棉花产业须自强——提升山东棉花产业自身竞争力的对策措施

2014年国家取消了棉花临时收储政策,在新疆实施棉花目标价格试点政策,2015年又在内地主要产棉区实施棉花种植补贴,标志着国家对棉花产业进行了重新定位。本文分析了在这一大背景下山东棉花生产面临的困境和机遇,提出了提高棉花竞争力水平的对策措施。     

对国家棉花产业政策调整的认识和建议

2014年国家取消了棉花临时收储政策,并在新疆启动实施棉花目标价格试点政策,棉花产业面临政策调整的关键时期。本文分析了这一国家政策的调整对全国棉花生产以及棉业各方的影响,并提出了相应的建议。     

目标价格政策改革背景下促进新疆棉花产业健康发展的思考

新疆棉花目标价格改革试点工作实施2年以来,取得了积极的政策效果,同时国内外棉花市场也发生了诸多新的变化,对产业发展提出了新的要求。但部分农户、企业的传统经营生产理念尚未转变,种植、加工、流通等环节仍存在一系列问题。分析当前国内棉花市场发展现状和态势,评价目标价格政策的实施效果,指出制约产业发展的一系列因素,有针对性地提出对策建议,以加快新疆棉花产业健康发展,促进广大棉农增效增收。     

目标价格政策改革背景促进新疆棉花产业健康发展的思考

新疆棉花目标价格改革试点工作实施2年以来，取得了积极的政策效果，同时国内外棉花市场也发生了诸多新的变化，对产业发展提出了新的要求。但部分农户、企业的传统经营生产理念尚未转变，种植、加工、流通等环节仍存在一系列问题。分析当前国内棉花市场发展现状和态势，评价目标价格政策的实施效果，指出制约产业发展的一系列因素，有针对性地提出对策建议，以加快新疆棉花产业健康发展，促进广大棉农增效增收。     

阿克苏地区棉花目标价格补贴政策实施效果及完善建议

棉花目标价格补贴改革试点工作2014年在新疆全面启动,通过这项新政策在阿克苏地区实施的调研。简述了棉花目标价格补贴政策实施的背景,介绍了阿克苏地区棉花目标价格补贴政策实施现状及政策实施效果,深入分析棉花目标价格补贴政策实施中存在的问题,并提出相应的完善建议。     

新时代10年我国棉花产业政策环境概析

新时代10年,一系列棉花产业政策的实施有力地保障了我国棉花产业的持续健康发展。以棉花全产业链政策分析系统架构为基础,以国家“十二五”“十三五”“十四五”期间的“国民经济和社会发展五年规划纲要”为总纲,以10年来“中央一号文件”为主线,系统总结回顾了新时代10年我国棉花产业政策的沿革与发展,以期透析新时代10年棉花产业发展的政策渊源,并对我国棉花产业未来发展进行展望。     

完善内地主产棉区棉花补贴机制的思考与建议——以山东省为例

总结了棉花目标价格补贴政策实施以来山东植棉区的实施进展、成效与问题。从国家棉花产业安全和山东省经济社会发展角度,分析了山东植棉区棉花生产的重要地位和保持补贴政策稳定性的重要意义。以山东为例,提出了内地主产棉区棉花补贴政策改革建议。     

完善我国棉花目标价格政策的思考和建议

2014年我国在新疆开始实施棉花目标价格补贴试点工作,对稳定新疆棉花生产、完善农产品市场调控政策体系发挥了积极的作用。在充分调研的基础上,梳理近年来我国棉花主要市场调控政策,总结发达国家目标价格政策经验,系统分析政策作用机制及问题,并提出对策建议。     

棉花目标价格补贴政策对棉农收入的影响

棉花目标价格补贴政策是我国在农产品领域实施精准化补贴政策的首次尝试。棉花目标价格补贴政策是否充分激发了不同类型棉农生产积极性和提升了棉农的生产性收入，需要对其进行阶段性总结和全面分析，明晰棉花目标价格补贴政策的实施效果和问题，为完善政策提供依据。首先从理论上分析了棉花目标价格补贴政策对棉农收入的影响，然后根据2018年对新疆棉农的实地调研数据，运用普通最小二乘法回归和回归分解法，分析了棉花目标价格补贴政策对棉农收入的效应，并考察了棉花目标价格补贴政策对不同种植规模棉农的影响程度。结果表明：棉花目标价格补贴政策对棉农收入具有显著的促进作用，即棉花目标价格补贴政策的实施可以提升棉农收入；同时，棉花目标价格贴补政策对不同种植规模棉农具有不同的效应，对中小规模种植棉农的影响程度较低，而对大规模种植棉农的影响程度较高。因此，为巩固脱贫攻坚效果，需要稳定新疆棉花目标补贴政策；为避免过度刺激生产和保护生态环境，可以对补贴主体及其补贴面积进行限制。此外，应加大对小规模农户补贴的标准。     

论我国棉花产业的发展对策

文中分析了国际国内近几年棉花市场出现的新变化,提出了我国棉花产业面临着产业化程底低,棉花质量差,进口棉来源过于集中等问题,为我国棉花产业的发展,提出了加大产业化经营,加大科技投入,加大政府对产业的扶持力度和加强产棉国之间的交流合作等建议。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.