莲子间歇式微波分段变功率真空干燥方法

目前莲子干燥仍以传统热风干燥为主,该方式不仅能耗高,耗时长,且莲子品质不佳,严重制约了莲子产业的高质量发展。为了提高莲子干燥品质、缩短干燥时间和降低能耗,该研究比较了间歇式微波恒定功率和微波分段变功率两种微波真空干燥法,分析了微波功率、干燥时间对莲子干燥特性影响。研究结果表明,间歇式微波分段变功率真空干燥较佳工艺参数为:真空度0.1 MPa,微波工作间歇方式为1.5 min-开/1.5 min-关,干燥过程分两个阶段进行,第一阶段在微波功率1 600 W条件下共工作3 min,间歇3 min,第二阶段在微波功率1 200 W条件下共工作3 min,间歇3 min。在此条件下,莲子主要营养成分中淀粉含量43.43 g/100 g,与恒定微波功率真空干燥(40.83～43.80 g/100 g)和传统热风干燥(42.73g/100 g)效果相当;蛋白质含量为19.37 g/100g,高于恒定微波功率真空干燥(18.17～18.67g/100 g)与热风干燥(18.57 g/100 g);膳食纤维含量为14.60 g/100 g,是热风干燥(6.94 g/100 g)的2.10倍,具有显著性差异(P0.05),与恒定微波功率真空干燥(11.03～14.70 g/100 g)无明显差异(P0.05);单位质量干燥能耗为7 848 kJ/kg,相较于传统热风干燥(465 012 kJ/kg)和恒定微波功率真空干燥(10 440～15 012 kJ/kg),干燥时间缩短,能耗降低。研究结果为莲子的加工生产提供理论支持。     

微波真空干燥扇贝柱的物理和感观特性研究

微波真空干燥是一项新兴食品干燥技术。进行了扇贝柱的微波真空干燥试验，研究了微波真空干燥参数对扇贝柱物理和感观特性的影响规律，并与传统的自然干燥和热风干燥进行了对比分析。结果表明，不同微波功率和真空度组合对扇贝柱的物理和感观特性有明显影响，在微波功率和真空度为3 W/g和0.090 MPa时，干燥扇贝柱具有良好的色泽及表面质量，仅需30 min即可达到20%湿基含水率，收缩率和复水率与自然干燥扇贝柱相近；减小微波功率和降低真空度至2 W/g和0.074 MPa时，干燥扇贝柱的收缩率会增加、色泽和表面质量会变差。试验结果还表明，各种参数组合条件下的微波真空干燥扇贝柱，其干燥速度和抗破碎能力均明显优于自然干燥及热风干燥。利用微波真空干燥扇贝柱，对提高干燥速度和改善产品品质具有明显优势。     

微波加热法提取柚果皮果胶的工艺（简报）

对新鲜柚果皮中果胶进行微波提取,采用咔唑比色法测定提取液中的果胶含量.探讨了料液比、微波功率、微波处理时间、盐析条件等对果胶得率和半乳糖醛酸含量的影响,运用L9(34)正变试验对微波加热提取果胶的工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明:微波功率对果胶得率有极显著影响,微波处理时间影响较小.较佳工艺是:液料比(V/m)8:1,调pH值为2.0,微波功率640W,处理时间8 min,盐析饱和硫酸铝用量与酸萃取液比例为3:5,此条件下提取柚皮果胶得率为4.457％,果胶的半乳糖醛酸含量为42.58％．     

双孢菇微波冷冻干燥特性及干燥品质

为获得干燥时间短、产品质量高的蘑菇制品,采用微波冷冻干燥技术对双孢菇进行干燥处理,研究其在不同微波比功率(0.25,0.5,0.75 W/g)和系统压强(50,100,150 Pa)下的干燥曲线、有效水分扩散系数、复水比、收缩率、白度、维生素C保存率、能耗及基于模糊数学推理法下感官评定的变化规律;通过非线性拟合建立了适用于双孢菇微波冷冻干燥的数学模型;基于干燥能耗、干燥时间及部分品质指标对不同条件下双孢菇微波冷冻干燥过程进行加权综合评价。结果表明:微波比功率对干燥速率及干制品物理品质指标影响比对其他指标的影响更显著(P0.05);系统压强对干制品营养含量指标、干燥能耗以及感官评定的影响比对干燥特性的影响显著(P0.05);采用Henderson and Pabis模型能够准确(R20.9)描述干燥过程中水分变化规律;双孢菇有效水分扩散系数在10-10 m2/s数量级且受微波比功率影响更明显(P0.05);微波比功率和系统压强过高会造成双孢菇干制产品不被消费者接受;当微波比功率和系统压强分别为0.25 W/g和100 Pa时双孢菇微波冷冻干燥的综合评分值最高为0.67847,该条件较适合应用于双孢菇微波冷冻干燥中。研究探索了不同微波冷冻干燥条件下双孢菇干燥及品质特性的变化规律,为双孢菇微波冷冻干燥较优工艺参数组合的选择提供了理论依据。     

