Papillomavirus genomes in experimentally induced fibromas in white-tailed deer

Cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed deer were transmitted successfully to 5 young deer. Serial biopsy specimens of the induced lesions were analyzed for white-tailed deer papillomavirus, using Southern blot hybridization. Viral genomes were found in all specimens taken 1 to 7 weeks after inoculation and, in some cases, from specimens of the inoculation site obtained later. Viral DNA was found before histologic evidence of fibroblast proliferation and persisted in low copy number, compared with viral DNA of naturally developing fibromas.     

Detection of papillomaviruses in cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed and mule deer

Naturally occurring cutaneous fibromas affecting white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (O hemionus), and cutaneous fibropapillomas of domestic cattle were tested for papillomavirus using indirect immunofluorescence (IF), peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP), and negative-stain electron microscopic techniques. Papillomavirus was consistently detected using rabbit antiserum against papillomavirus group-specific antigen in all mule deer fibromas and bovine fibropapillomas; only 16 of 28 white-tailed deer fibromas tested by IF and 9 of 15 tested by PAP were detected. Normal skin from white-tailed deer or cattle was consistently negative for virus. Similar results were obtained by negative-stain electron microscopic examination of partially purified tumor homogenates. Using deer fibroma virus or bovine papillomavirus type 1-specific antisera, viruses were typed by IF, PAP, and immunoelectron microscopy.     

Nonlethal experimental inoculation of Columbia black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) with virus of epizootic hemorrhagic deer disease.

Intramuscular or intravenous inoculation of 5 Columbia black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) with virus of epizootic hemorrhagic deer disease (EHD) did not produce overt clinical disease. Two white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) exposed identically died in 5 to 6 days. There were no significant lesions in 1 black-tailed deer euthanatized on postinoculation day 5. The EHd virus was not isolated from the spleen of that deer. Seroconversion occurred in black-tailed deer, from zero EHD virus antibody titer before inoculation to titers of 1:128 to 1:256 after inoculation.     

Light and electron microscopic comparisons of cutaneous fibromas in white-tailed and mule deer

Cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), when compared with normal skin of the same species, had a thinner basement membrane; thickened stratum spinosum with numerous melanocytes, desmosomes, polyribosomes, and tonofilaments; focal hyperplasia of the stratum granulosum containing numerous large, electron-dense keratohyalin granules with irregular borders and containing occasional cells with diffuse intranuclear virus particles; and a moderately thickened stratum corneum with (although rarely) small crystalline arrays of virus particles. Normal mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) skin was structurally similar to that of the white-tailed deer. Mule deer fibromas were similar to those in white-tailed deer, except for diffuse thickening of the stratum granulosum (the cells of which contained large keratohyalin granules of various electron densities with occasional composite granules) and except for a markedly thickened stratum corneum that contained numerous intranuclear viral inclusions. In negatively stained homogenates of tumors from both deer species, viral particles resembled papillomaviruses.     

Malignant catarrhal fever: experimental transmission of the 'sheep-associated' form of the disease from cattle and deer to cattle, deer, rabbits and hamsters

Attempts to transmit malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) from 16 bovine cases of the 'sheep-associated' form of the disease are described. On two occasions disease was transmitted to bovine calves but transmission to red deer (Cervus elaphus) was not achieved. In addition, MCF was transmitted from one experimentally affected calf to a rabbit and on another occasion directly to rabbits with material from a field case which failed to transmit to a bovine calf or red deer. Subsequently each of these isolates was readily passaged through rabbits and one was also passaged to Syrian hamsters. Tissue from MCF-affected red deer consistently produced disease on inoculation into rabbits and deer but failed to cause disease in bovine calves. Contact infection between red deer occurred once and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) were also shown to be susceptible to infection by inoculation. Passage of MCF in rabbits with an isolate from red deer failed to produce evidence of further adaptation even after 125 serial passages. Despite the failure to transmit disease from cattle to deer or from deer to cattle it is considered probable that there is only one sheep-associated agent which causes MCF in both species. The reasons for the anomalies in transmission of this form of the disease are discussed.     

Antibody to alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AHV-1) in hamsters experimentally infected with AHV-1 and the 'sheep-associated' agent of malignant catarrhal fever

Malignant catarrhal fever was induced in four groups of hamsters by the inoculation of cells infected with either the C/500 isolate of alcelaphine herpes-virus-1 (AHV-1) or the sheep-associated agent derived from cattle, red deer or Père David's deer. Using an indirect immunofluorescence assay, antibody to AHV-1 was detected in sera of clinically affected animals of all four groups. The reaction of sera from hamsters affected with malignant catarrhal fever induced by AHV-1 caused diffuse cytoplasmic staining while that from sera of hamsters with the sheep-associated form of the disease stained particulate nuclear antigens. Tests employing three other bovid herpesviruses were negative and no reaction was found with sera from normal hamsters. These studies provide convincing evidence that a virus antigenically related to AHV-1 is the cause of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever and that the same virus probably causes this form of the disease in both cattle and deer.     

