Growth factor messenger ribonucleic acid expression during differentiation of porcine embryonic myogenic cells

The growth factors, IGF-I and II, their binding proteins, IGFBP, and members of the transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily (myostatin and TGFbeta1) are known to regulate proliferation and differentiation of myogenic cells. We hypothesized that changes in the relative expression of members of the IGF and TGFbeta systems play a significant role in regulating myogenesis in porcine embryonic myogenic cell (PEMC) cultures. Therefore, determining the expression patterns of these factors during PEMC myogenesis is important. Consequently, we used real-time PCR to explore the pattern of IGF-I; IGF-II; IGFBP-2, -3, and -5; IGF-type-I receptor; myogenin; myostatin; and TGFbeta1 mRNA expression during PEMC myogenesis. The progression of differentiation was assessed using creatine kinase activity and myogenin mRNA expression. As anticipated, creatine kinase activity was low in PEMC cultures at 48 h and increased 20-fold (P < 0.0001) between 48 h and its peak at 144 h. Similarly, myogenin mRNA was low at 48 h and increased approximately 5-fold (P < 0.0001) as differentiation progressed, peaking at 120 h and decreasing at 144 h. The patterns of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 mRNA expression were similar and were relatively lower in 48-h PEMC cultures, increasing approximately 5-fold (P < 0.0001) to their greatest levels at 120 h. In contrast, IGF-II and IGFBP-5 mRNA levels were relatively high at 48 h, peaking at 72 h, and steadily decreasing by 60 and 80%, respectively (P < 0.001), at 144 h. The level of IGF-type-I receptor mRNA was relatively high until 96 h of culture, after which it decreased 40% (P < 0.01), reaching a low at 144 h. Levels of IGFBP-3 mRNA were relatively high at 48 h, dropped approximately 40% to their lowest level at 72 h (P < 0.001), and then increased approximately 60% (P < 0.001) to their greatest levels at 144 h. Levels of TGFbeta1 mRNA decreased approximately 30% (P < 0.0001) between 48 and 96 h, then quickly rebounded to a peak at 120 h, and by 144 h had dropped to the levels seen at 72 h. Myostatin mRNA was at its greatest level at 48 h and declined rapidly between 72 and 96 h, finally decreasing by approximately 80% at 144 h (P < 0.0001). Our data demonstrate that these factors are differentially regulated during PEMC myogenesis and provide new information about their pattern of mRNA expression in cultured porcine muscle cells.     

UBE2L3对牛骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖分化的影响

将分离的牛骨骼肌卫星细胞(BSMSCs)进行体外培养,首先检测泛素结合酶UBE2L3在BSMSCs增殖分化过程中mRNA以及蛋白表达水平的变化.设计UBE2L3的3个干扰RNA(si-UBE2 L3-1、si-UBE2L3-2、si-UBE2L3-3),对干扰效果进行筛选.构建UBE2L3过表达质粒载体pcDNA3.1...     

Effect of differentiation on levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein mRNAs in cultured porcine embryonic myogenic cells

Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) have been shown to affect proliferation of several cell types via insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent and IGF-independent mechanisms. The goal of this study was to determine if levels of IGFBP-2, -3, -4 and -5 mRNA changed during differentiation of cultured porcine embryonic myogenic cells. Total RNA was isolated from muscle cultures at various stages of differentiation and Northern blots of this RNA were probed with 32P-labeled cDNA probes specific for individual IGFBPs. Fusion, myogenin mRNA, and creatine phosphokinase activity were used as markers of differentiation. The level of IGFBP-3 mRNA in differentiating cultures (120 h in culture) was only one-third of the level in myogenin negative, nonfused cultures (72 h in culture) (P < 0.05, n = 4). In contrast, the level of IGFBP-3 mRNA in extensively fused cultures (144 h in culture) was increased by three-fold as compared to the level in myogenin negative, nonfused cultures (P < 0.05, n = 4) and approximately seven-fold as compared to the 120-h cultures (P < 0.05, n = 4). No significant change in the level of IGFBP-5 mRNA was observed during differentiation of myogenic cultures. IGFBP-2 mRNA levels were not significantly different at 72, 96 and 120 h, but at 144 h IGFBP-2 mRNA level was increased three-fold as compared to nonfused cultures (72 h) (P < 0.05, n = 4). IGFBP-4 mRNA was not detectable on Northern blots of total RNA from porcine myogenic cultures at any stage of differentiation. Changes in IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-2 mRNA levels are associated with differentiation of embryonic porcine myogenic cells in culture and this may indicate that these IGFBPs play a role in differentiation of these cells.     