罗非鱼片热泵-微波联合干燥工艺

采用响应面分析法优化罗非鱼片热泵-微波联合干燥工艺参数。分别以干燥能耗和产品复水率为试验指标,以热泵干燥温度、转换点含水率、微波功率3因素为自变量,设计3因素3水平组合响应面分析试验,得出干燥能耗和产品复水率随热泵干燥温度、联合干燥转换点含水率和微波干燥功率变化的回归模型。三组验证试验的试验值与相应模型预测值的误差绝对值均小于5%。基于能耗最小的优化参数为:热泵干燥温度为34.34℃,转换点含水率为42.12%,微波功率为131.69 W;基于复水率最大的优化参数为:热泵干燥温度为33.87℃,转换点含水率为30%,微波功率为201.43 W。以热泵-微波联合干燥工艺参数组合(干燥温度为35℃,转换点含水率为39%,微波干燥功率取微波炉功率档252 W)进行试验,并与相同工况(温度和风速)热泵干燥试验值进行比较,结果表明,热泵-微波联合干燥时间比热泵干燥时间缩短了2/3;热泵-微波联合干燥罗非鱼片复水40 min,复水率达到57.40%,比热泵干燥的复水率(39.16%)增加46.5%。该文为热泵—微波联合干燥罗非鱼提供参考。     

微波预处理对玉米秸秆的组分提取及糖化的影响

为了分离得到玉米秸秆中的半纤维素、木质素,改善纤维素的酶水解可及性,对玉米秸秆进行了二步微波预处理法研究.考察了秸秆粒径、液固比、碱及甘油用量、微波功率与处理时间对半纤维素和木质素得率的影响;探讨了预处理后秸秆的酶水解性能.得到的优化预处理条件为:玉米秸秆粒径40～80目;微波-碱预处理功率116.7 W/g、时间10 min、液固比20 mL/g、碱用量150％(质量分数);微波-甘油预处理功率66.7 W/g、处理时间30 min、液固比20mL/g、甘油质量分数100％.试样结果表明:经微波预处理后每10 g玉米秸秆最终可得到2.48 g半纤维素、0.95 g木质素,3.55 g还原糖;二步微波预处理不仅能够提取出玉米秸秆中的半纤维素、木质素,而且提高了纤维素水解的酶可及性,实现了组分的分离.     

超声预处理对荠菜微波干燥品质的影响

为提高荠菜的微波干燥品质,采用不同超声功率(4、6、8和10 W/g)对荠菜进行预处理,研究荠菜的传质特性、微观结构、水分分布、酶活性、微波干燥特性、色泽、复水性、营养成分和风味特性。结果表明：1)相较于未超声对照组,超声预处理显著降低了荠菜中过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性(P<0.05),提高了干物质损失率;2)超声预处理后,荠菜内部细胞间隙及直径增大,荠菜的水分自由度增大,当超声预处理功率为6 W/g时,细胞结构较为完整;3)超声预处理促使荠菜微波干燥速率提高,超声预处理功率为6 W/g时,荠菜干燥速率较高,有效水分扩散系数为2.153 1×10^-6 m²/s;4)荠菜微波干燥动力学模型拟合结果显示,Page模型决定系数R²(0.989 1～0.995 0)较高,均方根误差RMSE(0.024 2～0.035 1)及卡方值χ²(0.000 6～0.001 2)较低,拟合效果最佳;5)超声预处理功率为6 w/g时,微...     

基于水分特性的采煤沉陷地充填复垦黄河泥沙容重优选

为探究黄河泥沙容重与水分运动特征参数的关系,优选黄河泥沙充填复垦的最佳容重设计,运用土壤的概念和性质进行类比研究。根据不同容重条件下饱和含水率与饱和导水率的实测值、van Genuchten模型中进气吸力相关参数?和经验参数m的模拟值,分别建立经验模型,相关系数0.992~0.995(P0.01),决定系数0.938~0.990,理论值与实测值相对误差均控制在10.77%以内。研究结果:1)饱和含水率与饱和导水率均随黄河泥沙容重的增大而减小;2)黄河泥沙中非毛管孔隙度占比高,渗透初期非饱和导水率大,在低吸力段迅速失水;3)黄河泥沙容重为1.5 g/cm3毛管孔隙度最大,更有利于土壤有效水分的保持。在黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地的实践过程中对黄河泥沙充填层进行合理的机械压实,使容重控制为1.5 g/cm3,能够在一定程度上提高黄河泥沙的持水性,实现黄河泥沙充填复垦耕地生产力水平的提高。     