Latent herpesvirus infection in red deer: characterization of a specific deer herpesvirus including comparison of genomic restriction fragment patterns

Glucocorticoid treatment of imported red deer (Cervus elaphus), seropositive to Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, reactivated a latent herpesvirus infection, which was transmitted to a seronegative deer with a fatal outcome. However the virus did not spread to cattle housed in close contact with the infected deer, and serological indication og infection in the cattle was observed only on direct nasal installation of virus. The virus isolate had characteristics in common with other Alpha herpesviruses and especially the Bovid Herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) but distinguished itself from the latter by its host specificity, serological reaction and genomic restriction fragment pattern (RFP). The host specific red deer herpesvirus was tentatively designated Cervid Herpesvirus type 1 (CHV-1). It was concluded that CHV-1 seropositive deer can be a threat to red deer farming, while in cattle the infection may only cause minor inconvenience through interference with the serological IBR diagnosis.     

Hepatocellular adenocarcinoma in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

A white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), shot during the 1978-79 New Jersey hunting season, was presented with an enlarged, multinodular liver and numerous skin growths. The skin lesions were found to be fibromas and the liver tumor was identified as a hepatocellular adenocarcinoma, a rare neoplasm, not only in deer but all wild animals.     

Experimental infection of calves with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether experimental inoculation with a field strain of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype-2 (EHDV-2) suspected of causing clinical disease in naturally infected cattle would cause clinical disease in calves. ANIMALS: 8 calves. PROCEDURE: A strain of EHDV-2 isolated from a white-tailed deer that died of hemorrhagic disease was passaged twice in deer and used to inoculate 6 calves SC and ID; the other 2 calves were used as controls. Physical examinations, CBC, lymphocyte blastogenesis assays, and coagulation assays were performed; rectal temperature, interferon production, and serum neutralizing antibody responses were measured; and virus isolation was attempted every other day for 21 days after inoculation and then every fourth day for another 30 days. Calves were euthanatized on postinoculation day 51, and necropsy was performed. RESULTS: Calves inoculated with EHDV-2 became infected, as evidenced by development of viremia and seroconversion. However, the virus did not cause detectable clinical disease, clinicopathologic abnormalities, or gross lesions. Viremia was prolonged despite development of a serum neutralizing antibody response. A white-tailed deer inoculated with the same EHDV-2 strain developed clinical signs of epizootic hemorrhagic disease, demonstrating that the inoculum was virulent. CONCLUSION: Calves experimentally infected with EHDV-2 developed viremia and seroconverted but did not develop detectable clinical disease.     

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in Montana: isolation and serologic survey

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) was isolated in Vero cell culture from the spleen and whole blood of a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). A 10% spleen suspension caused acute hemorrhagic disease (HD) when inoculated into an experimental white-tailed deer and resulted in the recovery of EHDV from the blood of the experimental animal at 5 days after inoculation. The virus was identified as EHDV serotype 2 through indirect fluorescent antibody tests, electron microscopy, and reciprocal cross-neutralization tests. Approximately 73% (36/49) of the mule deer, 5% (2/42) of the white-tailed deer, and 79% (249/314) of the cattle samples tested from areas where HD had been reported were EHDV seropositive. Although none of the white-tailed deer was bluetongue virus seropositive, 29% of the mule deer and 3% of the cattle tested from "active" HD areas possessed bluetongue virus precipitating antibody.     

Studies on the Pathogenesis of Experimental Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease of White-tailed Deer

Observations were made of clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions in white-tailed deer infected with epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus. Typically, animals became weak and lethargic and developed hyperemia of the oral and nasal mucosa, tongue, ears and sclera of the eyes six to seven days following intramuscular inoculation with virus. Body temperature increased initially and then fell to subnormal levels just prior to death.

A decrease in levels of circulating blood platelets was correlated with the occurrence of fever and the appearance of platelet and fibrin thrombi in small vessels of many organs of the body. Thrombosis resulted in tissue degeneration, necrosis and hemorrhages in the terminal stages of the disease. Tissues most seriously affected were oral, nasal and tongue mucosa, mandibular salivary glands, myocardium and epithelium of the forestomachs. The lesions resembled those of blue-tongue in deer.

