小麦抗白粉病SSH-cDNA文库中差异基因的表达模式

为了解白粉菌诱导下抗白粉病小麦的抗病机制,构建了白粉菌接种初期的抑制性消减杂交cDNA(SSH-cDNA)文库。从中随机挑取140个阳性克隆进行测序,去除冗余序列和重复序列后,得到94条EST,利用NCBI的BLAST在线序列比对工具对GenBank的蛋白质数据库进行同源性比对及功能分类。结果表明,49个EST与已知功能蛋白同源性较高,主要涉及初级代谢(2%)、能量代谢(24%)、细胞结构(2%)、转录(2%)、蛋白质合成加工与储藏(16%)、转运(4%)、信号转导(4%)和抗病与防御(30%)。经文库比较,筛选出与病程相关蛋白基因同源的EST(Z25-1)和与谷胱甘肽硫转移酶同源的EST(Z440-1),GenBank登录号为EX567369和EX567360。以其EST序列为依据设计引物,通过RT-PCR分析它们在白粉菌诱导下的表达模式,结果该2基因表达存在明显差异。其中,Z25-1在未接种白粉菌时具有一定的表达量,白粉菌侵染后表达量开始上升,侵染72 h时表达量最高,然后下降;Z440-1在未接种时也具有一定的表达量,但在接种初期表达微弱,甚至不表达,24 h后表达开始上升,到72 h时达最高,然后下降。本研究表明,病程相关蛋白和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶属于诱导型表达基因,且参与白粉病抗病反应,在白粉菌诱导72 h时表达量最高。     

小麦种质N9436抗白粉病的特异基因表达谱分析

为了解白粉菌诱导下抗白粉病小麦的抗病机制, 构建了白粉菌接种初期小麦抗性种质N9436的抑制性消减杂交文库。从文库中随机挑取140个阳性克隆, 测序结果表明, 冗余重复序列占32.86%, 其中谷胱甘肽转移酶表达频率最高, 其次为参与能量代谢的二磷酸核酮糖大小亚基。去除冗余序列和重复序列后, 得到94条EST, 利用NCBI的BLAST在线序列比对工具对GenBank的核酸和蛋白质数据库进行同源性比对和功能分析。BlastX比对结果表明, 有49条EST与已知功能蛋白同源性较高, 主要涉及抗病与防御(包括生物及非生物胁迫)、能量代谢、细胞结构、蛋白质合成及加工、转运及信号转导等过程的相关蛋白。BlastN比对NCBI的非冗余核酸数据库, 其中69条序列与EST数据库中的Unigene具有较高的同源性, 20条与EST数据库中的同源性较高, 另外5条序列找不到同源序列。通过对核酸和蛋白质同源性的比较和功能分析发现, 比对结果一致的序列有33条, 涉及白粉病抗性的相关蛋白22个, 其中与抗病信号传导相关的蛋白6个, 过敏性坏死反应(HR)体系表达蛋白2个, 系统获得性抗性(SAR)体系病程相关蛋白4个, SAR体系诱导防卫蛋白10个。     

半矮生型桃生长跃变期差异表达基因的cDNA-AFLP初步分析

半矮生型桃"SD9238"是在中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所育种圃实生苗后代中发现的突变体,其早期生长缓慢,5月中旬之后进入迅速生长期,与普通型截然不同。本研究以"SD9238"为研究试材,采用cDNA-AFLP差显技术分析其新梢生长跃变期前后4个生长阶段差异表达基因。研究中共采用256对选择性引物组合,扩增出9021条可分辨的条带,其中有差异的条带共有1987条。初步选取其中11个差异条带,进行克隆和序列测定,生物信息学分析表明,转录衍生片段(Transtript derived fragment,TDF)的主要功能涉及木质素生物合成;蛋白质水解;转录调控及生长调节等,还有一些是未知功能基因。研究所得结果为进一步揭示半矮生桃生长调控的分子机理奠定了基础。     

低钾胁迫下烟草根系差异表达基因的cDNA-AFLP分析

烟叶含钾量是评价优质烟叶重要品质指标,大量研究认为钾元素的吸收和积累是由植物基因型所控制,而在烟草转录水平上的低钾胁迫的应答机制方面,尚未见报道.本实验为鉴定烟草低钾胁迫响应基因,应用,cDNA-AFLP技术,对低钾胁迫下烟草NC89根系基因表达进行了mRNA指纹分析,通过240对引物组合的筛选,共得到324个差异表达转录衍生片段.对其中9个TDF进行了克隆、测序和序列分析.结果表明:其中7个TDF涉及逆境响应,氨基酸的转运与代谢,转录调控及钾吸收,2个TDF为功能未知.     