猕猴桃切片微波真空干燥工艺参数的优化

为了提高水果干燥效率、干制品质量和降低干燥能耗,以猕猴桃切片为对象,进行了微波真空干燥试验。通过单因素试验,研究了微波功率、物料厚度、干燥室压力对猕猴桃切片干燥特性的影响。通过3因素5水平的二次回归正交试验,分析了微波功率、物料厚度、干燥室压力与猕猴桃切片干制品复水率、叶绿素含量、维生素C含量及单位耗电量的关系,建立了各指标与试验因素间的回归数学模型,并利用多目标非线性优化方法,确定了猕猴桃切片微波真空干燥最优工艺参数。结果表明：在微波功率为6.54 W/g、切片厚度为6.16 mm、干燥室压力为76.8 Pa的条件下,微波真空干燥猕猴桃切片的能耗最低,同时干制品质量也得到保证。     

微波处理对米象致死效果及小麦发芽率的影响

以米象为试虫,采用G80F20CN2L-B8(SO)型平板微波炉分别以160、320、480、640和800W微波功率处理不同虫态米象5、10、15、20、25和30s,研究米象致死情况;另外以上述微波功率处理20s,及800W分别处理5、10、15、20和25s,测定混合于小麦中米象成虫的致死情况.同时考察微波对小麦...     

Electron paramagnetic resonance and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic evidence for copper porphyrin in actinomycete melanins

The coordination chemistry of iron (III) (Fe³⁺) and copper (II) (Cu²⁺) in melanins synthesized by seven actinomycetes isolated from Brazilian latosol soils under savanna (cerrado) vegetation was investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The EPR spectra indicated the presence of Cu²⁺ ions bound to oxygenated and nitrogenous functional groups, and rhombic coordinated Fe³⁺ ions. In some of the actinomycete melanins the EPR hyperfine splitting of Cu⁺² ion complexes was well resolved, and indicated four magnetically equivalent nitrogen atoms in a plane. This result suggested the presence of Cu⁺² porphyrin complexes, which was confirmed by Soret bands in the 400-nm region of the UV-Vis spectra. The concentration of Mn in actinomycete melanins, determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, was lower than those of Cu and Fe. Received: 9 April 1997     

梯度磁场对芝麻种子生物效应的影响

应用电子顺磁共振(ESR)波谱仪对磁场处理过的芝麻种子连续14d跟踪测量,结果表明磁场可促进芝麻种子内部自由基浓度增加,且其自由基浓度随贮藏时间的延长明显降低,14d后其自由基浓度降低30%以上。用最佳磁场强度分别对芝麻种子进行12min、24min、36min、48min和60min不同梯度处理,结果表明电流50A(磁场强度835G)的磁场处理芝麻种子36~48min生物效应最佳,能有效提高芝麻种子发芽率和发芽势,促进根系生长。     

AQDS加速红壤性水稻土中DDT厌氧脱氯效应研究

电子供体基质和电子穿梭体对电子转移过程有重要影响,进而可能影响厌氧反应体系中2,2-双(4-氯苯基)-1,1,1-三氯乙烷(DDT)还原脱氯降解。为了阐明电子供体基质正丁酸与电子穿梭体蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸盐(AQDS)对红壤性水稻土中DDT还原脱氯效果的影响,本研究采用厌氧土壤培养试验并设定以下5个处理:1灭菌对照,2对照,3正丁酸,4AQDS,5正丁酸+AQDS。结果表明,厌氧培养20 d后,土壤中DDT可提取态残留量减少了85.2%~96.3%。DDT厌氧脱氯降解的主要产物为2,2-双(4-氯苯基)-1,1-二氯乙烷DDD。添加正丁酸在培养前8d显著提高产CH4速率,而对DDT脱氯降解无显著促进作用,第8天之后,随着产CH4速率降低,添加正丁酸处理的DDT脱氯速率逐渐升高。添加AQDS显著增强土壤还原性并加速三价铁氧化物还原生成电子供体二价铁,进而显著促进DDT还原脱氯降解。同时添加正丁酸和AQDS对促进DDT还原脱氯的效果最佳,但是正丁酸和AQDS对加速DDT还原脱氯无显著交互作用。本研究结果对于制定DDT污染土壤的高效原位修复技术方案具有指导意义。     

缺氧土壤中硝态氮还原菌的生理生化特征

综述国内外有关硝态氮还原菌生理生化方面的研究进展 ,包括同化还原、硝酸异化还原成铵、呼吸反硝化和非呼吸性反硝化 ,侧重于电子传递系统     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Achromobacter insolitus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zoogloea ramigera</Emphasis> associated with wheat plants (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis>)

