热带、暖温带、中温带和寒温带的多种代表类型，既是甘肃省种子植物最丰富，最集中，原始状态保存最完整的地区，又是珍稀濒危植物集中分布的地区，共有珍稀濒危植物６７种，其中国…     

福建永安桃源洞种子植物区系地理成分分析

永安桃源洞风景区内种子植物129科423属757种,隶属10个科分布区类型和14个属分布区类型。具有地理成分复杂,热带成分明显,温带成分较多,起源古老和特有成分丰富等特点。     

雅安周公山森林公园种子植物及其区系特征

雅安周公山省级森林公园种子植物较为丰富,有85科271种,其中裸子植物4科8种,被子植物81科263种,双子叶植物70科207种,单子叶植物11科56种。种子植物科的区系成分共有10个类型5个变型,地理联系广泛,但其地理区系优势分布不明显,热带性地理成分稍强,占总科数的45.90%。古老成分较多,单型科和少型科占绝对优势,占总科数的87.05%。有国家一级保护植物2种、二级保护植物3种、三级保护植物1种。     

茂兰喀斯特森林种子植物属的地理成分分析

依据吴征溢教授种子植物属的区系分类法，将茂兰喀斯特林区种子植物４９４属划分为１４个分布区类型和１６个变型；热带成分在该区系中占优势；茂兰地区为热带成分的分布边缘。     

四川碗厂沟流域种子植物区系研究

碗厂沟流域位于四川北部，有种子植物84科，282属，556种，对该区种子植物区系研究表明。克厂沟流域种子植物类型多样，地理成分复杂；克厂沟流域种子植物区系中温带成分占总属数的63.0%。各种热带成分占34.7%。具有明显的过渡地带性植被区系性质；与相邻地区种子植物区系比较表明，碗厂沟流域种子植物区系与太白山，神农架和金佛山具有较高的同质性，与鼎湖山则具明显差异。     

贵州三种黄色山茶花群落的种子植物区系分析

经过对贵州三种黄色的山茶花的群落进行样地调查，分析种子植物的区系，结果为：小黄花茶的群落中出现了46科64属78种种子植物，热带分布的科占43．5％，属占62．4％；贵州金花茶的群落中出现了34科55属72种植物，热带分布的科占50．0％，属占72．6％；离蕊金花茶的群落中出现了24科32属42种植物，热带分布的科占45．8％，属占75．0％。三种黄色山茶花的区系成分都是以热带成分为主，贵州金花茶和离蕊金花茶的群落的区系成分的相似性较高，热带成分明显大于小黄花茶的热带成分。     

基于无人机影像的森林生物量估测与制图

【目的】森林生物量的精确测定,对于全球气候变化和碳循环研究具有重要的意义。【方法】以东北林业大学城市林业示范基地为研究区域,首先利用无人机平台获取整个研究区域的高分辨率无人机影像;然后在研究区域四种人工林样地中分别选取20 m×20 m的4块建模样方和4块测试样方,通过每木检尺法实测建模样方内林木的树高和胸径数据,建立H-DBH(树高-胸径)估算模型,并结合已有的DBH-SB(胸径-树干生物量)模型得到测试样方的森林生物量数据;在处理后的数字冠层高度模型(DCHM)基础上利用局部最大值法提取树高与树冠中心点位置,建立一种结合无人机影像提取树高与H-SB(树高-树干生物量)经验模型的森林生物量制图方法。【结果】不同样方的H-DBH模型R2均大于0.70,测试样方的总地上生物量平均值为6915.85 kg,总的估测精度为87%。通过ArcGIS软件结合本研究提出的方法快速得到了整个研究区域的地上生物量分布图,估测总地上生物量为4396.18 t。【结论】研究结果可为快速准确的进行森林生物量的估测提供基础数据和技术参考。     

