播期和种植密度对夏直播花生生长发育及产量的影响

以山花108为供试品种,研究了不同播期和种植密度对夏直播花生生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,播种—出苗期、出苗—开花期、开花—结荚期长短受播种期影响较大,开花下针后,播期越晚生育进程越快;随着播期的推迟,花生主茎高、侧枝长、分枝数、单株结果数和出仁率均呈现下降趋势,千克果数和千克仁数则呈上升趋势,同一播期下,随密度的增加,花生主茎高、侧枝长、千克果数、千克仁数均呈现上升趋势;分枝数呈现降低趋势;6月5日、6月10、6月15日处理的花生单株结果数、花生产量随密度增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,6月20日处理随密度增加而增加。6月5日处理的最高荚果产量和籽仁产量比6月10日、6月15日、6月20日处理分别提高3.58%、5.03%、16.88%和21.65%、27.76%、35.29%,差异达显著水平。因此,夏直播花生应抢茬早播。宜于6月10日前,不应晚于6月15日播种。播种密度为15.0~16.5万穴/hm2。     

豫南地区花生就地加代初步研究

以早熟花生品系9123为材料，研究豫南地区花生就地加代的可行性。结果表明，春播覆膜种植与正常夏播种种植在株高、有效分枝数、单株孢果数及单株产量等方面均表现差异不显著；秋播花生的各项经济性状指标均低于正常夏播花生，差异极显著。     

温度、土壤湿度和播种深度对花生种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

选用白沙1016为试验材料,采用盆栽试验研究不同温度、土壤湿度和播种深度对花生种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:随着温度(15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃)的升高,花生出苗率、株高、侧枝数、地上和地下部分鲜重、叶绿素含量及根系活力也逐渐增加;土壤相对湿度60%时,花生的出苗率和幼苗长势均优于相对湿度40%和80%,且土壤相对湿度80%时,花生的烂种率显著增加,在高温和播种过深时尤其严重;播种深度为4~6cm时最为适宜,播种过浅或过深会降低出苗率,延长出苗时间,影响花生长势。因而,在实际生产中,根据当地的气候、土壤质地等条件,选择合适的播种时机及农艺操作可有效提高花生的产量和品质。     

不同耕作模式对玉米田杂草发生规律的影响

在免耕、旋耕和翻耕玉米田试验区调查杂草种类和出苗数量,并在玉米生长中后期调查杂草种类、株数和鲜重。结果表明,不同耕作模式玉米田杂草发生规律有明显差异。免耕、旋耕和翻耕玉米田禾本科杂草高峰期都在播种后5周发生;阔叶杂草发生高峰期不同,免耕田为播种后1周,旋耕和翻耕田均在播种后2周。杂草种类不同,玉米生长中后期,免耕田有8种杂草,旋耕田有10种,翻耕田有12种;杂草发生总量不同,免耕田杂草总量最多,旋耕田居中,翻耕田最少;杂草单株鲜重不同,免耕田杂草单株鲜重最低,旋耕田居中,翻耕田最高。     

花生负压入液整荚播种技术研究

为建立一种花生整荚播种快速浸种新技术,研究了负压入液处理花生荚果中处理压力和处理时间对花生萌芽出苗的影响。研究发现:处理压力和处理时间对花生萌芽有重要影响。在负压较低(0.06MPa)时,随着处理时间增加破壳萌芽率随之增加;在负压较高(0.08MPa和0.1MPa)时,花生破壳萌芽率则会随着处理时间增加而降低;而电导率随着处理时间增加明显增加。整荚播种负压入液处理较好的处理工艺为0.06MPa,处理15min;田间试验显示采用负压入液田间果播的花生出苗率、出苗时间均不低于仁播对照,花生有效分枝、单株结果数和单株饱果数均优于对照,产量也较对照略高。     