盐胁迫下陆地棉耐盐品种根系的抑制消减文库构建

 采用抑制消减(SSH)杂交技术构建了陆地棉耐盐品种中棉所35在盐(0.4%NaCl)胁迫后1 d、3 d、5 d和7 d的混合SSH文库。文库质量检测表明,差减杂交效率较高,质量较好。随机挑选200个阳性克隆进行测序,获得160余条高质量的表达序列标签（EST）。对序列进行BLAST比对及功能注释,其中有62条unigene 未获得同源性匹配, 42条与未知功能的序列同源性较高;其余56条功能已知的unigene中,与抗逆直接相关的基因有14个,占8.8%,参与新陈代谢及信号转导的基因有11条和10条, 分别占6.9%和6.3%,参与转录调控的基因8条,占5.0%。最后,对这些基因在盐胁迫中的作用进行了注释与讨论。     

利用cDNA-AFLP技术分析小麦应答低磷胁迫的特异表达基因

以磷高效小麦品种石新828为材料,采用cDNA-AFLP技术,鉴定了短期(1~6 h)、中期(12~48 h)和长期(72~144 h)低磷胁迫根系特异上、下调表达基因的表达序列标签(EST)。共有非重复的上调ESTs 142个,下调ESTs 94个。胁迫下的前者分别含短、中和长期23、53和66个;后者分别含短、中和长期17、39和38个。对其功能比对发现,上调ESTs在功能上归属于信号转导、转录调控、代谢、逆境响应、发育、物质运输、脂类代谢和功能未知等类别,下调EST除上述类别外,还含有蛋白质合成和降解等类别。部分转录因子基因(如水稻OsPTF1和拟南芥ZAT10高度同源的转录因子基因)、促分裂原激酶基因MAPK1a、钙依赖蛋白激酶基因CPK1A和蛋白激酶基因(如serine/threonine kinase)、高亲和磷转运蛋白基因(PHT3和PT2)、过氧化物酶基因(如peroxidase 73)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶基因(glutathione S-transferase),受到低磷胁迫的特异增强诱导,在改善小麦植株对低磷胁迫的适应能力中可能具有重要作用。研究表明,小麦对低磷胁迫的响应,在分子水平上存在着植株感受低磷胁迫信号和信号转导、进一步在生理生化方面对胁迫信号产生应答等复杂的过程。     

谷子十里香抗锈抑制消减杂交文库构建及初步分析

为了研究十里香抗锈分子机理及其调控机制。以谷子抗锈十里香接种12,24,48,72,96 h叶片为材料,利用抑制差减杂交技术,构建了谷锈菌诱导的SSH文库,筛选十里香接种与未接种锈菌差异表达的基因片段,通过Gen-Bank进行同源比对,对差异表达基因进行功能注释,并利用荧光定量PCR技术对部分差异表达片段进行表达分析。随机挑取差减文库中阳性克隆测序,共获得368个EST序列,插入片段大小为200~750 bp,通过网上GenBank非冗余数据库比对分析,发现其中32个EST与抗病相关。对与抗病相关的EST分析,推测WRKY转录因子、MAPK信号途径、钙信号途径、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、细胞色素P450、病程相关蛋白等可能参与了十里香与谷锈菌非亲和互作。进一步利用荧光定量PCR技术对SSH文库中4个基因做了表达分析,结果表明这些基因均受锈菌诱导表达。通过构建十里香受锈菌诱导的SSH文库,初步明确了十里香参与抗锈相关的基因,为下步谷子抗锈分子育种奠定基础。     

细极链格孢菌蛋白激发子诱导棉苗基因表达差减文库的构建及EST分析

利用细极链格孢菌蛋白激发子粗提蛋白液诱导棉花苗期相关基因表达,以清水喷施为对照样本,进行抑制差减杂交,构建棉花苗期基因表达文库.结果显示,插入片段的大小主要集中在200～1000 bp.随机选取150个克隆进行菌液PCR检测与测序,并将所测序列与Gen-Bank dbEST库进行比对,共得到104个单一序列.其中,78个EST与其它物种已知基因部分区域的同源性为48.54%～100%,占总EST的75%;6条EST序列能在数据库中检索到同源性序列,但其功能尚不清楚,占5.77%;10个EST能在数据库中发现为推测蛋白,占9.6%;10个EST在GenBank中没有查到对应的同源序列,可能是新基因,占9.6%.同时,将所得到的104条EST序列在WEGO网站上进行功能分类,通过Gene ontology确定具体EST的分子功能.其中,在生物途径分类中,与生理途径和细胞过程相关的EST最多,分别为48个和45个;在细胞组份功能分类中,与细胞相关的EST最多,达到44个;在分子功能分类中,催化功能与分子绑定相关的EST数量最多,分别达到了30个和28个.由此可见,细极链格孢菌蛋白激发子诱导棉苗时涉及到植物的生理生化的多条途径,受到多个基因的调控,可能包括抗病与防御蛋白、信号传导蛋白、转录因子、能量代谢相关蛋白、抗逆相关蛋白、细胞保护机制蛋白、功能未知及其它蛋白等相关蛋白.     

