Aantasting van bladeren van rhododendron DoorChaetapiospora rhododendri (Tengw.) v. Arx

Summary Two fungi were isolated from diseased leaves ofRhododendron ponticum: Botryosphaeria foliorum (Sacc.)v. Arx etMüll enChaetapiospora rhododendri (Tengw.) v. Arx. With the latter inoculation-experiments were performed. It became clear that this fungus can only invade the leaves ofRhododendron ponticum through wounds, causing dead areas. These spots enlarged quickly when the leaves were detached from the branches. Perithecia developed in the dead tissues.     

Enkele waarnemingen over het opreden van de verwelkingsiekte bij luzerne in Zeeland in 1957

Summary Some observations have been made on lucerne wilt disease during the growing season in 1957, and in experimental inoculation tests in a glasshouse in 1958. In the province of Zeeland the disease does harm to the crop and prevents many farmers from keeping their crops longer than two years.In a survey data have been collected on soil type, preceding crops, green manuring and manuring with stable dung, pH, structure and weeds. No correlations between these factors and the degree of attack by the disease could be proved, except that on heavy soils the disease was less severe than on lighter soils (as a mean of all observations).Development of the disease is facilitated by damage caused by mechanical equipment to the crop. Damage to the crown of the plants should be avoided as much as possible. The disease is distributed extensively after frequent mowing. On attacked leaves left behind on the mowed stalks, and on decayed leaves dropped to the soil, masses of spores ofVerticillium albo-atrum are produced, which form a potential source of infection in a weakened crop.It seems that the disease is more air-borne than soil-borne, since one year old crops are seldom attacked.From attacked lucerne plants in the field the following fungi have been isolated:Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berth.,Gliocladium roseum Bain andFusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. (table 1).Isolations have been made from 50 different species of weeds, out of which the following fungi were obtained:Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berth. fromCapsella bursa-pastoris Med. andPlantago major L.,V. dahliae Kleb. fromPrunella vulgaris L.,Capsella bursa-pastoris Med. andThlaspi arvense L., andV. lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas fromPlantago major L.In inoculation experiments with all these isolates, in roots, stalks and on cut plants of lucerne, onlyV. albo-atrum, both from lucerne and weeds, andV. lecanii proved to be able to cause wilting of leaves and stalks. WithGliocladium, Fusarium andVerticillium dahliae no such symptoms could be obtained. The results were the same whatever method of inoculation was used.     

Observation en Hollande de la forme parfaite du champignonGloeosporium perennans Zeller et Childs

Summary In October 1956 apothecia, belonging toPezicula malicorticis (Jackson)Nannfeldt (=Neofabraea malicorticis (Cordley) Jackson), the perfect stage of the parasite known in plant pathology literature asGloeosporium perennans, have been found on naturally infected appletrees in Druten and near Deest (Land van Maas en Waal) and on appletrees at Wageningen, which had been inoculated with mycelium ofG. perennans in October 1955. The apothecia occurred as well on the surface of the bark as in old conidial fructifications; they were sessile, clearly convex, bright-yellow under moist conditions and brownish when old or dry. The diameter of the apothecia was 0,4–1,6 mm. As many as 100 apothecia were found on a square cm. It is put forward that the formation of the apothecia has been favoured by the very wet weather of the preceding summer.

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Ingénieur agronome aux Stations fédérales d'essais agricoles, Lausanne (Suisse).     

β-1,3-D-Glucan Transported from Golgi Apparatus of Japanese Pear Leaves is a Component of Extracellular Polysaccharides Accumulated after AK-toxin I Treatment

This fluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic study showed that β-1,3-D-glucan accumulated only in leaves of a susceptible cultivar of Japanese pear after treatment with a host-specific toxin, AK-toxin I, from Alternate, alternata Japanese pear pathotype. The positive fluorescent reaction of callose was detected only in aniline blue fluorochrome-stained sections from toxin-treated leaves of the susceptible cultivar: positive sites were observed on cell walls of leaf cells. The sites of callose deposition were probably consistent spatially with modified sites on the plasma membrane that were observed only in the toxin-treated leaves of the susceptible cultivar. The toxin-induced modifications, identified as damage to the plasma membrane, were characterized by invagination of the plasmalemma specifically at plasmodesmata and as the concomitant accumulation of extracellular polysaccharides at the invaginated sites. A positive reaction to anti-β-1,3-D-glucan antibody was detected at the polysaccharides, Golgi vesicles, and trans-Golgi network (TGN) of toxin-treated leaves of the susceptible cultivar, but not at Golgi vesicles and TGN of water-treated ones. The cis-, medial and trans-Golgi stacks of toxin-treated leaves of the susceptible cultivar were negative for the antibody. The results showed that the polysaccharides, Golgi vesicles and TGN contained abundant β-1,3-D-glucan and that the glucan was transported from the Golgi apparatus via Golgi vesicles to the modified sites in cells of toxin-treated leaves of the susceptible cultivar. Received 7 March 2002/ Accepted in revised form 10 June 2002     

Een ziekte in erwten,veroorzaakt door het aaltje hoplolaimus uniformis thorne

Summary In some gardens on light sandy soil in Ede a poor growth and yellowing of the leaves beginning with the lowermost ones was observed in peas together with root rot and reddish discoloration of the vascular bundles. The soil was heavily infected withHoplolaimus uniformis Thorne,Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb)Sher andAllen,P. minyus Sher andAllen and aTylenchorhynchus species.The disease symptoms described above were reproduced experimentally by growing peas in soil inoculated withHoplolaimus uniformis.The other species mentioned above did not damage peas grown in soil inoculated with numbers five times as high as in the original soil.     

Grondonderzoek op phytophthora sabdariffae

Summary For the successful cultivation ofHibiscus sabdariffa for fiberproduction in Java a preceding determination is necessary whether either soil or organic manure are contaminated byPhytophthora sabdariffa or not. To this end a method has been elaborated analogous to the method to determined soil contamination byPhytophthora nicotianae.According toGarrett's scheme ofWaksman's classification of soil fungi into soil inhabitants and soil invaders,Phytophthora sabdariffa has to be classified as soil invader.To test the presence of this fungus in soil or in organic manure leaves ofRicinus communis prove to be useful as a detector, since leaves ofHibiscus sabdariffa are too small and too quickly given tot decay. A method is to spread a paste of the soil or of the organic manure on the leaves and to keep these leaves contaminated during 24 hours (spreading method). Afterwards the paste is washed away and the leaves are kept in humid conditions during another 24 hours or 2×24 hours.The number of spots caused by Phytophthora is a measure of soil- or manureinfection (Table I). A more sensitive method is obtained by making a suspension of the soil or of the manure and by streaming this suspension (submersion method) during two hours over Ricinus leaves (Thung, 3). Afterwards the leaves are kept in humid air to give the fungus occasion to form spots (Table 2). Since Ricinus leaves are also susceptible to tobacco- and Ricinus-Phytophthora, these fungi will also be detected by these leaves. Owing to the fact that these fungi are also a parasite ofHibiscus sabdariffa, these method prove to be useful to detect suspected soil or manure regarding the cultivation of this fiberplant.     

Ceuthorrhynchus suturalis,een voor uien schadelijke snuitkever

Summary In 1960Ceuthorrhynchus suturalis F., the onion weevil, was very abundant in onion fields in the south-western part of the Netherlands. PreviouslyLli (1954) in Yugoslavia andJancke & Nietzke (1939) andRogoll (1959) in East-Germany have studied this pest.Investigations on the biology and the control of the weevil in the Netherlands have given the following results. In early spring the weevils concentrate on the young onion crops, feeding on the leaves. Their feeding may cause serious damage to the plants (fig. 3). At a later stage of development of the plants the weevils oviposit in the leaves, mainly towards the tips. The larvae which hatch from the eggs, are free-living in the hollow leaves (fig. 1). They feed upon the leaf tissue with the exception of the epidermis, and cause transparent oblong spots, similar to those caused by the larvae ofAcrolepia assectella Zell. (fig. 2). The larvae pupate in the surface layers of the soil. After emergence the adult weevils remain for some days in the onion fields, feeding on the leaves. They then migrate to hibernate elsewhere.C. suturalis has only one generation a year.The young onion plants should be sprayed as soon as the damage caused by the weevils becomes visible. Plants in later stages of development should also be sprayed, if many transparent spots are present.The weevils are very susceptible to Gusathion. This insecticide should be used at a dosage of 300 g active ingredient per hectare. The larvae too are very susceptible to this insecticide (tables 1, 2 and 3); they are less susceptible to insecticides containing N-methylnaphthylcarbamate. The latter chemical has to be used at a dosage of 750 g active ingredient per hectare. To obtain a uniform cover of the plants it is advisable to apply the insecticide in a minimum amount of 500 liter of spray liquid per hectare and to add a detergent if not already present.     