麦套、直播夏花生覆膜栽培增产机理研究

本文对夏花生麦田套种与麦茬直播覆膜栽培的增产效果及其机理进行了研究,阐明了土壤理化性状、温度、水分、微生物等因素对麦套(免耕)、麦茬直播(耕翻)情况下,覆膜栽培花生的影响。上述因素对夏花生产量构成因素的作用主要表现在:前期叶面积迅速扩大,后期功能叶片较多,从而加速前、中期的生育进程,使饱果成熟期得以延长,协调了荚果充实期“源”、“库”、“流”之间的关系,增加了单株饱果数,提高了百果重和出仁率。     

自然降水条件下耕作方式对小麦生长、产量及土壤水分的影响

为探寻小麦高产节水耕作技术,在2011-2013小麦生长季,通过定位试验,以安徽大面积主推小麦品种济麦22为材料,比较分析了在自然降水条件下秸秆还田+深耕+播后镇压、深松+播后镇压、旋耕+播后镇压、旋耕和复式播种作业5种耕作方式下淮北地区小麦生长发育、产量及土壤水分的差异。结果表明,各耕作处理下小麦田间出苗率均在70%以上,基本可以满足小麦生产对田间出苗的要求。在5个处理中,旋耕+播后镇压处理出苗率最高,达83%;复式播种作业处理的单株次生根数最高,2年在生育后期分别达到24.2和28.9条;旋耕+播后镇压处理2年平均及各年度的籽粒产量均最高,分别为8 206.8、8 175.5和8 238.0kg·hm-2,复式播种作业次之,秸秆还田+深耕+播后镇压最低,处理间差异显著。深松和旋耕处理在小麦生育后期0~20cm土层土壤水分含量较低,而40~60cm土层土壤水分含量较高。本试验条件下,旋耕+播后镇压是小麦兼顾高产节水的最优耕作播种方式。     

转bar基因抗草铵膦油菜对草铵膦抗性的评价

为评价抗草铵膦转基因杂交油菜对草铵膦的抗性,以转bar基因抗草铵膦杂交油菜“7748”为材料,在2个密度水平和4种除草剂下,以油菜单株鲜重、株高、单株叶面积、净光合速率、SPAD值、全株角果数、每角粒数、千粒重等为指标,研究了草铵膦及其对照药剂对抗草铵膦转基因杂交油菜生长、产量及产量构成、品质的影响.结果表明,草铵膦处理后4d之内油菜叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率极显著低于对照,15d左右内油菜单株鲜重、单株叶面积极显著低于对照,20 d左右内油菜株高极显著低于对照,但药后1个月左右均超过对照.密度间、密度与除草剂交互作用差异显著,密度间以高密度的平均产量最高,除草剂间以草铵膦处理的平均产量最高.草铵膦处理后,油菜全株角果数有所下降,但角粒数、千粒重提高.转基因杂交油菜对草铵膦有较强的抗性,草铵膦对转基因杂交油菜安全并能稳定增加其产量,可应用于生产.     

纤维用亚麻品种资源的生育期与生长动态和经济性状研究

纤维用亚麻生育期长短主要取决于出苗－－开花的日数。株高和单株干物重的生长动态呈“Ｓ”形曲线，单株功能叶片数呈“抛物线”形曲线。较早熟组出苗后２５－４０天增长最快，较晚熟组出苗后２５－４５天增长最快，较早熟组在出苗后的前３０天生长比较晚熟组快，３０天后较晚熟组生长更快，出苗后４０天前后各熟期组株高基本一致，以后较晚熟组愈来愈超出。生育期意长株高、原茎产量和纤维产量有愈高的趋势，但纤维产量的最大值出现在中晚熟组，种子产量有相反的趋势。长麻率以中间组最高，早熟组较低，晚熟组最低。     