Inoculation of domestic sheep with EHD virus-infected deer spleen tissues was without clinical effect. Blood collected from the sheep, representing the third blind passage of EHD virus in sheep, was not infective for deer.

     

检测狂犬病病毒抗原的夹心间接Dot—ELISA的建立和应用研究

本研究建立了检测狂犬病病毒抗原的夹心间接斑点酶联免疫吸附试验(SI-Dot-ELISA).本法检出狂犬病病毒抗原的最低浓度为:0.01IU/mL的标准抗原,1:100000 (相当于20 LD_(50))的狂犬病病毒CVS株和鹿8202株的鼠脑悬液,1:400(相当于7906TCID_(50)/mL)的狂犬病病毒SAG株的细胞培养物.对多种健康动物的组织、健康细胞培养物以及犬瘟热病毒、犬腺病毒等检测均为阴性.用SI—Dot—ELISA、夹心间接ELISA(SI—ELISA)和小鼠脑内接种3种方法,检测了388份材料,检出的阳性份数分别为173、171和179,经统计学处理,3种方法在狂犬病病毒抗原的检测上,可以相互代替.甲醛灭活病毒不影响本方法的检测,而加入氢氧化铝胶后的病毒悬液则不能用本法检测.本法适用于狂犬病的诊断、流行病学调查、疫苗效价的测定和实验研究中病毒抗原的测定.     

Evaluation of the efficacy of commercial vaccines against bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8 in experimentally infected red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Red deer (Cervus elaphus) is a widespread and abundant species susceptible to bluetongue virus (BTV) infection. Inclusion of red deer vaccination among BTV control measures should be considered. Four out of twelve BTV antibody negative deer were vaccinated against serotype 1 (BTV-1), and four against serotype 8 (BTV-8). The remaining four deer acted as unvaccinated controls. Forty-two days after vaccination (dpv), all deer were inoculated with a low cell passage of the corresponding BTV strains. Serological and virological responses were analyzed from vaccination until 28 days after inoculation (dpi). The vaccinated deer reached statistically significant (P<0.05) higher specific antibody levels than the non vaccinated deer from 34 (BTV-8) and 42 (BTV-1) dpv, maintaining stable neutralizing antibodies until 28 dpi. The non vaccinated deer remained seronegative until challenge, showing neutralizing antibodies from 7 dpi. BTV RNA was detected in the blood of the non vaccinated deer from 2 to 28 dpi, whereas no BTV RNA was found in the vaccinated deer. BTV was isolated from the blood of non vaccinated deer from 7 to 28 dpi (BTV-1) and from 9 to 11 dpi (BTV-8). BTV RNA could be identified by RT-PCR at 28 dpi in spleen and lymph nodes, but BTV could not be isolated from these samples. BT-compatible clinical signs were inapparent and no gross lesions were found at necropsy. The results obtained in the present study confirm that monovalent BTV-1 and BTV-8 vaccines are safe and effective to prevent BTV infection in red deer. This finding indicates that vaccination programs on farmed or translocated red deer could be a useful tool to control BTV.     

Experimentally induced bluetongue virus infection in white-tailed deer: coagulation, clinical pathologic, and gross pathologic changes

Ten yearling white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were inoculated with bluetongue virus serotype 17. Two yearling white-tailed deer were inoculated with sonicated heparinized noninfected blood and served as controls. Clinical signs of bluetongue virus infection included increased rectal temperature, erythema, facial edema, coronitis, and stomatitis. By postinoculation day (PID) 8, excessive bleeding and hematoma formation at venipuncture sites, dehydration, and diarrhea developed. At necropsy, the most consistent findings were oral lesions and widespread hemorrhage, which ranged from petechia to massive hematoma formation. Bluetongue virus caused progressive prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time, and progressive reduction of Factors VIII and XII plasma activities beginning on PID 6. A progressive decrease in platelet numbers also developed on PID 6. Changes in platelet size were not detected. Mean thrombin time was shortened, but prolongation developed in 1 deer. Mean fibrinogen concentration and Factor V plasma activity initially increased and then decreased, but remained above preinoculation values. Factor V activity was low in a few deer. Results of screening tests for inhibitors of the intrinsic coagulation system were positive in 2 deer. High concentrations of fibrin(ogen) degradation products were first detected between PID 3 and 6. Hematologic changes included leukopenia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, and low total plasma protein concentration. Differences in PCV, hemoglobin concentration, or RBC counts were not detected between infected and control deer. Serum total bilirubin concentration increased by PID 6, primarily because of increased unconjugated bilirubin concentration. Mild to severe increases in serum aspartate transaminase activity were accompanied by more marked increases in creatine kinase activity. Indirect Coombs test results were negative in all deer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Foot-and-mouth disease in British deer: transmission of virus to cattle, sheep and deer.