Enkele gegevens omtrent sclerospora in Indonesië

Samenvatting De gevoelige periode van de maisplant voor infectie doorSclerospora maydis (Rac.) Butler werd bepaald, alsmede de incubatietijd (grafieken 1 en 2). Behalve deze soort komt sinds 1947 op Noord CelebesSclerospora philippinensis Weston voor, die daar aanzienlijke schade aan mais toebrengt. De verschillen van deze schimmel metSclerospora sacchari zijn slechts gering en een nader onderzoek dienaangaande is dan ook zeer gewenst.De eerste oögoniën-vorm vanSclerospora in Indonesië werd gevonden en wel vanSclerospora northii Weston op eenErianthus spec. op het eiland Soemba.Summary The nomenclature ofSclerospora maydis (Rac.) Butler is discussed. The susceptible period of the host and the time of incubation of this fungus (graphs 1 and 2) were determined.Since 1947 a species ofSclerospora has caused considerable damage on maize in North Celebes. It is stated to beSclerospora philippinensis Weston. The differences between this fungus andSclerospora sacchari T. Miyake are very slight. AsSclerospora sacchari is still unknown in Indonesia, it is very important for the culture of sugarcane on Java to investigate by means of inoculation trials, ifSclerospora philippinensis can attack sugarcane. Sclerospora northii Weston has been found onErianthus spec. on the isle of Sumba; it is the only knownSclerospora species in Indonesia which forms oögonia.Vroeger verbonden aan het Instituut voor Plantenziekten te Bogor, Indonesia, thans aan het Inst. v. Plantenziektenkundig Onderzoek (I.P.O.) te Wageningen.     

D-Alanine-D-Alanine Ligase Gene (ddl) of Erwinia chrysanthemi Strain EC16 I. Isolation and Gene Dosage Effect on Pectate Lyase Synthesis

New regulatory gene for pectate lyase (Pel) production of Erwinia chrysanthemi strain EC16 was searched by observing the gene dosage effect of each cosmid library in Pel production. From this survey, a cosmid clone, p5A, had reduced in Pel production under both inducing and non-inducing conditions and caused less tissue maceration of potato tubers. The 2.64-kb HindIII fragment from p5A was found to be responsible for this phenotype and to contain one major ORF consisting of 1107 nucleotides, which had homology with ddlA (49.6%) and ddlB (49.6%) of Escherichia coli and with ddlA (44.6%) of Salmonella typhimurium. These genes had been shown to encode D-alanine-D-alanine ligase (Ddl), an enzyme which is involved in the synthesis of peptidoglycan. This ORF encodes 368 amino acid residues and its molecular weight is estimated to be 43 kDa. This ORF of EC16 could complement ddl deficient mutant of Escherichia coli. Received 15 May 2002/ Accepted in revised form 20 June 2002     

Het parasitaire karakter van Septotinia populiperda Waterman & Cash

Summary Mature apothecia ofSeptotinia populiperda Waterman andCash are formed in spring and early summer on leaves shed the previous autumn. The ascospores ofS. populiperda produce an infection in the form of leafblotches only when an injury of the leaf is present.P. candicans Ait. is more susceptible to the parasite thanP. marilandica Bosc. andP. brabantica Houtz. Leafblotches are produced in equal numbers when the ascospores are sprayed with an atomizer upon the upper or the lower leafsurface. The germination of the ascospores is inhibited in vitro at a concentration of 7 to 8 mg copper per liter, when copper is used as Bordeaux mixture, or as coppersulfate (CuSO₄5H₂O).     

