梨矮化砧木选育及其应用研究进展

我国梨产业在农业经济发展中处于重要的地位,但梨矮化砧木在梨栽培中的研究及应用还十分薄弱。该文综述了梨矮化砧木的选育及应用情况,主要包括国内外不同梨矮化砧木选育研究进展、梨矮化砧木在生产中的应用、梨矮化砧木选育需要解决的问题及现代育种技术应用等。这些研究工作为今后梨矮化砧木选育工作提供理论依据,对梨树矮化密植栽培技术的推广有重要参考价值。     

梨矮化砧木研究进展

该文概述了梨矮化砧木的选育及应用、梨矮化砧木的致矮机理及无性系繁育研究等方面的研究进展。现有报道表明,国外主要以榅桲作为梨的异属矮化砧木,梨的同属矮化砧木有一定研究,但是进展缓慢。我国梨矮化砧木研究起步晚,但也选育了一些梨属矮化砧木。     

山西省农科院果树研究所苹果砧木课题组

<正>大量提供矮化中间砧苹果苗及接穗山西省农科院果树研究所从上世纪70年代起致力于果树砧木选育研究,先后选育出S系、SH系苹果矮化砧木、K系梨矮化砧木。SH系因其矮化、早果、丰产、果实综合性状优良、砧穗亲和好、抗性强等特性均优于其他砧木,已在我国苹果产区普遍应用,是我国发展苹果矮化密植栽培的首选砧木,进入21世纪以来,课题组致力于抗寒、抗旱、早果苹果矮化砧木的选育,目前已从15万株晋西北野生山定子中,筛选出一批综合性状优良的单系,暂     

梨矮化砧木新品种‘中矮3 号’

 梨矮化砧木‘中矮3号’是从‘锦香’梨实生后代中选育出的。树体矮化紧凑,株高相当于乔化型‘早酥’梨的54%。繁殖系数高。作为梨矮化砧木与基砧和嫁接品种亲和性好,促进嫁接树矮化,早果,早期丰产,果实品质优。抗梨枝干轮纹病和枝干腐烂病,病情指数分别为15和27。适宜在白梨、砂梨、西洋梨及部分秋子梨栽培区域作中间砧应用。     

梨矮化砧木中矮1号GA20-氧化酶基因克隆与表达分析

中矮1号是中国农业科学院果树研究所选育的梨优良矮化砧木,为研究其矮化机理,利用RT-PCR结合RACE方法克隆了梨矮化砧木中矮1号的1个GA20-氧化酶基因,并对该基因及其氨基酸序列以及该基因在不同生长类型梨品种中不同时期新梢叶片中的表达进行了分析。结果表明,该基因全长1 179 bp,推导编码392个氨基酸,其编码的...     

梨矮化砧木新品种‘中矮5号’

‘中矮5号’是从‘锦香’梨实生后代中选育出的梨矮化砧木新品种。树体矮化紧凑,1年生株高相当于乔化型‘早酥’梨的17.3%。作中间砧与嫁接品种和基砧亲和性好,矮化程度、早果性及丰产性明显高于无中间砧对照。较抗梨枝干轮纹病和梨干腐病,抗寒性较强,在辽宁兴城地区无冻害,适于在辽宁中南部梨栽培区应用。     

梨K系矮化自根砧木的选育

梨Ｋ系矮化自根砧木的选育李登科１邵嘉鸣２张忠仁１邵开基２郜晓梦１（１山西省农科院果树研究所，太谷０３０８００）（２山西省农业科学院）利用矮化砧木是梨树矮密栽培的主要途径之一。８０年代以前，欧美各国主要应用异属矮化砧木类型，但因这些砧木在与梨属栽培种嫁...     

辽宁省果树科学研究所梨研究室简介

<正>本室现有科技人员5人,其中博士2人、硕士2人,研究员2人、副研究员1人。主要从事北方梨品种资源的收集与鉴定、新品种选育、梨矮化砧木选育、栽培技术及分子生物学等方面的研究。试验区面积4.8 hm2,保存190余个梨杂交组合     

梨矮化砧木新品种‘中矮2号’

 ‘中矮2号’是采用有性杂交技术选育而成的梨矮化砧木品种, 作梨树中间砧木或自根砧木具有促进嫁接品种树矮化、早果、早期丰产、果实品质好等特点。砧木品种本身抗寒性强, 高抗梨树枝干轮纹病或枝干腐烂病。     

2014年度华耐园艺科技奖

<正>项目名称:梨优异矮化种质创制与矮化砧品种培育利用完成单位:中国农业科学院果树研究所完成人:姜淑苓,欧春青,王斐,贾敬贤,陈长兰,马力,李连文,汤常永,郝宁宁项目简介:针对中国梨生产上矮化砧木及矮化品种培育及应用中存在的问题,率先培育出了具有自主知识产权,与东方梨和西方梨均亲和的矮化砧木新品种5个,创制出株形矮化、品质优良的矮生型梨新种质30个,     

