仔猪饲养七字经

(一)科学配制日粮农户饲养奶牛应参照奶牛饲养标准,对日粮进行科学搭配,以满足奶牛对各种营养物质的需要,让牛吃饱吃好,消化正常。配制日粮时,首先要满足奶牛对干草等粗饲料的需求,然后适当搭配精饲料。一般情况,干草等粗饲料可占奶牛日粮的70%～80%。每头奶牛每天采食的干草量一般可达它自身体重的3%左右。每头奶牛每天采食的干草量最低也不能少于6千克,否则,奶牛长期采食干草量过少,将会造成瘤胃蠕动迟缓、消化不良、肠炎下痢等疾患,严重影响产奶量和母牛健康。精饲料的喂量,一般是每产3～5千克奶喂1千克精饲料。青贮料是提高产奶量、降低…     

高比例优质饲草应用于奶牛日粮探讨

优质饲草指对某种食草畜禽有较高营养价值的牧草和饲料作物。随着奶牛单产水平的不断提高,对饲草质量提出了更高要求。我国奶牛日粮结构正逐渐由“劣质饲草＋高精料”模式向“优质饲草＋低精料”模式转变。本文仅以苜蓿干草、苜蓿青贮、燕麦干草、全株玉米青贮为例探讨在奶牛日粮中应使用多少优质饲草从而占据主体地位,以提高奶牛的生产性能同时不影响健康。     

反刍动物日粮正组合效应的调控及优化配制

本文阐述了日粮组合效应的概念、衡量指标、影响因素及发生机制，并指出通过了解反刍动物日粮不同营养素产生的组合效应，调控饲料互作使之向正组合效应转化，可以科学的利用正组合效应，合理的配制日粮，提高反刍动物饲料的利用率和生产性能。     

苜蓿的加工调制及其在奶牛日粮中的应用

苜蓿作为优质牧草,对奶牛业的发展十分重要。本文介绍了苜蓿的加工调制,主要包括干草、半干青贮、加甲酸青贮的制作以及苜蓿干草、青贮在奶牛日粮中的应用情况和研究进展。     

日粮对奶牛生产性能及经济效益的影响

60头中国荷斯坦奶牛饲喂4种不同紫花苜蓿干草配比、不同精粗比的日粮,以研究日粮配方对奶牛生产性能、经济收益的影响,确定最佳日粮配方。试验结果说明,大比例紫花苜蓿干草(紫花苜蓿=24%DM)、低精粗比(40:60)日粮极显著提高乳脂率(P<0.01);日粮营养水平提高,产奶量提高(P<0.05;P<0.01);最佳经济效益日粮为含大比例紫花苜蓿、精料比例低、营养水平较低的日粮(P<0.01);在低的精粗比例下,紫花苜蓿干草不是日粮成本的限制因素,而青贮饲料配比为日粮成本的限制因素。合理安排精粗比例,适当使用紫花苜蓿干草,可提高奶牛饲养经济效益。     

日粮对奶牛生产性能及经济效益的影响

60头中国荷斯坦奶牛饲喂4种不同紫花苜蓿干草配比、不同精粗比的日粮,以研究日粮配方对奶牛生产性能、经济收益的影响,确定最佳日粮配方。试验结果说明,大比例紫花苜蓿干草(紫花苜蓿=24%DM)、低精粗比(40:60)日粮极显著提高乳脂率(P<0.01);日粮营养水平提高(P<0.05),产奶量提高(P<0.01);最佳经济效益日粮为含大比例紫花苜蓿、精料比例低、营养水平较低的日粮(P<0.01);在低的精粗比例下,紫花苜蓿干草不是日粮成本的限制因素,而青贮饲料配比为日粮成本的限制因素。合理安排精粗比例,适当使用紫花苜蓿干草,可提高奶牛饲养经济效益。     

日粮对奶牛生产性能及经济效益的影响

60头中国荷斯坦奶牛饲喂4种不同紫花苜蓿干草配比、不同精粗比的日粮,以研究日粮配方对奶牛生产性能、经济收益的影响,确定最佳日粮配方。试验结果说明,大比例紫花苜蓿干草（紫花苜蓿=24％DM）、低精粗比（40：60）日粮极显著提高乳脂率（P〈0．01）;日粮营养水平提高,产奶量提高（P〈0．05;P〈0．01）;最佳经济效益日粮为合大比例紫花苜蓿、精料比例低、营养水平较低的日粮（P〈0．01）;在低的精粗比例下,紫花苜蓿干草不是日粮成本的限制因素,而青贮饲料配比为日粮成本的限制因素。合理安排精粗比例,适当使用紫花苜蓿干草,可提高奶牛饲养经济效益。     