Molecular genetics of race non-specific rust resistance in wheat

Over 150 resistance genes that confer resistance to either leaf rust, stripe rust or stem rust have been catalogued in wheat or introgressed into wheat from related species. A few of these genes from the ‘slow-rusting’ adult plant resistance (APR) class confer partial resistance in a race non-specific manner to one or multiple rust diseases. The recent cloning of two of these genes, Lr34/Yr18, a dual APR for leaf rust and stripe rust, and Yr36, a stripe rust APR gene, showed that they differ from other classes of plant resistance genes. Currently, seven Lr34/Yr18 haplotypes have been identified from sequencing the encoding ATP Binding Cassette transporter gene from diverse wheat germplasm of which one haplotype is commonly associated with the resistance phenotype. The paucity of well characterised APR genes, particularly for stem rust, calls for a focused effort in developing critical genetic stocks to delineate quantitative trait loci, construct specific BAC libraries for targeted APR genes to facilitate robust marker development for breeding applications, and the eventual cloning of the encoding genes.     

Rapid identification of a major effect QTL conferring adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wheat cultivar Yaco“S”

Stripe rust is a devastating disease in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. Growing cultivars with adult-plant resistance (APR) is an environmental friendly approach that provides long-term protection to wheat from this disease. Wheat cultivar Yaco“S” showed a high level of APR to stripe rust in the field from 2008 to 2014. The objective of this study was to detect the major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for APR to stripe rust in Yaco“S”. One hundred and eighty-four F_2:3 lines were developed from a cross between Yaco“S” and susceptible cultivar Mingxian169. Illumina 90K and 660K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips were implemented to bulked pools and their parents to identify SNPs associated with the major QTL. A high-density linkage map was constructed using simple sequence repeat (SSR) and SNP markers. Inclusive composite interval mapping detected a major effect QTL Qyryac.nwafu-2BS conferring stable resistance to stripe rust in all tested environments. Qyryac.nwafu-2BS were mapped to a 1.3 cm interval and explained 17.3–51.9% of the phenotypic variation. Compared with stripe rust resistance genes previously mapped to chromosome 2B, Qyryac.nwafu-2BS is likely a new APR gene to stripe rust. Combining SNP iSelect assay and kompetitive allele specific PCR technology, we found that the APR gene could be rapidly and accurately mapped and it is useful for improving stripe rust resistance in wheat breeding.     

普通小麦‘Holdfast’条锈病成株抗性QTL定位

Holdfast是来自英国的小麦品种,多年来一直保持良好的条锈病持久抗性。本研究目的是发掘Holdfast的条锈病成株抗性基因及其紧密连锁的分子标记,为小麦持久抗性品种选育提供材料和方法。利用铭贤169和Holdfast杂交后代重组自交系(recombinant inbred lines, RIL)群体,于2014—2015和2015—2016年度在甘肃甘谷、甘肃中梁和四川成都进行条锈病成株抗性鉴定,并统计最大严重度(maximum disease severity, MDS)。基于小麦660K SNP芯片和BSA(bulkedsegregantanalysis)技术初步确定抗病基因所在的染色体后,将目标区域的SNP标记转化为KASP(KompetitiveallelespecificPCR)标记,检测整个RIL群体,进行基因型分析。最后进行RIL群体条锈病成株抗性的QTL分析,在5AL和7AL染色体上发现了2个成株抗性QTL。5A染色体长臂上1个条锈病成株抗性QTL QYr.gaas-5AL,在所有环境下均存在,可解释6.5%～9.3%的表型变异; QYr.gaas-5AL位于标记Ax-109948955和Ax-108798241之间,连锁距离分别为0.5 cM和1.1 cM。在7A染色体长臂上定位到1个条锈病成株抗性QTL QYr.gaas-7AL,在2015年和2016年甘谷环境中均稳定存在,分别解释6.2%和7.3%的表型变异;QYr.gaas-7AL位于标记Ax-110361069和Ax-108759561之间,连锁距离分别为0.5 cM和0.7 cM。携带QYr.gaas-5AL和QYr.gaas-7AL抗病等位基因家系的MDS显著低于感病等位基因家系的MDS,表明QYr.gaas-5AL和QYr.gaas-7AL可有效降低条锈病严重度,可应用于小麦抗条锈育种。     

