优质抗病籼型不育系Q3A的选育

Q3A是重庆市种子公司与重庆市农科所合作用优质保持系Q2B与优质、抗稻瘟病品种粤野粘1号杂交制保,F2代与Q2A杂交,引入野败型细胞质,经过重庆和海南连续回交加代育成的籼型水稻不育系,2005年7月通过重庆市技术鉴定。该不育系抽穗初期谷壳为绿色,后期为黑色;柱头外露率高,生活力强,包颈度低,异交习性好;花粉以典败为主,败育彻底;配合力强,可恢性好,米质优,中抗稻瘟病。Q3A与Q恢108配组育成的杂交中籼新组合庆优108于2006年3月通过重庆市品种审定。     

耐低温淹水发芽的水稻不育系神9A选育与应用

神9A是重庆市农业科学院与重庆中一种业有限公司用自育保持系Q2B与广东优质抗稻瘟病材料余航丝苗杂交,从F3代中选择优良单株与野败型胞质不育系Q2A杂交后回交转育而成的籼型三系不育系,2016年8月通过重庆市技术鉴定。该不育系具有异交习性好、米质优、耐低温淹水发芽、感光抑制、抗稻瘟病的特点。用该不育系配组育成的杂交中籼新组合神9优25和神9优28分别于2017和2018年通过重庆和广西品种审定。     

优质抗病水稻三系不育系神农4A的选育

神农4A是重庆市农业科学院与重庆中一种业有限公司用自育不育系Q2B与江西优质抗稻瘟病香稻地方资源杂交,从F3代中选择优良单株与野败型胞质不育系Q2A杂交和回交育成的籼型三系不育系。该不育系具有米质优、异交习性好、抗稻瘟病等特点,所配组合分蘖力强、耐肥抗倒、稳产性好,2018年8月通过重庆市农作物品种审定委员会技术鉴定。     

优质籼型不育系Q1A的选育

Q1A是重庆市种子公司用金23B×58B的F3代与中九B复交,再与珍汕97A杂交引入野败型胞质而育成的一个优质籼型三系不育系,2003年7月通过重庆市科学技术委员会组织的技术鉴定.该不育系异交习性好,米质优(6项指标达部颁一级标准,5项达二级标准),中抗稻瘟病.其与成恢047配组育成的优质杂交中籼新组合Q优2号米质优、产量高、抗稻瘟病,2002年12月通过重庆市农作物品种审定.     

优质籼稻不育系Q4A的选育

Q4A是重庆中一种业有限公司和重庆市农科院水稻所用(Q1B×浓香16)F_5与双抗7702复交,再用复交F_3代与Q2A测交引入野败型胞质并连续回交育成的籼型三系不育系.该不育系异交习性好,米质优,达NY/T 593-2002<食用稻品种品质>3级标准),中感稻瘟病.2007年8月通过重庆市科学技术委员会组织的技术鉴定.用Q4A与恢复系R72配组育成的杂交中籼新组合Q优12已于2008年1月通过重庆市农作物品种审定.     

优质籼型不育系Q2A的选育

Q2A是重庆市农业科学研究所和重庆市种子公司用金23B×中九B的F2代与58B×Ⅱ-32B的F2代杂交,再用复交F2代与珍汕97A杂交引入野败型胞质育成的一个优质籼型三系不育系,2003年7月通过重庆市科学技术委员会组织的技术鉴定.该不育系异交习性好;可恢性好,配合力强;米质优(12项测试指标中有7项达部颁一级优质米标准,5项达二级标准);苗瘟3级,叶瘟3级,颈瘟7级,对苗瘟和叶瘟表现为中抗,颈瘟感病.其与成恢047配组育成的优质杂交中籼新组合Q优5号米质优,产量高,抗稻瘟病,2003年12月通过重庆市农作物品种审定.     

优质抗病籼稻不育系神农5A的选育与应用

神农5A是用Q2B与抗稻瘟病材料Ky144杂交,F4代选择优良单株与Q2A杂交并连续回交育成的籼稻不育系。该不育系叶片持绿,异交习性好,抗稻瘟病,米质优,2018年7月通过重庆市农作物品种审定委员会组织的技术鉴定。所配组合神农5优28(神农5A/Q恢28)于2019年通过重庆市品种审定。     

杂交中籼稻新组合庆优108

庆优108是重庆市种子公司用自育新不育系Q3A与自育恢复系Q恢108配组育成的中籼迟熟杂交水稻新组合。该组合株叶形态好,生育期较短,产量高,米质较优,2006年6月通过重庆市品种审定。     

抗稻瘟病优质籼型三系不育系佳谷A的选育

佳谷A系泉州市农业科学研究所用抗稻瘟病保持系谷丰B为母本、优质保持系材料威25为父本杂交,F5代选单株与不育系珍汕97A测交,后代经多次回交育成的野败籼型三系不育系.该不育系具有不育性稳定、米质优、抗稻瘟病、异交率高等特点,2020年6月通过福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定.佳谷A与恢复系厦金占配组的杂交组合佳谷优金占也...     

高产优质抗稻瘟病杂交中籼稻新组合陵优2号

陵优2号是重庆市涪陵区农科所用自育不育系陵1A与自育恢复系涪恢9802配组育成的籼型杂交水稻新组合。该组合具有产量高、优质、抗稻瘟病和制种易获高产等特点,于2008年3月通过重庆市农作物品种审定委员会审定(渝审稻2008005)。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).