中度干扰对不同光照条件下草地物种多样性的影响

生物多样性保护是全球范围内的生态学问题,以往的观念是,人类活动是导致生物多样性急剧下降的主要原因,所以全球范围内都加快了生态环境的保护。但目前很多的森林、草地及自然资源出现了过度保护现象,导致生物多样性并没有随着环境保护的加强而增多。为了研究干扰对物种多样性的影响,本文设计了在不同光照条件下的人为干扰实验,运用Margalef丰富度指数、Sinmpson指数、Shannon-Winener指数和Pielou均匀度指数,研究了无人为干扰和中度干扰在不同光照条件下对物种多样性和植物生物量的影响,并以此为生态服务和生物多样性保护策略提供依据。结果表明,不同人为干扰强度和光照强度对物种的数量特征和分布特征产生了影响,有人为干扰样方中的物种多样性比无人为干扰样方中的高,中度干扰样方中物种数量多于轻度干扰样方。有光照的样方中物种数量比荫蔽样方中的物种数量要高。光照强度和人为干扰对地面现存生物量有影响,并且光照强度的影响要大于人为干扰。     

Is it necessary to change the number of samples for different forest types when evaluating plant species richness? A case study in a forested landscape in central Japan

We demonstrate a method for evaluating the appropriate number of samples required to estimate plant species richness in different forest types within a forested landscape. In each of 36 plots (0.1 ha each) from 5 forest types (deciduous broad-leaved secondary forest and 4 categories of coniferous plantation classified according to stand age) in central Japan, 40 quadrats of 1 × 1 m were set in a regular pattern; the total number of quadrats in each forest type ranged from 200 to 400. In each plot, the number of observed species in 40 quadrats ranged from 60 to 80% of the number of species estimated by the rarefaction method for each forest type. Sampling 30 quadrats detected approximately 90% of the observed species in each plot that were detected using 40 quadrats. In specific functional groups (i.e., tall trees and weed species), the ratios of both tall trees and weed species to all species were at equilibrium for 30 or more quadrats. For fewer than 30 quadrats these ratios were highly variable. No significant differences were found among forest types in the ratio of the observed number of species in each plot to the estimated number of species calculated using the rarefaction method, and in sampling efficiency estimated by use of non-parametric estimators. We concluded that the number of samples does not need to be changed according to forest type or plantation stand age in the studied landscape, and that the method used to evaluate the number of samples could be useful.     

Effects of mechanized pine straw raking on population densities of longleaf pine seedlings

Longleaf pine communities occupy a small fraction of their original extent in the southeastern United States and are in great need of restoration and conservation management. Recent anthropogenic disturbances, such as pine straw raking, may interfere with seedling survival and, hence, restoration efforts. We examined the effects of mechanized straw raking on longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings (pre-grass stage, or <3-yr-old) in natural, fire-maintained plant communities in Croatan National Forest, North Carolina, by testing the effects of number of rakings (0–4 times during a 2-yr period (1992–1994)) and community type (pine-turkey oak, dry savanna, and mesic savanna) on seedling densities in 1-m² quadrats. Despite initial differences in densities of seedlings among communities, analyses of variance did not detect significant differences among communities as averaged over time and raking treatment. Both raked and unraked quadrats exhibited declines in seedling density during the study, but the declines were greater for raked quadrats. After 2 yr, initial densities were, on average, reduced by 34% in unraked quadrats and by 47%, 63%, 78%, and 77% in quadrats raked one, two, three, and four times, respectively. In quadrats raked four times, censuses performed after each raking indicated significant declines in densities in response to all but the first raking. Raking either injures pine seedlings directly and/or modifies microsite conditions in ways unfavorable for seedling survival. Having established a link between raking and mortality, we now recommend additional work to reveal the causal mechanisms. Land management decisions should accommodate the potential adverse effects of mechanized raking on pine regeneration.     