Isolation and Sequence of a Gene, celD Xo Involved in Cellobiose Utilization in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

A genomic library of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (X. o. pv. oryzae) T7174 was screened for 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-glucoside-hydrolyzing (MUGase) activity. In subcloning of one of the MUGase-positive clones, an approximately 4.2-kb SacI-SphI fragment conferred not only MUGase activity but also 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-cellobioside-hydrolyzing (MUCase) activity. Sequence analysis showed that the fragment contained an ORF of 2951 bp. The conceptual ORF product was significantly homologous with 1,4-β-D-glucan glucohydrolase D (CELD) from Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa, and was named CELD_Xo. Cell fractionation experiments suggested that CELD_Xo is localized in the cell-envelope fraction. We constructed a CELD_Xo-deficient mutant (74ΔCELD) from X. o. pv. oryzae. Little MUCase activity was detected in the cell-envelope fraction prepared from the mutant. The mutant 74ΔCELD did not grow in synthetic medium containing cellobiose as the sole sugar source. On the other hand, growth in rice leaves and pathogenicity of the mutant and the parental strain did not differ. These results suggested that CELD_Xo is involved in cellobiose utilization of X. o. pv. oryzae but that the gene is not required for bacterial growth in rice leaves. Received 16 February 2001/ Accepted in revised form 11 April 2001     

Indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aciculosporium take</Emphasis>, a causal agent of witches' broom of bamboo

 Aciculosporium take (Ascomycota; Clavicipitaceae) is a causal agent of witches' broom of bamboo plants. The symptoms of this disease are believed to be induced by plant hormones, particularly auxins. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was identified in cultures of this fungus in an l-tryptophan-supplemented liquid medium. IAA production was confirmed on 30 isolates of A. take from various hosts and locations at levels up to 1 mg/l. The biosynthetic pathway of IAA in A. take culture was examined by analyzing intermediate products and by feeding experiments. The results showed that the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway (l-tryptophan → indole-3-pyruvic acid → indole acetaldehyde → IAA) was the dominant pathway in A. take. Received: June 3, 2002 / Accepted: July 25, 2002     

Een virus inAtropa belladonna

Summary In a bgarden at Baarn, The Netherlands,Atropa belladonna plants, grown from seed, showed symptoms similar to those described bySmith (1946, 1957) for Belladonna mosaic. After inoculation of solanaceous test plants with sap from diseased plants, the following species showed symptoms:Atropa belladonna L.,Capsicum annuum L.,Hyoscyamus niger L.,Nicandra physaloides Gaertn.,Nicotiana glutinosa L.,Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Samsun,Petunia hybrida andPhysalis floridana Rydb. The symptoms suggest that the virus may be identical with that described bySmith. A high virus concentration was found inHyoscyamus niger. Nicandra physaloides, Petunia hybrida, Physalis floridana, in the roots and the pericarp of diseasedAtropa plants, and also inSolanum nigrum L. andDatura stramonium L. The latter two species showed hardly any symptoms. A. low virus concentration was found inCapsicum annuum, though this plant showed severe symptoms.The dilution end point of the virus was between 10^–3 and 10^–4; virusinactivation occurred between 70° and 80°C.In electron micrographs the rod-shaped virus particles appeared similar to those of rattle virus.Virus could be detected in the roots of tobacco plants after the leaves had been inoculated with sap of diseasedAtropa-plants (Table 1). The reverse did not occur. Following immersion of the roots of tobacco plants in virus-containing sap these plants were potted in steamed soil. Subsequently the roots proved to be infected but the stems and leaves contained no virus. However,Atropa plants treated in the same way, did show leaf symptoms.It appeared, that the roots of young, healthy tobacco plants could become infected with virus, when grown in naturally infested soil for only tow days (Table 2). Fungus cultures isolated from diseased roots did not show any infectivity. Nematodes are probably the vectors of this virus (Sol, Van Heuvel & Seinhorst, 1960).Met medewerking van Merr.J. M. Dekhuyzen-Maasland, Dr. S. Gayed (Karthoum), Mej.C. van Heuven, C. de Vooys en Mej.R. van Wessem.     

