Enhanced bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soil by wheat bran and microbial community response

ABSTRACT

Microcosms were set up containing a PAH polluted soil to investigate biostimulation (addition of wheat bran and fertilizer) and bioaugmentation (inoculation with Pseudomonas sp. SB). After 60 d the fertilizer + wheat bran gave the highest PAH degradation. The degradation rate was 42.2%, significantly higher than the 18.7% in the fertilizer only treatment. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) indicates that wheat bran treatment can significantly alter soil bacterial and fungal communities. In addition, wheat bran promoted the enrichment of some soil bacteria such as Bacillaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Streptomycetaceae, and Chitinophagaceae, and the fungi Talaromyces, Humicola, unclassified_Chaetomiaceae and Mortierella. These results highlight the potential of wheat bran application to reduce the PAHs detected in soil.     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术研究

从炼油厂污水池底泥中驯化、分离、筛选,得到4种优势石油降解菌。采用摇床培养,研究了各优势菌和混合菌对石油烃的降解性能;采用黄豆、苜蓿和混合菌对石油污染土壤进行了植物-微生物联合修复试验。结果表明,4种菌和混合菌25天可将初始质量浓度为10000mg/L的石油烃依次降解74.36%、54.36%、78.19%、62.17%和83.73%;运行120天,苜蓿、黄豆试验田污染土壤中的石油烃减少46.83%和41.27%;外源混合菌的施加使两种植物的降解率分别提高到67.14%和56.92%。苜蓿或黄豆-土著微生物-外源混合菌联合修复石油污染土壤效果显著。     

Microbial response of an acid forest soil to experimental soil warming

 Effects of increased soil temperature on soil microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity were examined on organic (O) horizon material in a low-elevation spruce-fir ecosystem. Soil temperature was maintained at 5  °C above ambient during the growing season in the experimental plots, and soil temperature, moisture, microbial biomass, and dehydrogenase activity were measured during the experiment. An incubation study was also conducted under three temperature regimes, 5, 15, and 25  °C, and under four moisture regimes of 20, 120, 220, and 320% to further evaluate these environmental factors on dehydrogenase activity and microbial biomass. Soil moisture content and microbial biomass controls were significantly lower (30% and 2 μg g^–1 soil, respectively) in the heated plots during the treatment period, suggesting that moisture content was important in controlling microbial biomass. In the incubation study, temperature appeared more important than moisture in controlling microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity. Increasing temperature between 5  °C and 25  °C resulted in significant decreases in microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity. Received: 7 August 1998     

Biogeochemical barriers for soil and groundwater bioremediation

Artificial biogeochemical barriers are created for the remediation of soils and groundwater. Redoxsensitive pollutants are removed using redox barriers based on the addition of electron donors or acceptors to the pollution zone. Electron donors are used for the fixation of uranium and sulfides of heavy metal and the denitrification of nitrates; electron acceptors are used for the fixation of arsenic and the destruction of aromatic hydrocarbons. Nanoparticles of mineral reagents can be toxic with respect to some species of soil biota.     

长期不同施肥下潮土磷素演变特征及其对磷盈亏的响应

以"国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测站"的定位试验为平台,选取试验中的5个处理,即1)NK(不施磷肥);2)NPK(施氮磷钾化肥);3)MNPK(NPK化肥+有机肥);4)1.SMNPK(MNPK处理施肥量的1.5倍);5)SNPK(NPK化肥+秸秆还田),分析不同施肥下土壤全磷(TP)和有效磷(Olsen-P)的演...     

通气对石油污染土壤生物修复的影响

为了探讨石油污染土壤的生物修复的有效方法,本研究就通气对石油污染土壤生物降解的影响,在自制反应器中进行了为期50天的堆腐试验。结果表明,通气可为石油烃污染土壤中的微生物提供充足的电子受体,可保持土壤pH稳定,从而促进了微生物的生物活性,强化了它们对石油污染物的氧化降解作用。通过在反应器中,调控通气量使污染土壤中石油烃的降解率进一步提高,为石油污染土壤生物修复技术的应用奠定了科学基础。     