Low-density lipoprotein-related receptor protein 1 (LRP-1) is not required for insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) to suppress L6 myogenic cell proliferation

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) suppresses proliferation of numerous cell types, including myogenic cells, via both insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent and IGF-independent mechanisms; however, the mechanism of IGF-independent suppression of proliferation is not clearly defined. In nonmuscle cells, binding of IGFBP-3 to the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1)/activated α(2)M receptor is reportedly required for IGFBP-3 to inhibit proliferation. These findings suggest that binding to this receptor also may be required for IGFBP-3 to suppress proliferation of cultured myogenic cells. To investigate the role of the LRP-1 receptor in suppression of myogenic cell proliferation by IGFBP-3, we have examined the effect of receptor-associated protein, an LRP-1 receptor antagonist, on recombinant porcine (rp)IGFBP-3 inhibition of L6 myogenic cell proliferation. Treatment with receptor-associated protein results in a 37% decrease (P < 0.05) in the ability of rpIGFBP-3 to inhibit L6-cell proliferation. In L6 cells subjected to LRP-1 small interfering RNA treatment for 48 h (LRP-1 silenced), LRP-1 mRNA levels were reduced by greater than 80% compared with control cultures treated with nonsense small interfering RNA (mock silenced). In addition, the 85-kDa transmembrane subunit of LRP-1 was undetectable in Western immunoblots of total protein lysates from LRP-1-silenced cells. Even though LRP-1 mRNA and protein levels were dramatically reduced in LRP-1-silenced L6 cells compared with mock-silenced controls, rpIGFPB-3 suppressed proliferation rate to the same extent in both LRP-1-silenced and mock-silenced cultures. Our results strongly suggest that, in contrast to data obtained for nonmuscle cell lines, the LRP-1 receptor is not required for IGFBP-3 to suppress proliferation of L6 myogenic cells.     

Effect of sera from fed and fasted pigs on proliferation and protein turnover in cultured myogenic cells

The effects of fasting on the ability of swine serum to affect proliferation, protein synthesis and protein degradation in L6 myoblast cell culture bioassays were evaluated. Barrows (15 to 20 kg) were fitted with jugular catheters. Blood samples were collected at four evenly spaced intervals between 0800 and 1700 on collection days. Prefast blood samples were obtained on d 1 and 2 of the study, after which pigs were subjected to a 5-d fast. Fasted samples were obtained on the 1st, 3rd and 5th d of the fast (d 3, 5 and 7 of the study). Serum from each collection day was pooled and tested in the proliferation bioassay for each pig. Prefast and fasted serum pools were formed by pooling prefast days (1 and 2) or fasted days (3, 5 and 7), respectively, from all pigs in a study. These pools were tested in the proliferation and protein turnover bioassays as well as in a Somatomedin-C (SmC) radioimmunoassay. Serum from the fasted collection days showed a decrease in mitogenic activity compared with serum from the two prefast days (P less than .001). At high concentrations, sera obtained from fasted pigs inhibited muscle cell proliferation (P less than .001). Additionally, adding fasted serum to control swine serum (CSS) inhibited the mitogenic activity of CSS in a dose-dependent manner (P less than .025). Therefore, fasted sera showed a decreased ability to promote muscle cell proliferation and, in addition, appeared to contain a factor(s) that inhibits muscle cell proliferation. Fasted serum also caused a 21.6% increase in protein degradation compared with prefast serum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of different media on proliferation and differentiation capacity of canine, equine and porcine adipose derived stem cells

Adult stem cells are of particular interest for therapeutic use in the field of regenerative medicine. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are an attractive stem cell source for all fields of regenerative medicine because adipose tissue - and therewith cells - can easily be harvested from each donor. However, common expansion using fetal bovine serum (FBS) can not be used for clinical applications as xenogenic proteins must be avoided. Adipose tissue from equine, canine and porcine donors was digested with collagenase to isolate ASCs. ASCs were either expanded in a cell culture medium supplemented with FBS or in a serum-free medium (UltraCulture; UC) supplemented with a serum substitute (UltroserG). From all three animal species, the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential of ASCs cultured with different media was analyzed in vitro. Cell proliferation analysis showed a population doubling time of 48-68 h for canine cells, 54-65 h for porcine cells and 54-70 h for equine cells, expanded in different media. Except for porcine ASCs, cells cultured in media supplemented with FBS grew faster than cells expanded in UC medium with UltroserG. Yet, all cells maintained their potential to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts. UltraCulture medium containing UltroserG can for all examined species be recommended if FBS needs to be avoided in the expansion of donor-derived (stem) cells.     