Growth of Glucose-uptake-deficient Mutant of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Rice Leaves

We isolated Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae mutants deficient in the phosphoenolpyruvate : carbohydrate phos-photransferase system, a major glucose transport system in bacteria, using the glucose analogue 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-d-glucose (3FG). Glucose uptake by the mutants was decreased to 15–35% of the parental strain, and growth greatly decreased in synthetic media containing glucose as a sole sugar source. Growth of the mutants in rice leaves was, however, similar to the wild type. These findings suggest that glucose is not necessarily a major carbohydrate source for X. o. pv. oryzae in rice leaves. Received 11 August 2000/ Accepted in revised form 15 December 2000     

Het optreden van plaatselijke rassen bij Helopeltis antonii Sign. op Java

Summary Helopeltis antonii was bred at different constant temperatures at the experimental station at Semarang in 1939 and 1940. Some of the results concerning the duration of development from hatching of the egg untill the imaginal stage are recorded in the table and the graph. By comparing these data with those published byLeefmans (1916) (Helopeltis bred on tea in West Java) andZehntner (1901) (Helopeltis bred on cocoa in Central Java) we find that the time of development mentioned by these authors is shorter. In accordance with the experiments ofBonnemaison (1946) this probably can be attributed to the breeding ofHelopeltis at alternating temperatures (day and night). The duration of development at 19°C, mentioned byLeefmans (19 days), however, differs so much from the duration found in this investigation (32–34 days) that this explanation seems improbable. Other experiments at constant temperature, that will be published elsewhere, show that the population used for breeding was well adapted to the average temperature at the estate, Djati Rungo, from where this population came. This extreme adaptation suggests that this may also occur at other localities. Therefore it is probable that the populations ofH. antonii from different localities do not have the same genetical composition. The differences mentioned above can probably be attributed therefore to this fact. Data are given to strengthen this supposition. The existence of genetically different populations has already been suggested by ProfessorRoepke in 1909. He called them biological races. The occurrence of the varietybradyi ofH. antonii is probably caused by such a difference too and thus could better be considered as a subspecies.Helopeltis theobromae Mill. is without doubt only a subspecies ofH. theivora.Thus we suggest:Helopeltis antonii subspec.bradyi Wat. new comb. Helopeltis theivora subspec.theobromae Mill. new comb.

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Deventer     

Defective Long-distance Transport of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumber mosaic virus </Emphasis>in Radish Is Efficiently Complemented by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Turnip mosaic virus</Emphasis>

A strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-D8) systemically infects Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus), but the Y strain of CMV (CMV-Y) only infects the inoculated leaves. Both of these strains cause severe systemic mosaic on the plants after dual infection with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Synergistic interactions on long-distance transport of CMV-Y and CMV-D8 with TuMV were analyzed using an immunobinding assay. Direct tissue blots probed with either anti-CMV-Y or anti-TuMV antiserum clearly showed that CMV-Y efficiently spread and accumulated in the tissues of noninoculated upper leaves and roots when co-inoculated with TuMV, and that long-distance movement of CMV-D8 was enhanced by the presence of TuMV. Received 16 September 1999/ Accepted in revised form 5 February 2000     

Investigation ofHippeastrum mosaic virus inHippeastrum hybridum

An attempt was made to identify a mosaic disease inHippeastrum hybridum. Infectious virus material could be demonstrated in roots, leaves, stem, perianth, stamen and pistil. Inclusion bodies were found in the epidermis of leaves, stem, spatha leaves and in the perianth. Virus concentration in a young stage was high but decreased by aging of the perianth. Efforts to transmit the virus by aphids failed. However, the virus was transmitted by seed in a few cases. Plants of 30 species reacted negatively upon inoculation with the virus.Hippeastrum hybridum, Gomphrena globosa, Chlorophytum spec. andLycopersicum esculentum could be infected experimentally. On account of the host range and presence of inclusion bodies the mosaic symptoms inHippeastrum are not caused by tomato spotted wilt virus or Cucumber mosaic virus. Results suggest that the virus under investigation is theHippeastrum mosaic virus. Dr.M. K. Corbett, Wageningen, succeeded in purifying the virus by density gradient centrifugation. Whe preparation contained flexuous rod particles. Plants ofDatura stramonium, Nicotiana glutinosa andN. tabacum Samsun could be infected. Within two weeks after inoculation with purified virus solution these plants showed systemic symptoms.