A comparison of three atrazine-degrading bacteria for soil bioremediation

The ability of three atrazine-degrading bacteria, Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP, a Pseudaminobacter sp., and a Nocardioides sp., to degrade and mineralize this herbicide in a loam soil was evaluated in laboratory microcosms. These bacteria all hydrolytically dechlorinate atrazine, and degrade atrazine in pure culture with comparable specific activities. The Pseudaminobacter and Nocardioides can utilize atrazine as sole carbon and nitrogen source, whereas the Pseudomonas can utilize the compound only as a nitrogen source. The Pseudomonas and Pseudaminobacter mineralize the compound; the end product of atrazine metabolism by the Nocardioides is N-ethylammelide. At inoculum densities of 10⁵ cells/g soil, only the Pseudaminobacter and Nocardioides accelerated atrazine dissipation. The Pseudaminobacter mineralized atrazine rapidly and without a lag, whereas atrazine was mineralized in the Nocardioides-inoculated soil but only after a lag of several days. The Pseudaminobacter remained viable longer than did the Pseudomonas in soil. PCR analysis of recovered bacteria indicated that the genes atzA (atrazine chlorohydrolase) and atzB (hydroxyatrazine ethylaminohydrolase) were less stable in the Pseudaminobacter than the Pseudomonas. In summary, this study has revealed important differences in the ability of atrazine-hydrolyzing bacteria to degrade this compound in soil, and suggests that the ability to utilize atrazine as a carbon source is important to establish "enhanced degradation" by ecologically meaningful inoculum densities.     

多环芳烃污染土壤的微生物与植物联合修复研究进展

本文综述了多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤中微生物降解途径、机理及生物反应器的应用,并从植物修复角度,进一步阐述了与微生物联合作用促进污染土壤中PAHs降解的途径、机理及其应用。提出了利用微生物共代谢降解及其与植物联合修复PAHs污染土壤环境的生物修复技术未来研究课题。     

Yield response of corn to lime and urea application on an acidic tropical soil

Abstract

The effects of liming (7 500 kg CaCO₃/ha) and rate of urea application (0,50,100, and 200 kg N/ha) and its placement at the surface or at 5 cm depth on grain yield and nutrient uptake by corn grown on an acidic tropical soil (Fluventic Eutropept) were studied. Liming significantly increased grain yield, N uptake, and P and K uptake although Ca and Mg uptake, generally, were unaffected. Sub‐surface application of urea increased N uptake only. Yield response to applied N was observed up to 50 kg N/ha when limed but at all rates in the absence of liming. It therefore, reduced the fertilizer N requirement for optimum grain yield. Liming the acidic soil also reduced exchangeable Al but increased nitrification rate and available P in the soil profile (at least up to 0.6 m depth).     

土壤微生物对除草剂乙草胺污染的响应和指示

采用除草剂乙草胺作为土壤污染因子, 在人工可控制条件下, 研究乙草胺对土壤微生物细菌、真菌和放线菌数量及土壤微生物量碳的影响, 并探讨这些微生物学指标对土壤中乙草胺污染状况的指示.研究结果表明: 在整个试验过程中, 除草剂乙草胺在短时间内对微生物区系能产生明显抑制作用, 但随着时间增加和污染物的分解, 微生物数量逐渐得到恢复.在短时间抑制过程中, 细菌、放线菌数量以及微生物量碳与乙草胺浓度的对数之间有很好的剂量效应关系, 第7 d细菌数量与乙草胺浓度对数的拟合公式为y = -2.97x + 12.36, R2 = 0.999 3; 放线菌数量与乙草胺浓度对数的拟合公式为y = -2.13x + 6.67, R2 = 0.956 4; 微生物量碳在第14 d与乙草胺浓度对数的拟合公式为y = -89.25x + 348.90, R2 = 0.995 4; 其相关性都达到显著水平.而真菌在受到乙草胺污染后, 受抑制现象并不明显, 真菌对乙草胺有较强的抗性.总之在短期污染条件下, 土壤中的细菌、放线菌数量以及微生物量碳可以很好地指示土壤中乙草胺的污染状况.     

Potential response of soil processes to diterpenes,triterpenes and tannins: Nitrification,growth of microorganisms and precipitation of proteins

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of higher terpenes (diterpenes – abietic acid and colophony, and a triterpene – beta-sitosterol), belonging to plant secondary compounds, on certain microbial populations and processes related to N cycling in boreal soil. We studied how they affect nitrification process and bacterial and fungal growth in forest soil. We also investigated whether they have any ability for protein precipitation and in this way possibly make N less available in forest soil. For comparison, in nitrification studies also tannins (tannic acid and condensed tannins), belonging also to phenolic plant secondary compounds, were included. Terpenes decreased nitrification potential in a soil suspension experiment with excess NH₄-N; tannins showed a less clear effect, but a tendency to decrease nitrification. Studies based on incorporation of ³H-thymidine in macromolecules and ¹⁴C-acetate-in-ergosterol showed that addition of terpenes to forest soil increased bacterial growth but inhibited fungal growth. Terpenes showed some ability to precipitate a protein (BSA – bovine serum albumin), but mainly at low pH. In conclusion, all these separate studies suggest that these plant secondary compounds may regulate soil microbial populations and processes in several ways.     