膜下滴灌对麦茬夏花生出苗质量和产量的影响

以生产上主推的花育22号为材料、大田机械化生产为基础、"干播湿出"技术为重点,研究了膜下滴灌对麦茬夏花生出苗质量和产量的影响。结果表明:与大水漫灌相比,膜下滴灌显著提高花生出苗质量,花生出苗时间提早近1d,烂种率显著降低,出苗率、幼苗整齐度、有效植株率均显著提高,着生第一对侧枝植株数、苗期叶面积和生物量均明显增加,农艺性状明显改善,膜下滴灌对产量提高具有显著效应。     

耕种方式对华北地区冬小麦群体质量及产量的影响

为探讨华北地区耕种方式对冬小麦群体质量和产量的影响,2011-2013年通过大田定位试验,分析了免耕条播、深松条播、旋耕条播、机械撒播方式下冬小麦生育进程、群体大小、干物质积累、产量及其构成的特点。结果表明,免耕条播冬小麦分蘖不足,群体数量小,干物质积累少,叶面积指数偏低,穗粒数、千粒重较低,产量低于其他耕种方式;深松条播冬小麦成熟略晚,群体较大,茎蘖成穗率高,干物质积累量、叶面积指数、成穗数和产量均高于旋耕条播,穗粒数、千粒重与之差异不明显;机械撒播冬小麦虽然存在种子有效覆盖度小、种子深浅不一、出苗率低等缺点,但分蘖优势明显,干物质积累最多,叶面积指数最大且最大值出现早,千粒重、穗粒数略有降低,成穗数极显著高于其他处理,较旋耕条播和深松条播分别增产15%和11%以上。综合来看,机械撒播有利于优化小麦群体质量,提高整体产量水平,是目前华北地区冬小麦较理想的耕种方式。     

稻秸还田与耕作方式对小麦产量形成及籽粒品质的影响

为明确不同秸秆还田模式下耕作方式对小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响,在沿淮下游地区,以淮麦36为材料,通过二因素裂区试验,以稻秸全量还田（S1）、稻秸不还田（S0）2种秸秆还田模式为主区,以免耕（T1）、旋耕（T2）、翻耕（T3）3种耕作方式为副区,比较分析了不同处理下小麦出苗、干物质转运、产量和品质等方面的差异。结果表明,在土壤墒情适宜（两年度土壤相对含水量分别为78.6%和72.5%）条件下,稻秸全量还田免耕处理的小麦出苗率和出苗均匀度较不还田处理分别下降了14.04%和28.46%,有效穗数降低4.37%,差异均显著。翻耕可减弱秸秆还田对小麦出苗带来的不利影响,提高出苗率和出苗均匀度,改善播种质量,增加拔节后光合面积,促进花后光合物质生产,增粒增重,最终实现增产,使产量较免耕平均增加12.85%。稻秸还田与翻耕均可改善小麦加工和营养品质。综上,稻秸全量还田结合翻耕有助于实现高产优质小麦的生产,适宜在沿淮下游稻茬麦区推广应用。     

麦茬耕作方式对免耕直播夏玉米产量建成的影响

基于始于2012年的不同耕作方式长期定位试验，分析冬小麦播前深翻(DT)、旋耕(ST)和免耕(NT)3种耕作方式对后茬免耕直播夏玉米生长(干物质积累与分配)、生理指标(叶面积指数和SPAD值)、子粒灌浆速率的影响，探析麦茬耕作方式对后茬夏玉米生长发育和产量建成的影响。结果表明，ST处理成熟期干物质积累量显著高于DT和NT处理(P<0.05)，穗部干物质的分配比例分别较NT与DT处理显著增加了7.94%～13.79%、10.34%～17.48%。ST处理叶面积和持绿性优于DT和NT处理。ST处理的子粒灌浆速率较DT与NT处理提高12.71%～18.96%、5.25%～8.71%，最终获得最大产量。因此，冬小麦-夏玉米1年两熟种植模式下，麦茬旋耕更利于免耕直播夏玉米的生长和产量建成。     

Stubble retention and tillage in a semi-arid environment: 1. Soil water accumulation during fallow