This study reports for the first time the presence of diazotrophic bacteria belonging to the genera Achromobacter and Zoogloea associated with wheat plants. These bacterial strains were identified by the analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. The bacterium IAC-AT-8 was identified as Azospirillum brasiliense, whereas isolates IAC-HT-11 and IAC-HT-12 were identified as Achromobacter insolitus and Zoogloea ramigera, respectively. A greenhouse experiment involving a non-sterilized soil was carried out with the aim to study the endophytic feature of these strains. After 40 days from inoculation, all the strains were in the inner of roots, but they were not detected in soil. In order to assess the location inside wheat plants, an experiment was conducted under axenic conditions. Fifteen days after inoculation, preparations of inoculated plants were observed by the scanning electron microscope, using the cryofracture technique, and by the transmission electron microscope. It was observed that all isolates were present on the external part of the roots and in the inner part at the elongation region, in cortex cells, but not in the endodermis or in the vascular bundle region. No colonizing bacterial cells were observed in wheat leaves.     

Participation of soluble and oxidizable soil organic compounds in denitrification

Summary The role of soluble organic carbon (SOC) in denitrification in four mineral soils and one organic soil was evaluated in laboratory studies. Denitrification capacities and SOC concentrations were determined by nitrate loss from air-dried flooded soil treated with a solution containing 100 g/ml N0₃ ^–-N, while the rate of consumption was measured by Warburg manometry on 20 g air-dried soils to which 10 ml water had been added. High correlation coefficients (r > 0.93) were obtained between denitrification capacities, SOC, and oxygen consumption in the five soils. A mineral soil was amended with extracts of an organic soil. After incubating for 1 week, denitrification capacity was enhanced and SOC concentrations decreased in that soil. Extracted mineral soil had a lower denitrification capacity than an unextracted one. Decreases in concentrations of SOC were related to color change. Infrared spectra of precipitates from soil extracts indicated that absorption at wave number 1420–1440 cm -1 was also related to the color changes. It was implied that low molecular weight fulvic acid like compounds represented the SOC mineralized in denitrification, and that their supply to soil solution by solubilization of organic matter influenced the denitrification rate in the soil.     

电子束辐照对壳聚糖分子量和结构的影响

采用电子束辐照降解壳聚糖,并利用体积排阻色谱-十八角度激光光散射仪、环境扫描电子显微镜、FTIR光谱仪、X衍射仪对辐照样品进行分析.结果表明:随着辐照剂量的增加,壳聚糖的分子量逐渐降低;颗粒随着辐照剂量的增加而逐渐减小;在5～ 300kGy的辐照剂量范围内,电子束辐照对其结构、脱乙酰度和结晶度几乎没有影响.     

Comparative Study of Nutrient Deficiencies on Growth and Photochemistry of Tobacco

Abstract

Element deficiencies, such as molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), lead to disturbances of morphological and physiological processes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). On exposure to nutrient solution without Mo, leaf morphology was significantly affected, whereas photosynthetic processes conserved their normal activities. The decreased Mo, Fe, and Ca concentrations in tobacco were associated with loss of pigments and photosynthetic disturbances. In Ca‐deficient plants a reduction in the rate constant of energy trapping by PSII centers and a physical dissociation of LHC from PSII core, were observed. The poisonous action of Fe and Ca deficiencies focused mainly in the decreased proportion of active chlorophyll associated with the reaction center (RC) of PSII (decreased F _v /F ₀) and in the declined total number of electrons that have gone through the RCs (decreased Area/F _m  ? F ₀). In parallel, the non‐photochemical quenching coefficient was significantly enhanced in Fe and Ca‐deficient plants, but remained unchanged in Mo‐deficient plants. It is obvious that nutrient deficiency may trigger some protective mechanisms in order to PSII could maintain its activity under that type of stress.     

X-ray diffractometry and electron microscopy of DNA from Bacillus subtilis bound on clay minerals

DNA bound on clay minerals, sand, and humic acids has been shown, both in vitro and in situ, to be capable of transforming bacteria and to resist degradation by nucleases, which could result in the crypticity of genes in soil and other natural habitats. To determine where DNA is bound on clay minerals, which may help to explain how bound DNA becomes resistant to degradation by nucleases but retains the ability to transform competent cells, chromosomal DNA from Bacillus subtilis bound on montmorillonite (M) and kaolinite (K) was examined by X-ray diffractometry and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the basal spacings of M and K were not altered, indicating that this DNA did not significantly intercalate the clays. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the binding of this DNA was primarily on the edges of M and K, although some binding was also apparent on the planar surfaces. Based on the results of these studies, it is postulated that:

2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) as electron acceptor of culturable soil bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes

Dehydrogenase assays based on the reduction of 2,3,5- triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to the creaming red-coloured formazan (TPF), have been used to determine microbial activity in soil. By spraying TTC on culturable microbial colonies, whose growth was induced by applying glucose, we observed that from 72 to 100% of the bacterial and actinomycetes colonies in different soils were capable of using TTC as an electron acceptor. This percentage decreased to only 5% in the case of fungal colonies.