Effects of fatty acid transport protein 1 on proliferation and differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes

Fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) plays an important role in the fatty acid transmembrane transport and fat deposition. However, its role in porcine intramuscular preadipocytes proliferation and differentiation remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the effects of pFATP1 on porcine intramuscular preadipocytes proliferation and differentiation. Overexpression of pFATP1 in porcine intramuscular preadipocytes significantly promoted the proliferation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes, and also significantly upregulated the expressions of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, CCAAT enhancer binding protein α, lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid synthetase and perilipin 1. Moreover, overexpression of pFATP1 in porcine intramuscular preadipocytes significantly increased fat accumulation and downregulated β‐catenin protein expression. Overall, our results indicated that pFATP1 played an important role in porcine intramuscular preadipocytes proliferation and differentiation, and it might promote adipogenesis in porcine intramuscular preadipocytes by repressing Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway.     

Cross-reactivity of human leucocyte differentiation antigen monoclonal antibodies on porcine cells

Thirty-six subpanels of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) supplied to the Fifth International Workshop on Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens were assayed on porcine peripheral blood leucocytes for cross-reactivity. Sixty-two of the 752 mAbs-stained porcine cells. These mAbs identified 30 different CD groups and will be valuable reagents in the field of porcine immunology.     

胰岛素样生长因子-1对奶牛成骨细胞增殖及分化的影响

研究了外源性胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)对体外培养的奶牛成骨细胞增殖、分化及矿化的影响。应用组织块移行法分离奶牛成骨细胞,姬姆萨染色及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色进行鉴定。MTT法检测不同质量浓度IGF-1对成骨细胞增殖的影响,比色法检测及放射免疫法(RIA)分别测定细胞基质ALP活性及骨钙素(OC)水平,评价细胞分化功能。结果显示,1～200μg/LIGF-1均能促进奶牛成骨细胞增殖,100μg/L组具有最大刺激效应,且IGF-1干预组细胞光密度值(D值)从第1天到第5天逐渐增加,第7天降低。与对照组相比,10μg/L与100μg/LIGF-1均可显著增强ALP活性及OC水平,增幅达20%～180%(P0.05或者P0.01)。结果表明,IGF-1是奶牛成骨细胞增殖和分化代谢促进剂,因此推测IGF-1可以成为动物骨代谢性疾病潜在治疗手段。     

Isolation and culture of fetal porcine myogenic cells and the effect of insulin, IGF-I, and sera on protein turnover in porcine myotube cultures

Porcine myogenic cells isolated from 50 to 55-d porcine fetuses were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen until they were needed to establish cultures. Approximately 75.8 +/- .59% of the clonal cultures established from these frozen stocks produced myotubes and 60.8 +/- 2.3% of the nuclei in differentiated mass cultures were in myotubes. Differentiated cultures contained higher levels of creatine phosphokinase activity than undifferentiated cultures. Additionally, differentiated cultures incorporated [35S]methionine into putative myosin heavy chain, alpha-actinin, and actin more rapidly than did undifferentiated cultures. Insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, and sera stimulated total protein synthesis rate and decreased total protein degradation rate in myotube cultures. Based on our initial characterization, we believe that we have developed an effective and practical procedure for isolating and culturing fetal porcine myogenic cells.     

色氨酸分解代谢对T细胞分化增殖的影响

色氨酸是动物必需氨基酸之一。体内色氨酸在吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)等相关酶的作用下进行分解代谢,发挥重要生理作用,包括抑制T细胞分化增殖和影响T细胞功能。本文就色氨酸分解代谢对T淋巴细胞的影响及可能机理作一综述。     

肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖和成脂分化的影响

为探讨肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖和成脂分化的影响,本研究以原代培养的断奶猪前体脂肪细胞为研究对象,分别以0 ng/mL(对照组)、25、50和100 ng/mL的MSTN重组蛋白处理细胞,采用油红O染色和提取法定量分析细胞内脂肪生成和成脂分化程度,使用荧光定量PCR和Western blot分析脂肪细胞分化标志基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)、脂肪合成关键酶脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)的表达,探讨MSTN调控猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化可能的分子机制。结果显示,处理48 h后,与对照组细胞相比,25和50 ng/mL MSTN处理对细胞增殖活力无显著影响,而100 ng/mL MSTN可显著提高猪前体脂肪细胞增殖活力。油红O染色及提取结果表明,MSTN呈剂量依赖性抑制猪前体脂肪细胞的成脂分化。进一步研究表明,与0 ng/mL MSTN组细胞相比,100 ng/mL MSTN处理组细胞中MSTN表达量显著升高,而PPAR-γ、FAS和ACC的mRNA和蛋白表达均显著降低。研究表明,MSTN抑制猪前体脂肪细胞的成脂分化,效果呈剂量依赖性,此抑制作用可能是通过抑制PPAR-γ的表达,进而抑制脂肪的合成来实现的。     

Forkhead box O3 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits myotube differentiation in chicken myoblast cells

1. In the poultry industry, growth performance is important due to its effects on economic value. Much effort has been put forth to achieve introgression of specific genes and DNA markers related to muscle proliferation and differentiation in selective breeding approaches.