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Samenvatting In een kwekerij te Hoorn werden planten vanHippeastrum hybridum aangetroffen, die mozaïekverschijnselen vertoonden. De oorzaak hiervan werd nagegaan. Infectieus virusmateriaal kon worden aangetoond in wortels, bladeren, bloemstengel, bloemdekbladen, meeldraden en stijl. Celinsluitsels kwamen voor in de epidermis van bladeren en stengel en in de bloemschede. De aanwezigheid van insluitsels in het bloemdek was afhankelijk van de ouderdom van de bloem. Er schijnt een omgekeerd evenredige relatie te bestaan tussen de virusconcentratie en het aantal insluitsels in bloemen.Pogingen om het virus over te brengen door bladluizen mislukten. In enkele gevallen had zaadoverdracht plaats.Dertig plantesoorten reageerden negatief op een inoculatie met virushoudend sap.Hippeastrum hybridum, Gomphrena globosa, Chlorophytum spec. enLycopersicum esculentum konden wel worden geïnfecteerd. Gezien de waardplantenreeks en het voorkomen van celinsluitsels kunnen de mozaïeksymptomen inHippeastrum niet toegeschreven worden aan Tomato spotted wilt-virus of het komkommer-mozaïek-virus, maar is het waarschijnlijk dat zij worden veroorzaakt door hetHippeastrum-mozaïek-virus, reeds beschreven doorBrierley (1948),Johnson (1951) enProcenko & Procenko (1964).Dr.M. K. Corbett, Wageningen, slaagde erin het virus te zuiveren door middel van density gradient-centrifugering.Datura stramonium, N. glutinosa enN. tabacum Samsun werden systemisch ziek binnen twee weken na inoculatie met de gezuiverde virus-oplossing.

     

Het toetsen van stammen vanNectria cinnabarina (Tode) fr. op levende takken in vitro

Summary Some types of elm hybrids resistent to the Dutch elm disease turned out to be susceptible toNectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. This fungus may behave as a parasite, killing branches. Virulent and non-virulent strains are known. A method is described for cultivatingNectria-strains in vitro on living desinfected branches ofAcer and ofUlmus. Three weeks after inoculation with a virulent strain the branches were killed. They were covered all over by a thick layer of mycelium. The mycelium of non-virulent strains could not kill the branches. It developed only sparsely. By this method it will be possible to select the most virulent strains out of a collection of isolates in order to use them for testing elm hybrids on their resistence toNectria cinnabarina.     

House sparrows (Passer domesticus (Linn.)) causing severe damage to peach buds in residential areas at Ludhiana,Punjab

Abstract

House sparrow (Passer domesticus (Linn.)) damage to peach flower buds/flowers was observed during 1978–1985 in the Aggar Nagar (Ludhiana) residential locality. At the flower bud stage, sparrows destroy the buds completely by eating or damaging them so that no flowers are produced, but leaf buds and young leaves remain untouched. The average yield of the Flordasun peach cultivar is 75 kg per tree (Anonymous, 1985) but in the present case only 0 to approximately 2 kg fruit were produced per tree.     

Identification of potential virulence genes in Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937: transposon insertion into plant-upregulated genes

Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 is a soft-rotting plant pathogen in Enterobacteriaceae. It attacks a wide range of plant host species. Previously, we identified dozens of E. chrysanthemi 3937 genes induced during plant infection by microarray differential display. Here, we have mutated plant-upregulated and putatively plant-upregulated genes in E. chrysanthemi 3937 using a transposon insertion method. Of 57 mutants produced, 8 were significantly reduced in maceration in African violet leaves. These 8 E. chrysanthemi genes are similar to Escherichia coli purU (formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase; ASAP20623) and wcaJ (undecaprenylphosphate glucosephosphotransferase; ASAP18556), Bacillus subtilis dltA (d-alanine-d-alanyl carrier protein ligase; ASAP19406), Pseudomonas syringae PSPTO2912 (ABC transporter, periplasmic glutamine-binding protein; ASAP15639), Pseudomonas aeruginosa pheC (cyclohexadienyl dehydratase; ASAP19773), P. syringae syrE (peptide synthase; ASAP19989), Vibrio vulnificus VV12303 (unknown protein; ASAP18555), and Yersinia pestis speD (S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase; ASAP20536). In some of the genes, possible roles in virulence could be postulated based on the functions of their homologues. This work demonstrated that a low proportion of pathogenicity-related genes were among the plant-upregulated genes of E. chrysanthemi 3937. This study and further dissection of these putative virulence genes should lead to new insights into infection mechanisms in pathogens.