奶牛低淀粉型日粮研究进展

低淀粉型日粮的应用不仅可以满足高产奶牛生产阶段的能量需要,而且可以保证奶牛瘤胃健康,避免瘤胃酸中毒。常用低淀粉型饲料有优质牧草、中性洗涤可溶性纤维源饲料以及可溶性糖三大部分。饲喂低淀粉型日粮可以有效缓解挥发性脂肪酸的产生,避免瘤胃pH降低,并促进了奶牛的采食以及养分消化,提高乳品质。本文从低淀粉型日粮的实现手段,以及瘤胃发酵参数和生产性能方面阐述低淀粉型日粮在奶牛生产中的必要性,确立今后的研究重点应该在各种原料替代谷物原料的最适比例及组合效应方面,从而完善奶牛低淀粉型日粮配制技术。     

日粮对奶牛生产性能及经济效益的影响

60头中国荷斯坦奶牛饲喂4种不同紫花苜蓿干草配比、不同精粗比的日粮,以研究日粮配方对奶牛生产性能、经济收益的影响,确定最佳日粮配方。试验结果说明,大比例紫花苜蓿干草（紫花苜蓿=24％DM）、低精粗比（40：60）日粮极显著提高乳脂率（P〈0．01）;日粮营养水平提高（P〈0．05）,产奶量提高（P〈0．01）;最佳经济效益日粮为含大比例紫花苜蓿、精料比例低、营养水平较低的日粮（P〈0．01）;在低的精粗比例下,紫花苜蓿于草不是日粮成本的限制因素,而青贮饲料配比为日粮成本的限制因素。合理安排精粗比例,适当使用紫花苜蓿干草,可提高奶牛饲养经济效益。     

优质苜蓿干草在奶牛饲养中的作用

1优质苜蓿是奶牛生产中不可缺少的粗饲料牧草是奶牛生理的必须饲料,特别是豆科牧草(优质苜蓿)。奶牛的食性、消化系统和生理习性都是以适应食草而进化。只是现代奶牛饲养业的快速崛起,才开始研究和配制奶牛日粮饲料。经国内外多年的研究结果证实,无论是何种日粮配制     

日粮蛋白质重新分配对奶牛泌乳性能的影响

在保持泌乳牛日粮原料种类与数量不变的前提下，提高早上、中午饲粮中蛋白质含量，降低晚上饲粮中蛋白质含量，使蛋白质的数量与质量在一天中不同的生产阶段内形成相对充裕与不足，以适应养殖场的生产安排、泌乳牛的生理生产特点以及饲料的可消化属性等客观条件。通过调整，日产20kg左右标准乳的乳牛泌乳成绩提高2．1kg。与对照组相比，效果极为显著（P〈0．01）。     

Peanut by-products fed to cattle.

Peanut by-products supply substantial quantities of feedstuffs to beef cattle grown in the same region where peanuts are produced. Included in the list of products fed to cattle are peanuts and peanut meal, peanut skins, peanut hulls, peanut hay, and silages. Residual peanut hay is by far the most widely used peanut by-product fed to beef cattle, and if it is properly harvested with minimal leaf shatter, it is comparable to good-quality grass hays in nutrient content. Peanut skins are often included in small quantities in cattle and pet foods, supplying both protein and energy. High tannin content of peanut skins can cause severe performance depressions in beef cattle if peanut skins are included at levels higher than 10% of the diet, unless diets contain relatively high CP (above 15% CP), or additional N sources are added such as ammonia or urea. Because dairy cattle diets are often above 16% CP in the total dietary DM, peanut skins may increase milk production when added at levels up to 16% of the dry matter. Peanut hulls are effectively used as a roughage source at levels up to 20% of beef finishing diets, for bedding in dairy cattle loafing sheds (if tested and found to contain low aflatoxin levels), and in a variety of manufactured products. Peanut hulls are economically priced because of their quantity, their inherent high fiber, and low CP content, and they should not be fed as a primary feedstuffs for beef cattle. Peanut by-products are generally priced below other by-products, and they can be incorporated into a variety of supplements and diets for cow herds, growing-finishing cattle, and dairy cattle.     

化学干燥剂对干草调制的影响

化学干燥剂可加速饲草的干化,降低由于植物细胞、人为和天气等因素所引起的营养损失。本文介绍了影响干草制备的因素及化学干燥剂对干草制备和奶牛生产性能的影响。     

日粮中结构性碳水化合物水平对奶牛瘤胃发酵及生产性能的影响

结构性碳水化合物是反刍动物的一种必需营养素.奶牛日粮中含有适当比例的结构性碳水化合物,对其健康、高产有重要意义.本文总结归纳了国内外有关结构性碳水化合物的相关研究文献和资料,分析了结构性碳水化合物对奶牛瘤胃发酵内环境及终产物的调控作用;对生产性能的影响以及中性洗涤纤维有效性的研究方法等,为科学配制奶牛日粮,实现高效饲养提供依据.     