Unveilingsources of stripe rust resistance in diverse wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum Aestivum</Emphasis> L.) germplasm using narrow down methodology: a proof of concept

Stripe rust of wheat caused by the fungal pathogen is a destructive foliar disease of wheat. Thus, it is crucial step to characterize the resistant germplasm for stripe rust in a diverse germplasm pool for their ultimate utilization in efficient crop rust resistance breeding. In the present study, we followed two pronged strategies involving integrated phenotypic and molecular characterization of 440 diverse wheat germplasm lines for rust resistance. The germplasm panel was extensively evaluated in field epiphytotic conditions during two consecutive years. After rigorous screening, 72 accessions were successfully revealed as resistant to moderately resistant to stripe rust. Subsequently, entries were then evaluated for their field agronomicperformances, considering prerequisites for serving as a donor germplasm,particularly for yield and 33 potential rust-resistant accessions were identified. Furthermore, to detect the sources of resistance, accessions were molecular characterized for potential race-specific resistance genes Yr5, Yr10,Yr15, and effective adult plant resistance (APR) gene Lr34/Yr18/pm38. We identified the 22 accessions possessing one or more single resistance genes and two accessions were observed with at least three of them. Moreover, Lr34/Yr18/pm38 was determined to confer resistance when observed along with any of the race-specific genes. Thus, the study not only provides proof of concept methodology to identify candidate resistant sources from large germplasm collections but simultaneouslyconfirmed the contribution of combining race-specific andnon-specific APR genes. The finding could further assist in the potential deployment of resistant genes directly into the stripe rust breeding program by involving marker-assisted approaches.     

Race non-specific resistance to rust diseases in CIMMYT spring wheats

Rust diseases continue to cause significant losses to wheat production worldwide. Although the life of effective race-specific resistance genes can be prolonged by using gene combinations, an alternative approach is to deploy varieties that posses adult plant resistance (APR) based on combinations of minor, slow rusting genes. When present alone, APR genes do not confer adequate resistance especially under high disease pressure; however, combinations of 4?C5 such genes usually result in ??near-immunity?? or a high level of resistance. Although high diversity for APR occurs for all three rusts in improved germplasm, relatively few genes are characterized in detail. Breeding for APR to leaf rust and stripe rust in CIMMYT spring wheats was initiated in the early 1970s by crossing slow rusting parents that lacked effective race-specific resistance genes to prevalent pathogen populations and selecting plants in segregating populations under high disease pressure in field nurseries. Consequently most of the wheat germplasm distributed worldwide now possesses near-immunity or adequate levels of resistance. Some semidwarf wheats such as Kingbird, Pavon 76, Kiritati and Parula show high levels of APR to stem rust race Ug99 and its derivatives based on the Sr2-complex, or a combination of Sr2 with other uncharacterized slow rusting genes. These parents are being utilized in our crossing program and a Mexico-Kenya shuttle breeding scheme is used for selecting resistance to Ug99. High frequencies of lines with near-immunity to moderate levels of resistance are now emerging from these activities. After further yield trials and quality assessments these lines will be distributed internationally through the CIMMYT nursery system.     

‘CPAN 1842’: a new source of adult plant leaf rust resistance in bread wheat

There is worldwide interest in adult plant resistance (APR) because of greater durability of APR to the cereal rusts. Peruvian bread wheat genotype ‘CPAN (Coordinated Project Accession Number) 1842’ (LM 50–53) has shown leaf rust resistance in disease screening nurseries since its introduction in 1977. However, it is susceptible at the seedling stage to several Puccinia triticina (Pt) pathotypes including the widely prevalent 77‐5 (121R63‐1) that infects bread wheat. Inheritance studies showed that CPAN 1842 carried a dominant gene for APR to pathotype 77‐5, which was different from Lr12, Lr13, Lr22a, Lr34, Lr35, Lr37, Lr46, Lr48, Lr49 and Lr68, based on the tests of allelism; and from Lr67, based on genotyping with the closely linked SSR marker cfd71. This gene should also be different from Lr22b as the latter is totally ineffective against pathotype 77‐5. CPAN 1842 therefore appears to be a new promising source of leaf rust resistance. Also having resistance to stem rust and stripe rust, this line can contribute to breeding for multiple rust resistances in wheat.     