溶剂萃取与生物降解法联合修复老化石油污染土壤

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy, practicality and sustainability of a combined approach based on solvent extraction and biodegradation to remediate the soils contaminated with high levels of weathered petroleum hydrocarbons. The soils used in this study were obtained from the Shengli Oilfield in China, which had a long history of contamination with high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons. The contaminated soils were washed using a composite organic solvent consisting of hexane and pentane (4:1, v/v) and then bioremediated in microcosms which were bioaugmentated with Bacillus subtilis FQ06 strains and/or rhamnolipid. The optimal solvent extraction conditions were determined as extraction for 20 min at 25 °C with solvent-soil ratio of 6:1 (v/w). On this basis, total petroleum hydrocarbon was decreased from 140 000 to 14 000 mg kg-1, which was further reduced to < 4 000 mg kg-1 by subsequent bioremediation for 132 d. Sustainability assessment of this integrated technology showed its good performance for both short- and long-term effectiveness. Overall the results encouraged its application for remediating contaminated sites especially with high concentration weathered hydrocarbons.     

二(2-乙基己基)邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌的分离和鉴定及其在污染土壤生物修复中的作用

Di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate（DEHP） is a high-molecular-weight phthalate ester（PAE） that has been widely used in the manufacture of polyvinylchloride and contributes to environmental pollution.The objectives of the present study were to isolate a DEHP degrader that can utilize DEHP as a carbon source and to investigate its capacity to biodegrade DEHP in both liquid culture and soil.A bacterial strain WJ4 was isolated from an intensively managed vegetable soil,which was contaminated with PAEs.The strain WJ4 was affiliated to the genus Rhodococcus and was able to remove DEHP from soil effectively.A period of only 7 d was required to degrade about 96.4%of DEHP(200 mg L^-1) in the liquid culture,and more than 55%of DEHP(1.0 g kg^-1) in the artificially contaminated soil was removed within 21 d.Furthermore,Rhodococcus sp.strain WJ4 had a strong ability to degrade DEHP without additional nutrients in liquid minimal medium culture and DEHP-contaminated soil and to degrade the homologue of DEHP in both liquid culture and soil.Strain WJ4 represents a novel tool for removing PAEs from contaminated soils and it may have great potential for application in the remediation of environmental pollution by PAEs.     

施磷量与小麦产量的关系及其对土壤、气候因素的响应

【目的】分析在有效磷含量不同的土壤中磷肥施用量对小麦籽粒产量的影响,探明在保证小麦高产的前提下,不同有效磷含量土壤中施磷量与小麦籽粒产量之间的关系,为小麦生产中合理施用磷肥、改善农田生态环境提供理论依据。【方法】本研究根据1990—2017年间已公开发表的有关中国磷肥田间试验的文献,建立土壤有效磷、施磷量和小麦籽粒产量的数据库。采用数据整合分析方法(Meta-analysis),研究在3个土壤有效磷梯度(< 10、10～20、> 20 mg/kg)下,不同施磷(P₂O₅)量(< 60、60～90、90～120、120～150、> 150 kg/hm2)对小麦籽粒产量的影响,分析施磷量与小麦籽粒产量之间的关系及其对环境因素的响应。【结果】1)除在有效磷 > 20 mg/kg的土壤上施用P₂O₅ > 90 kg/hm2的高量磷肥外,在其它有效磷含量土壤上施用磷肥对小麦籽粒产量的提高均具有正影响。具体表现为:在有效磷 < 10 mg/kg的土壤上,小麦籽粒产量随施磷量的升高而呈直线上升趋势,其中施P₂O₅ > 150 kg/hm2的磷肥对小麦的增产作用最强(36.6%);在有效磷含量为10～20 mg/kg的土壤上,90～120 kg/hm2的P₂O₅施用量对小麦的增产作用最强(25.8%);在有效磷含量 > 20 mg/kg的土壤上,小麦籽粒产量与施磷量的关系符合米歇里西方程,即小麦籽粒产量随施磷量先增加后达到平衡,且磷肥施用对小麦的有效增产作用相对较弱(< 8%)。2)在不同的环境因素下磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提高均为正影响。具体表现为:在不同的气候类型条件下,亚热带季风气候条件下施用磷肥对小麦籽粒产量的提高幅度为19.4%,高于亚热带季风气候区(10.7%);在不同土壤类型条件下,黑垆土中磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提高幅度为34.4%,显著高于黄棕壤(10.3%)、棕壤(9.2%)和褐土(15.6%);在不同小麦种植区中,春小麦区中磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提升幅度为32.9%,显著高于北方冬小麦区(13.9%)和南冬小麦区(10.8%)。【结论】在试验前初始有效磷含量不同的土壤中,磷肥施用量对小麦籽粒产量的影响程度不尽相同,其中在亚热带季风气候、黑垆土、春小麦区条件下施磷的增产作用较强。因此,在小麦生产过程中施用磷肥时应充分考虑当地的土壤有效磷含量,适量施肥,减少磷素浪费,保护农业生态环境。     