The Rumen Degradation Characteristics of Whole Sugarcane for Dairy Cows and Its Application in Substituting Alfalfa,Oat Hay and Concentrate in Dairy Cows' Diets

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of whole sugarcane of dairy cows and its effects of using it replacing alfalfa, oat hay and concentrates in dairy cows' diet on the rumen fermentation, nutrient apparent digestibility, blood biochemical indexes and production performance of dairy cows, in order to open up new ways to replace the increasing prices feedstuff such as alfalfa, oat hay and concentrate in dairy cows' diets with whole sugarcane. In experiment one, the in-situ test, namely the rumen nylon bag test was used to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of various nutrients of whole sugarcane, leymus chinensis and alfalfa. Experiment two was in vivo test,repeat 3 ⅹ 3 Latin square design was conducted and Holstein dairy cows with similar body weight, parities and milk yield and permanent rumen fistula were chosen to investigate the effect of using whole sugarcane replacing 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows. In experiment three, 60 Holstein dairy cows with similar parity, milk yield and milk in lactation were selected to perform production test, which aimed to explore the effects of using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate on the production performance, blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows and the economic benefits of dairy farms. The results showed that：1) The effective degradation rates of dry matter (DM) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of whole sugarcane were significantly higher than leymus chinensis (P<0.05), and the effective degradation rates of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and organic matter (OM) were significantly higher than leymus chinensis and alfalfa (P<0.05). 2) There was no significant effect on rumen pH, NH₃-N (except 25% group at the 4 h time point) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of dairy cows when using 25% and 50% whole sugarcane to replace imported alfalfa from the Unites States in the diet. There was also no significant effect on DMI and digestibility of DM, CP, OM and ADF, while the digestibility of NDF in the 50% group was significantly increased (P<0.05). In 50% group, the content of serum urea nitrogen in 2 and 8 h was significantly lower than 25% group and control group (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference in the blood content of β-hydroxybutyric acid, rumen VFA and total VFA in each group at different time points. 3) After using 50%, 30% and 10% of whole sugarcane to replace oat hay, alfalfa hay and concentrate, respectively, no significant difference was detected in blood glucose, urea nitrogen, β-hydroxybutyric acid, the esterification of fatty acid (NEFA), and milk yield. Besides, combined with milk yield and feed cost, the economic benefits of each cow in the substitution groups increased by 3.28, 7.48 and 1.62 yuan per day. respectively, compared with control group. It can be seen that the whole sugarcane is a kind of high-quality roughage that can be used by dairy cows with high digestibility, and using it to replace 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet does not affect the rumen fermentation characteristics and rumen apparent digestibility of nutrients of dairy cows. And using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate will not affect the blood biochemical indicators and production performance of dairy cows, and will also increase the economic benefits of the dairy farm.     

全株甘蔗的奶牛瘤胃降解特性及其替代奶牛饲粮苜蓿、燕麦草及精料的应用研究

本试验旨在探究全株甘蔗的奶牛瘤胃降解特性及其替代奶牛饲粮中苜蓿、燕麦草及精料对奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率、血液生化指标及生产性能的影响,为其替代奶牛饲粮中价格日益攀升的苜蓿和精饲料,并用作奶牛粗饲料资源开辟新途径。试验一采用半体内试验即瘤胃尼龙袋技术,探究了全株甘蔗、国产羊草与国产苜蓿各营养成分的瘤胃降解特性;试验二采用重复3×3拉丁方试验设计,选择体重、胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相近并装有永久瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛进行消化试验,探究全株甘蔗替代饲粮25%或50%的美国进口苜蓿对奶牛营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵特性和血液生化指标的影响;试验三选取60头胎次、产奶量和泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛进行生产试验,探究了全株甘蔗分别替代饲粮30%苜蓿干草、50%燕麦草或10%精料对奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标和牧场经济效益的影响。结果发现：1）全株甘蔗干物质（DM）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的有效降解率显著高于国产羊草（P<0.05）,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和有机物（OM）的有效降解率显著高于国产羊草和国产苜蓿（P<0.05）。2）用全株甘蔗替代饲粮25%或50%美国进口苜蓿对奶牛瘤胃pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）（除25%组4 h外）和挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）含量无显著影响;对奶牛干物质采食量（DMI）及饲粮DM、粗蛋白质（CP）、OM和ADF消化率无显著影响,而全株甘蔗替代饲粮50%美国进口苜蓿组的NDF消化率显著升高（P<0.05）;全株甘蔗替代饲粮中50%美国进口苜蓿组2和8 h血清尿素氮含量显著低于25%组和对照组（P<0.05）,且各处理组不同时间点血液β-羟丁酸含量、瘤胃各VFA和总VFA含量均无显著差异。3）用全株甘蔗替代高产奶牛饲粮中50%燕麦草、30%苜蓿干草或10%精料对奶牛血液中的葡萄糖、尿素氮、β-羟丁酸和非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）等含量及产奶量均无显著影响,且综合产奶量和饲料成本两方面的因素,各替代组分别比对照组每头奶牛的经济效益增加3.28、7.48和1.62元·d^-1。由此可知,全株甘蔗是一种可供奶牛食用的消化率较高的优质粗饲料,且用其替代饲粮中的25%或50%美国进口苜蓿不影响奶牛的瘤胃发酵特性和营养物质表观消化率;用其替代30%苜蓿干草、50%燕麦草或10%精料不会影响奶牛的血液生化指标及生产性能,还会提高牧场的经济效益。     