After exposure for two hours to cattle with foot-and-mouth disease, each of the five species of deer found in the British countryside became infected. Clinical disease was typical and severe in the roe and muntjac deer, with some animals dying, less severe in the sika deer and usually subclinical in the fallow and red deer. Each species transmitted disease to its own species and to cattle and sheep. The amounts of virus present in the blood, and in oesophageal/pharyngeal samples and excreted as an aerosol during the course of the infection in the deer were similar to those recorded for the sheep and cattle in the same experiment. The fallow and sika deer commonly carried virus in the pharynx beyond 28 days after exposure; some red deer also became carriers. In epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease in the UK, it is likely that deer would have such intimate contact with farm animals as occurred in this study. The natural behavior of free-living deer in the UK suggests that, although the five species are susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease, they are unlikely to be an important factor in the maintenance and transmission of the virus during an epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in domestic livestock.     

Preputial fibroma in a gelding

An 11‐year‐old gelding presented with a large mass located in the dermis of his preputium that surrounded the penis completely. This mass was first noted years ago but did not increase in size. Histological examination diagnosed a fibroma. No treatment was initiated since no signs of discomfort were noticed and the gelding was performing at a high level in competitive showjumping. Next to skin tumours, tumours of the penis and preputium are most common. Most frequently, squamous cell carcinomas and sarcomas are diagnosed. Although fibromas can develop anywhere in connective tissue, a preputial location of a fibroma in a gelding is rare. Differential diagnosis and possible treatment options are discussed.     

Experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus): Early detection and late stage distribution of protease-resistant prion protein

Chronic wasting disease (CWD), an important emerging prion disease of cervids, is readily transmitted by intracerebral or oral inoculation from deer-to-deer and elk-to-elk, suggesting the latter is a natural route of exposure. Studies of host range susceptibility to oral infection, particularly of those species found in habitats where CWD currently exists are imperative. This report describes the experimental transmission of CWD to red deer following oral inoculation with infectious CWD material of elk origin. At 18 to 20 months post-inoculation, mild to moderate neurological signs and weight loss were observed and animals were euthanized and tested using 3 conventional immunological assays. The data indicate that red deer are susceptible to oral challenge and that tissues currently used for CWD diagnosis show strong abnormal prion (PrP^CWD) accumulation. Widespread peripheral PrP^CWD deposition involves lymphoreticular tissues, endocrine tissues, and cardiac muscle and suggests a potential source of prion infectivity, a means of horizontal transmission and carrier state.     

Morbillivirus infections of seals during the 1988 epidemic in the Bay of Heligoland: III. Transmission studies of cell culture-propagated phocine distemper virus in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and a grey seal (Halichoerus grypus): clinical, virological and serological results

Eight harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), two of them seronegative, six seropositive against PDV and a seronegative grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) were exposed to a low doses of a cell culture-propagated phocine distemper virus isolate (PDV 2558/Han 88). An intranasal route of inoculation was chosen. Clinical signs, resembling those of 1988's seal disease and seroconversion were observed in both seronegative harbour seals. One of them succumbed to the infection. The virus was not transmitted to another susceptible harbour seal which served as in-contact animal. Virus could be recovered from leucocytes of the diseased seals. Viremia was also present in a seropositive harbour seal that developed mild clinical signs; other seropositive seals were protected from clinical disease. The grey seal showed seroconversion upon inoculation, but did not develop any signs of disease. The humoral immune response of the seals plainly discriminated between homologous (PDV) and heterologous (canine distemper virus, CDV) virus as shown by virus neutralization tests and an antibody-binding assay (PLA).     

Serological comparisons of antigenically related herpesviruses in cattle,red deer and goats

Serological comparisons were made using related herpesviruses from cattle (bovid herpesvirus 1), red deer (herpesvirus of cervidae 1) and goats (bovid herpesvirus 6) by virus neutralization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The test samples comprised field sera from British cattle, red deer and goats and sera from experimentally infected or immunized animals. Both the cervine and caprine viruses appeared to be more closely related to bovid herpesvirus 1 than they were to each other. Cattle sera reacted most strongly with the bovine virus and deer sera with the cervine virus. Antibodies to the caprine virus were not detected in the samples from British goats.