Relationships between sap flow,hydraulic conductivity,and the anatomical characteristics of stems and roots in apple rootstocks of different vigour

Summary

To find a useful parameter that could be related to the degree of rootstock vigour, for rootstock breeding programmes, sap flow, hydraulic conductivity, and the anatomical characteristics of stems and roots were measured in 1-year-old trees of apple rootstocks of different vigour. Sap flow was less active in dwarfing rootstocks than in invigorating rootstocks, when taking leaf area into account, under a controlled temperature of 20ºC with the root zone at 15ºC. The hydraulic conductivities of stems and roots were not consistent with the degree of dwarfing.The hydraulic conductivity of the stem appeared to be related to the diameter and density of the large vessels in the xylem. On the other hand, the phloem-to-xylem ratio in roots with diameters of 1.5 – 2.0 mm, was closely-related to sap flow and the degree of dwarfing. The phloem-to-xylem ratio decreased as the degree of vigour increased. Moreover, the phloem-to-xylem ratio was considered to be related to the ability of roots to absorb and transport water, which was expressed as the root-specific sap flow. Therefore, the phloem-to-xylem ratio could be a useful index for evaluating the potential of apple trees as dwarfing rootstocks.     

桃树砧木的研究进展

文章综述了国内外桃树砧木的应用和研究进展情况,重点在抗根结线虫、耐涝性、耐旱性、耐盐碱性、抗根癌病、抗重茬、抗寒性以及矮化砧木的研究进展方面进行了综述。     

Polar transport of [3H]-IAA in apical shoot segments of different apple rootstocks

Summary

The polar transport of [³H]-indole-3-acetic acid in apical shoot segments of clonal apple rootstocks (M.27, M.9, M.26, MM.111 and MM.104) was investigated in the UK using a donor-receptor system. The month in which the experiment was undertaken had a significant influence on the uptake and transport of [³H]-indole-3-acetic acid activity; uptake and transport were greater in June and July (faster extension growth period) than in August (slower extension growth period). Shoot segments from dwarfing rootstocks (M.27 and M.9) showed smaller uptake and less transport of [³H]-indole-3-acetic acid than those from invigorating rootstocks (MM.111 and MM.104). [³H]-indole-3-acetic acid was transported to the agar receptors through shoot segments from all the rootstocks in June and July; those from dwarfing rootstocks showing lower levels of transport than those from invigorating ones. However, in August, [³H]-indole-3-acetic acid activity from the agar receptors was detected only from shoot segments of invigorating rootstocks, which continued to produce extension growth slowly, when dwarfing rootstocks had already ceased shoot extension growth. These results are discussed with reference to the effects of apple rootstocks on the size of scions.     

苹果紧凑型品种和矮化砧木内源激素的变化

 以不同矮化程度的苹果品种、砧木和嫁接植株为试材, 研究了春梢旺长期茎尖和春梢停长期叶片的内源激素变化。结果表明, 与普通型品种相比, 紧凑型品种茎尖和叶片中的赤霉素(GA₁₊₃) 含量显著降低而细胞分裂素(CTKs) 含量显著升高, 紧凑型品种的CTKs/ GA₁₊₃约是普通型品种的4. 78～6. 24 倍。不同矮化程度的砧木间相比, 春梢停长期叶片中, M9 的IAA 含量比平邑甜茶降低了53. 7 %。以M26作中间砧, 显著降低了接穗叶片和基砧新根中的IAA 含量; 但以新红星作中间砧则影响较小。将M26中间砧与紧凑型品种组合, 与乔砧普通型植株相比, 春梢停长期叶片和新根中IAA 含量分别下降了46. 1 %和33. 3 %,CTKs/ GA₁₊₃是其2. 8～3. 6 倍, 其变化幅度大于单一应用矮化砧、紧凑型品种的植株。因此, 紧凑型、矮化砧具有不同的激素调节机制, GA、CTK在紧凑型品种矮化中起重要作用, 而矮砧的矮化可能与IAA 密切相关。     

渭北黄土高原苹果不同砧穗组合幼树根系发育和分布的特征

砧穗组合选配是苹果矮砧集约栽培模式的关键环节之一,幼树的早果性和易成形性是评判砧穗组合优劣的重要指标,这与幼树根系分布密切相关。以中国苹果生产上8种常见砧穗组合的3年生幼树为试材,采用壕沟法对幼树根系分布特征进行了调查分析。结果表明:8种砧穗组合幼树根构型可以分为M系自根砧、SH系自根砧、乔化实生砧木、M系中间砧和SH系中间砧等5大类。3年生幼树根系在水平和垂直方向分布的主要区域,均为0~60 cm范围,且随着距树干距离的增大而减少。不同砧穗组合,根系长度以直径2 mm级别的根系最长,其次是直径2~5 mm的,10 mm以上的最短。乔化实生砧木较无性系矮化砧木粗根多,而须根少;矮化砧木中,M系砧木根系构成以须根为主,而SH系和青砧系砧木须根均较少。砧穗组合幼树的地上分枝数、短枝比例和花芽数等早果性指标与细根(直径2 mm)根系数量、根长密度和根表面积密度呈显著正相关关系。通过对各砧穗组合易成花和易成形的综合评价,认为在渭北黄土高原有灌溉条件的地区,M系自根砧和中间砧组合早果性好和易成形较好,而SH系组合较易成形,但早果性较差,乔化组合早果性最差,这与它们的根系分布特征密切相关。     