Ensiling characteristics of total mixed ration prepared with local feed resources in Mozambique and their effects on nutrition value and milk production in Jersey dairy cattle

To effectively utilize total mixed ration (TMR) prepared with locally available feed resources, we studied the nutritional value and milk production in Jersey dairy cattle fed a local general diet (LGD) and fermented TMR in Mozambique. Ten head of Jersey dairy cattle with 337 ± 19.8 kg body weight, aged 3–4 years in mid location were used in this study. The LGD diet was designed following the general feeding method of local smallholding farms; it contained native grass, Napier grass, wheat bran, and mineral–vitamin mix. Fermented TMR was prepared using Napier grass, corn bran, wheat bran, formula feed, and mineral–vitamin mix. Fermented TMR was preserved as good quality, with a relatively low pH and high lactic acid content. Compared to LGD, fermented TMR significantly improved the dry matter intake and digestibility in dairy cattle. Milk yield was significantly higher in dairy cattle fed with TMR than in those fed with LGD, by 3.75 L/d; milk quality was not significantly different between treatments. The results confirmed that LGD had a low dry matter intake and milk yield, and fermented TMR prepared with local feed resources can attain good quality and improve milk yield in dairy cattle in Mozambique.     

苜蓿干草不同添加量对奶牛产奶量和乳脂率的影响

选择年龄、体重、胎次、生理状况、泌乳天数等相近的经产奶牛(泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛)16头,随机分为4组(对照组A、试验组B、C、D),每组4头,试验预试期10 d,正试期30 d。测定奶牛产奶量和乳脂率。试验组B、C、D组的日粮配制是在对照组的基础上,分别添加3.5 kg、6.5 kg、9.5 kg的苜蓿干草替代部分精料。试验结果表明:试验B、C和D组与对照组相比,平均产奶量分别提高1.1kg、2.58 kg和1.58 kg,分别提高了4.18%、9.72%和5.95%,试验组与对照组差异显著(P0.05),各试验组间C与B、D差异显著(P0.05)。经济效益分别提高6.41%、13.92%、5.13%。     

苜蓿青干草对肉牛生产性能及胆固醇代谢的影响

选取日龄、体质量、性别、健康状况一致的西门塔尔牛×延边牛杂交一代(F1)生长肥育肉牛16头,随机分为4个处理组,每组4个重复,分别在饲粮中用不同水平苜蓿(Medicago sativa)青干草代替等量花生秧和棉籽壳,研究其对肉牛生产性能和胆固醇代谢的影响。结果表明,1)苜蓿青干草替代部分粗饲料可以提高日增体质量20、80和30 g(P0.05),而且随着苜蓿青干草添加量的增加,试验牛血清碱性磷酸酶含量逐渐升高并显著高于未添加组(P0.05);2)添加苜蓿青干草可以显著提高肉牛肌肉中粗蛋白质和粗灰分的含量(P0.05),降低粗脂肪的含量(P0.05)。5.07、.5 kg/d添加组肉牛血清和肉中总胆固醇及甘油三酯含量极显著(P0.01)低于对照组,2.5 kg/d添加组显著下降(P0.05);5.0、7.5 kg/d添加组肉牛低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量极显著下降(P0.01),并显著低于2.5 kg/d添加组(P0.05);高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量各组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。     

发酵葡萄渣颗粒饲料对育肥牛生长性能的影响

试验研究了发酵葡萄渣颗粒饲料对育肥牛生产性能的影响。选择26头平均体重为304 kg左右的西门塔尔杂种牛,按体重和性别随机分成2个处理组,每组13头,对照组日粮组成为自配肉牛精料补充料+青贮饲料+干草,试验组日粮组成为发酵葡萄渣颗粒饲料+青贮饲料+干草,试验期为60 d。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,育肥牛饲喂发酵葡萄渣颗粒饲料,日增重提高了5.89%(P0.05),料重比降低了2.79%(P0.05),头均毛利润提高了58.24元,经济效益提高了4.17%。