Functional shifts of grassland soil communities in response to soil warming

In terrestrial ecosystems most carbon (C) occurs below-ground, making the activity of soil decomposer organisms critical to the global carbon cycle. Temperate grassland ecosystems, contain large, diverse and active soil meso- and macrofauna decomposer communities. Understanding the effects of climate change on their ecology offers a first step towards meaningful predictions of changes in soil organic carbon mineralisation.We examined the effects of soil warming on the abundance, diversity and ecology of temperate grassland soil fauna functional groups, ecosystem net CO₂ flux and respiration and plant above- and below-ground productivity in a 2-year plant-soil mesocosm experiment. Low voltage heating cable mounted on a framework of stainless steel mesh provided a constant 3.5 °C difference between control and warmed mesocosm soils.Results showed that this temperature increment had little effect on soil respiration and above-ground plant biomass. There was, however, a significant effect on the soil fauna due to warmer conditions and increased root growth, with significant decreases in the numbers in the large oligochaete groups and Prostigmata mites and the re-distribution of enchytraeids to deeper soil layers. Functional groups exhibited individualistic responses to soil warming, with the total disappearance of epigeic species in the case of the ecosystem engineers and an increased diversity of fungivorous mites that, together, produced significant changes in the composition and trophic structure of the fauna community.The observed switch towards a fungal driven food web has important implications for the fate of soil organic carbon in temperate ecosystems subjected to sustained warming. Accordingly, soil biology needs to be properly incorporated in C models to make better predictions of the fate of SOC under warmer scenarios.     

喀斯特地区县域土壤侵蚀估算及其对土地利用变化的响应

喀斯特地区土层浅薄,不合理的土地利用导致严重的水土流失,加剧石漠化程度.为定量分析生态工程实施前后土壤侵蚀状况及其对土地利用变化的响应,基于GIS技术和RMMF模型,对环江县1991、2000和2010年土壤侵蚀进行模拟,并采用邻近水文站和径流小区泥沙监测数据进行验证.结果表明:1991、2000和2010年研究区土壤侵蚀模数分别为76.36、76.46和49.60t/(km2·a),与相关监测数据比较一致;土壤侵蚀总量分别为34.76万、34.80万和22.58万t,主要来源于非喀斯特区(均约占全县侵蚀总量的94％).研究区微度侵蚀面积占90％以上,轻度及以上等级所占比例较小.对比不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀模数,旱地远大于其他类型,其次是中覆盖度草地和其他林地.相同降雨条件下,由于旱地面积减少,2010年土壤侵蚀量较1991年减少4.21万t;2010年喀斯特区、非喀斯特区土壤侵蚀量较2000年分别减少了4.21％和8.76％.这预示生态工程实施后,环江县耕地减少、林地增加,土壤侵蚀减少.本研究为评估喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀现状以及退耕还林的水土保持效应提供参考依据.     

Non‐linear thermodynamic laws application to soil processes

An attempt has been made to analyze the possibility to use nonequilibrium thermodynamics for the soil dynamic open systems’ treatment. Entropy change of such a system is expressed by the entropy sum produced within the system and the entropy coming from or going into the outer sphere.

In the steady state, dynamic soil‐formation processes occur within an organized structure and are characterized by stable parameters close to equilibrium. Accordingly, when examining soil, one can proceed from the conventional thermodynamic equilibrium. However, the matter of Onzager‐Prigozhin general phenomenological theory applicability to soil processes is more complicated. To study soil stability it is necessary to go beyond the limits of linear thermodynamics.     

Mathematical modeling of the processes of soil deformation and soil compaction

The regularities of the dynamic deformation of soils with viscoelastic properties have been studied. The methods to calculate soil rheological parameters, the stress state of deformed soils, and soil compaction upon a gradual increase in pressure loads and upon cyclic sinusoidal loads created by consecutive passage of a rolling cylinder over the soil surface are suggested. The corresponding parameters have been calculated for soddy-podzolic and chernozemic soils. The quantitative assessment of the effect of a number of factors on changes in the bulk density and in the rheological properties of the soil at different depths upon the soil deformation is given.