2. This study investigated the biological functions of the gene Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) during myogenic differentiation in chicken myoblast cells. FOXO3 was downregulated in primary chicken myoblast (pCM) cells by the piggyBac transposon-mediated microRNA (miRNA) knock-down (KD) system.

3. The pCM cells that were stably integrated into the FOXO3 KD expression vector showed significant downregulation of FOXO3 protein and mRNA levels. Expression levels of paired box protein Pax7 (Pax7) and target genes such as CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta and serum response element decreased in FOXO3 KD pCM cells. In addition, in the undifferentiated myoblast stage, there were no significant differences in cell morphology; however, proliferation rate in FOXO3 KD pCM cells was significantly lower during d 4 and 5 of in vitro culture. By contrast, when myotube differentiation was induced, FOXO3 KD pCM cells exhibited rapid initiation of myotube formation, higher expression of myogenin and desmin as myogenic indicators and a further differentiated phenotype than observed in regular pCM cells.

4. These results demonstrated that FOXO3 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits myotube differentiation in chicken myoblast cells. Therefore, the regulation of FOXO3 could be applied to improve muscle differentiation in commercial poultry.     

YAP对梅花鹿鹿茸间充质细胞增殖与分化的影响

以梅花鹿为研究对象,通过流式细胞术、荧光定量PCR等方法,探讨YAP(Yes-associated protein,即Yes相关蛋白)对鹿茸间充质细胞增殖与分化的影响.分离培养鹿茸间充质细胞,添加一定浓度的YAP抑制剂Verteporfin后,通过流式细胞术检测发现,细胞的增殖活性被显著抑制,G0/G1期细胞百分比增加...     

Analysis of constitutive cytokine expression by pigs infected in-utero with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

To investigate cytokine alterations in pigs infected in-utero with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), constitutive mRNA expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was measured. PBMC from in-utero PRRSV-infected pigs displayed significantly increased IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-gamma mRNA expression at 0 and 14 days of age compared with age-matched control pigs. There were no significant differences in IL-2, IL-4, and IL-12 mRNA expression between in-utero PRRSV-infected and control pigs. However, the IL-10/IL-12 ratio was significantly increased in in-utero PRRSV-infected pigs at 0 and 14 days of age, suggesting the imbalance of IL-10 and IL-12 mRNA production. The abnormal mRNA expression of cytokines in in-utero PRRSV-infected pigs occurred concurrently with a significant decrease in the CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cell ratio in peripheral blood. PRRSV was not isolated from the sera of pigs at 9 weeks of age that had been viremic at 0 and 14 days old. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to Tuberculin and analysis of cytokine mRNA expression by PBMC showed that cell-mediated immune response and cytokine message profiles in pigs infected in-utero with PRRSV had returned to levels similar to those of control pigs by 9 weeks of age. We conclude that in-utero infection with PRRSV results in significant alteration of cytokine mRNA expression that may cause transient immunomodulation. However, at 10 weeks of age the pigs' immune responses seemed to recover. This may help to understand the immunopathogenesis of in-utero PRRSV infection and the increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial pathogens in neonatal piglets.     

大肠杆菌热敏肠毒素对猪小肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞活力及细胞因子表达的影响

本试验旨在探究大肠杆菌热敏肠毒素处理(heat labile enterotoxin,LT)后,猪小肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞活力及细胞因子ET-1、IL-1β水平的变化。首先采用D-半乳糖凝胶树脂层析法提取猪E coli LT,利用SDS-PAGE验证蛋白纯度,并用Vero细胞检验提取物的生物学活性,最后采用CCK-8法检测LT对猪小肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞活力的剂量时间效应,ELISA法检测细胞培养上清中ET-1、IL-1β水平的变化。结果表明:所提蛋白为AB_5结构的LT,且具有良好的生物学活性;0.01 mg/L的提取蛋白作用3 h后便可显著降低小肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞的活性(P0.05);作用细胞6 h后,0.01,0.1和10 mg/L LT组细胞培养上清中ET-1的含量显著升高(P0.05),0.01和1 mg/LLT组IL-1β的含量显著升高(P0.05)。结果表明,E coli LT可以显著改变猪小肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞的活力及细胞因子的表达。     

猪IL-2的原核表达及其促淋巴细胞增殖活性研究

为研究猪IL-2作为免疫佐剂的可行性,用IPTG诱导含有猪IL-2基因的BL21(DE3)LysS工程菌。目的蛋白经超声波破碎、洗涤、变性溶解后,用固化金属亲和层析法纯化后复性。MTT法对复性的重组蛋白的生物学活性进行分析。结果显示,相同浓度复性的IL-2与未复性的IL-2比较,刺激淋巴细胞体外增殖的能力差异极显著(P<0.01)。说明复性的重组猪IL-2具有良好的刺激淋巴细胞体外增殖的活性,在作为免疫佐剂方面具有潜在的应用价值。