具特异性状人工合成小麦的条锈病抗性改良

为了解3份具特异优良性状但高感条锈病的人工合成小麦SHW-Z1、SHW-Z2和SHW-Z4感病性的遗传特点,进行更好的育种利用。用高抗条锈病的普通小麦材料5157与上述人工合成小麦分别进行正反杂交,对6个杂交组合的亲本、F¹世代的条锈病抗性与F²代的条锈病抗感分离情况进行了分析以探究其感病性的遗传特点,结果表明：（1）本研究的普通小麦和人工合成小麦杂交后代的条锈病抗性由多对基因控制,遗传上表现出加-显效应;(2)SHW-Z1条锈病的抗性改良效果优于SHW-Z2和SHW-Z4;（3）本研究材料的条锈病抗性基因可能还受到遗传背景的影响。本研究对这3份人工合成小麦的条锈病抗性改良和育种利用提供了理论依据,同时可为相关研究提供参考。     

Improving wheat stripe rust resistance in Central Asia and the Caucasus

Wheat is the most important cereal in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) and the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia). Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is considered the most important disease of wheat in Central Asia and the Caucasus (CAC). Although stripe rust has been present in the region for a long time, it has become a serious constraint to wheat production in the past 10 years. This is reflected by the occurrence of five epidemics of stripe rust in the CAC region since 1999, the most recent in 2010. Several wheat varieties occupying substantial areas are either susceptible to stripe rust or possess a low level of resistance. Information on the stripe rust pathogen in terms of prevalent races and epidemiology is not readily available. Furthermore, there is an insufficient understanding of effective stripe rust resistance genes in the region, and little is known about the resistance genes present in the commercial varieties and advanced breeding lines. The deployment of resistant varieties is further complicated by putative changes in virulence in the pathogen population in different parts of the CAC. Twenty four out of 49 improved wheat lines received through international nurseries or other exchange programs showed high levels of resistance to stripe rust to local pathogen populations in 2009. Fifteen of the 24 stripe rust resistant lines also possessed resistance to powdery mildew. It is anticipated that this germplasm will play an important role in developing stripe rust resistant wheat varieties either through direct adoption or using them as parents in breeding programs.     

QTL mapping of adult‐plant resistance to stripe rust in a ‘Lumai 21 × Jingshuang 16’ wheat population

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a devastating fungal disease in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Chinese wheat cultivars ‘Lumai 21’ and ‘Jingshuang 16’ show moderate levels of adult‐plant resistance (APR) to stripe rust in the field, and they showed a mean maximum disease severity (MDS) ranging from 24 to 56.7% and 26 to 59%, respectively, across different environments. The aim of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to stripe rust in an F₃ population of 199 lines derived from ‘Lumai 21’ × ‘Jingshuang 16’. The F₃ lines were evaluated for MDS in Qingshui, Gansu province, and Chengdu, Sichuan province, in the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 cropping seasons. Five QTL for APR were detected on chromosomes 2B (2 QTL), 2DS, 4DL and 5DS based on mean MDS in each environment and averaged values from all three environments. These QTL were designated QYr.caas‐2BS.2, QYr.caas‐2BL.2, QYr.caas‐2DS.2, QYr.caas‐4DL.2 and QYr.caas‐5DS, respectively. QYr.caas‐2DS.2 and QYr.caas‐5DS were detected in all three environments, explaining 2.3–18.2% and 5.1–18.0% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. In addition, QYr.caas‐2BS.2 and QYr.caas‐2BL.2 colocated with QTL for powdery mildew resistance reported in a previous study. These APR genes and their linked molecular markers are potentially useful for improving stripe rust and powdery mildew resistances in wheat breeding.     

Genomic selection for durable stem rust resistance in wheat

Inheritance of stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) resistance in wheat can be either qualitative or quantitative. While quantitative disease resistance is believed to be more durable, it is more difficult to evaluate if it is expressed only in mature plants, i.e. adult plant resistance (APR). Marker-assisted selection (MAS) methods for APR would be useful; however, the multigenic nature of APR impedes the use of MAS efforts that aim to pyramid only a few target genes. A promising alternative is genomic selection (GS), which utilizes genome-wide marker coverage to predict genotypic values for quantitative traits. In turn, GS can reduce the selection cycle length of a breeding program for traits like APR that could take several seasons to generate reliable phenotypes. In this paper, we describe the GS process for use in crop improvement, both specifically for APR and in general. We also propose a GS–based wheat breeding scheme for quantitative resistance to stem rust that, when compared to current breeding schemes, can reduce cycle time by up to twofold and facilitates pyramiding of major genes with APR genes. Thus, GS could be an important tool for achieving the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative’s (BGRI) goal of developing durable stem rust resistance in wheat.