我国苹果种质资源研究现状与展望

简要介绍了近几年国内外苹果生产及贸易现状,并概述了我国4个苹果种质资源圃的建设情况和苹果属植物资源收集、保存工作。从农艺性状、品质性状、矮化性和无融合生殖等方面对苹果种质资源进行了系统的鉴定评价,并利用现代计算机技术,对501份苹果种质资源的性状鉴定和评价数据进行规范化处理,建成苹果种质资源信息数据库。目前苹果种质资源创新及利用主要体现在苹果新品种、矮化砧的选育和苹果无融合生殖利用3个主要方面,并提出今后我国苹果种质资源研究的重点和方向。     

Auxin transport capacity in relation to the dwarfing effect of apple rootstocks

SUMMARY

Basipetal auxin transport in shoots obtained from dwarfing (M.9) and less-dwarfing (MM.Ill) apple rootstocks was compared by measuring the distribution of ¹⁴C-[carboxy]-labelled indole 3-acetic acid supplied to the ends of shoot segments. Auxin was transported at a greater velocity in MM.111 than in M.9 in both woody and non-woody segments, and was effectively blocked by 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. The velocities of transport were approximately 8 mmh-¹ in M.9,and 13 mmh-¹ MM.111. There was relatively little transport in the acropetal direction, and there were no significant differences between the two rootstocks in total auxin uptake. Chromatographic analysis suggested that the metabolismof the auxin supplied followed similar patterns in both rootstocks. It is proposed that the slower auxin transport in M.9 results from a lower capacity for auxin efflux from transporting cells. A limiting auxin transport capacity could explain the reduced cambial activity and subsequent xylem formation in the dwarfing M.9 rootstock, and thus make an important contribution to the dwarfing effect.     

不同砧木苹果树细根周转动态的研究

为了分析不同砧木苹果树细根的发生和周转动态,连续4年通过微根管技术研究不同砧木的5年生‘富士’苹果砧穗组合细根中的活根根长密度与死根根长密度的动态变化,以及细根年周转率和季节周转率。结果表明,乔砧树富士/八棱海棠的活根根长密度最大,矮化中间砧富士/M9/八棱海棠和富士/SH40/八棱海棠次之,矮化自根砧富士/M9、富士/SH40和富士/小金海棠最小,所有砧穗组合的活根根长密度随着树龄的增加而逐年减小。所有砧穗组合在夏秋季出现细根发生和死亡高峰期,乔砧树富士/八棱海棠的细根发生高峰期的活根根长密度和死根根长密度均最大。细根年周转率和季节周转率年度间差异大,矮化自根砧树细根的年周转率高于乔砧树。矮化自根砧和矮化中间砧树体ARLD低于乔砧树体可能与其致矮性相关。     

Phenotyping vigour control capacity of new peach rootstocks by xylem vessel analysis

In peach, xylem anatomical characteristics have been shown to be related to vigour of selected rootstocks. The goal of this research was to determine if xylem characteristics of a new set of rootstocks that exhibit a range of size-controlling potential and have a different genetic background from previously examined material would also exhibit similar differences in xylem characteristics. If so, then anatomical analysis of xylem may be a useful means of predicting the vigour control capacity of selected peach rootstock genotypes. Samples of xylem tissue were taken from roots, trunks and shoots of four new rootstocks that were derived from a genetic cross between ‘Harrow Blood’ and ‘Okinawa’ peaches and compared with tissue from ‘Nemaguard’, a vigorous control. Xylem samples were sectioned and analysed by optical microscope. The number and dimensions of vessels in recently developed xylem of each rootstock were measured and compared. The more dwarfing rootstocks had fewer large vessels and more small vessels than the more vigorous rootstocks. Weighted mean vessel diameter (Wm) and calculated hydraulic conductance (K_h) differed among rootstocks: more vigorous rootstocks had higher K_h and Wm than dwarfing rootstocks. Rootstock xylem vessel dimensions varied in relation to the vigour they imparted to a common scion cultivar (‘O’Henry’). After the ‘Nemaguard’ control, ‘HBOK 50’ was the most vigorous rootstock followed by ‘HBOK 10’, ‘HBOK 32’ and ‘HBOK 27’, respectively. Thus, as was seen in previous research with a separate set of rootstocks, the vigour-control capacity of this new series of peach rootstocks was strongly related to their xylem hydraulic characteristics and it appears likely that it would be possible to use xylem anatomical characteristics of shoots or roots of young trees to pre-select for size-controlling potential in a rootstock development program.