凤阳山自然保护区福建柏种群结构和分布格局研究

应用植物种群生态学的研究方法,对浙江凤阳山自然保护区福建柏的种群结构和分布格局进行了研究,探讨了其动态过程及机制。结果表明:在所设的样地中,福建柏种群大小级分布图的形状基本相似,种群的年龄结构为稳定型;其分布格局主要以随机分布为主,也有一定比例的集群分布,但集群强度有差异,且幼苗和幼树的集群强度明显大于中树,树种呈扩散趋势。     

太原市公园植物群落稳定性研究

为考察城市公园植物群落稳定性与植被特征的相关性,筛选太原市15个有代表性的公园,设定筛选46个典型样方后,采用M-Godron稳定性测定方法,对所选样方进行稳定性研究。所得稳定性结果与太原市实际情况基本相符,表明所选择的稳定性计算方法可行。可以看出稳定性与群落物种丰富度关系较为密切,稳定性高的样方,其物种丰富度也较高,反之也成立。两者的变化趋势基本一致。而稳定性较高的样方内,灌木与乔木的比值接近6:1;稳定性差的样方内,灌木与乔木的比值则远离6:1。较稳定的19号(学府公园)与27号(太原森林公园),这两个样方内植物群落都具有乔、灌、草结构,物种丰富,各层植物种类多样,平面布局密度合理。较不稳定25号(西海子公园)和38号(玉泉山森林公园)样方,群落空间结构只有乔木和草本两层,缺乏灌木层,群落丰富度较差,乔灌比例严重失调,同时游人干扰多,养护频率低,群整体稳定性较低。总之,为确保城市公园绿地群落的稳定性,除了植物群落自身发展演变之外,还需要适度的、合理的人工管理养护。     

Factors influencing fructification phenology of edible mushrooms in a boreal mixed forest of Eastern Canada

Given the rise in commercialization of edible forest mushrooms in Eastern Canada, it is advantageous to understand the fruiting patterns of fungal species. The aim of this study is to understand the phenology of edible species within the mixed boreal forest. Weekly surveys were conducted in 481 quadrats during the mushroom growing season over three consecutive years (2005–2007). The initial fruiting dates, as well as the duration of fruiting, were examined relative to year and stand type. Species phenology was also considered in relation to soil temperature and moisture on temporal (interannual) and spatial scales (across sampling quadrats).     

18% 2，4 滴微乳剂防除薇甘菊技术的研究

在广东省深圳市薇甘菊为害严重的地区设置样地,用18%2,4-滴微乳剂不同浓度进行除治试验,结果表明:400～800倍液为有效浓度,1 000～1 200倍液为有效低浓度。不同生境样地防除试验结果表明:在山坡林地带可选用400～600倍液,在丘陵植被地带和果树周边地带可选用500～800倍液,在水塘、水库、水源周边地带以及菜地、花卉、药材和植物保护区周边地带可选用800倍液以下的有效低浓度。     

太原东山试验林场油松人工林数量分类与排序研究

应用TWINSPAN和DCA对东山试验林场油松人工林的40个样地进行数量分类与排序。TWINSPAN将40个样地划分成10个群丛。10个群丛组从左到右的顺序揭示了油松人工林的演替进程及林下草本层的变化规律。DCA样方排序的第1轴反映了油松人工林生境中坡向的变化;第2轴反映了油松人工林的土壤和水分梯度变化。TWINSPAN分类和DCA排序都是间接梯度分析,这两种方法结合很好地揭示了人工林演替进程中林内生境异质性及下层植被盖度的变化规律。     

Tree species composition,biodiversity and regeneration in response to catena shape and position in a mountain forest

We examined the variation in woody plant species composition, regeneration and biodiversity in relation to topographic heterogeneity, specifically catena shape (V and Λ) and slope position (summit, shoulder, back slope, foot slope and toe slope). All research took place at the TMU Experimental Forest Station, located in northern Iran. Two sets of replicated quadrats were established along transects that encompassed the different catena shapes and positions. We recorded the density, height, and canopy cover of all trees ≥12 cm diameter at breast height within 30 quadrats (400m²), as well as the density of all tree regenerations within 120 quadrats (4m²). In addition, three measurements of biodiversity were calculated for both mature trees and regenerations. Mature tree species composition varied greatly with catena shape and slope position, as did that of regenerating trees. Despite differences in species composition, the various measurements of biodiversity were consistent across the landscape for mature trees, whereas significant variation in evenness was detected for regenerating trees. We concluded that the broad matrix of environmental conditions occurring within this rugged mountainous area generates a variety of microhabitats, which in turn contributes to both the variation in species composition and the consistent biodiversity of these forests.