A study was carried out over 4 years at two sites in semi-arid, north-west Victoria, Australia, to examine the effect of soil surface management during fallow on water and nitrogen accumulation and their effect on the growth and yield of the subsequent wheat crop. The fallow treatments comprised four combinations of stubble management and tillage in 18-month-long fallows of a fallow-wheat rotation together with a pea-wheat rotation which included an annual short (6 month) tilled summer fallow. The two sites are representative of the major soil types of the region; a chromic vertisol at Dooen and a calcic xerosol at Walpeup. This paper reports observations and analyses of soil water accumulation during the fallow phase. At Dooen, tillage without stubble increased soil water storage, at sowing, on average by 76 mm (range 24–122 mm) above the summer fallow. Stubble retention added a further 52 mm (range 36–65 mm). Zero tillage was beneficial in one year, and was enhanced by the presence of stubble. In contrast, at Walpeup, tillage without stubble provided an average of 37 mm more water at sowing than the summer fallow. Stubble retention without tillage increased water storage by 27 mm in only one year. At both sites the additional water stored due to stubble retention was located deep in the profile to 2.0 m. In general, zero tillage, primarily with stubble retention, offered large and consistent increases in soil water storage on heavy-textured clay soils in a 420-mm rainfall zone. On the lighter, sandy loam soil under the lower rainfall regime (343 mm), the advantage in soil water storage, through both stubble retention and zero tillage, was less frequent.     

东北黑土不同耕作方式对玉米苗情的影响

吉林中部旱作玉米地区,春旱和冷害是制约苗情的关键气候因素。2004年在吉林东部旱作玉米上,采取不同耕作方式的比较发现,深松的玉米株高和叶面积最大,而翻耕的玉米出苗率较高。地温最高的是翻耕处理,土壤含水量最高的是深松处理,土壤容重最小的是深松处理。与出苗相关性最高的指标是土壤容重,与株高和叶面积相关性最高的指标是土壤含水量,相关系数依次为-0.940,0.878和0.796。深松是有利于玉米出苗的耕作方式。     

Stubble retention and tillage in a semi-arid environment: 2. Soil mineral nitrogen accumulation during fallow

The accumulation of soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) was studied over 4 years at two sites in north-west Victoria, Australia in response to fallow treatments. The four combinations of stubble management (with and without) and tillage (with and without) in 18-month-long fallows of a fallow-wheat rotation were compared with a tilled summer fallow prior to field pea and wheat crops in rotation.Across both sites, root-zone SMN ranged from 66 to 222 kg N h⁻¹ during the fallows and at sowing time was generally less at Dooen than at Walpeup despite greater total soil N (Dooen 0.11%, Walpeup 0.05%). At Dooen, the long fallow with stubble retention and tillage accumulated 46 kg N h⁻¹ more SMN than the short fallow after field pea. In one year, stubble retention increased SMN by 20 kg N ha⁻¹ but reduced it by an average of 26 kg N h⁻¹ in two of the four years. At Walpeup, SMN increased in the pea-wheat rotation by an average of 46 kg N h⁻¹ above the tilled fallow without stubble in two of the four years. The inclusion of field pea in the rotation increased SMN at depth by the second cycle of the rotation at Walpeup only. Stubble retention and tillage had little effect on SMN accumulation at Walpeup. The distribution of SMN in the soil profile was different every year at each site despite some years having similar total SMN. There was a tendency for stubble retention to depress SMN in the surface layers possibly through immobilisation and denitrification.     

不同耕作处理对土壤酶活性的影响

通过田间定位试验,研究吉林省西部半干旱区不同耕作处理(常规垄作、平作留茬免耕、平作灭茬覆盖)对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,平作灭茬覆盖对播种前表层土土壤酶(脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶)活性的影响较大,这与平作灭茬覆盖处理下秸秆覆盖对土壤温度的影响有关;平作留茬免耕和平作灭茬覆盖对玉米生育期间土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的影响较大,对土壤磷酸酶活性影响较小;平作留茬免耕对收获后土壤中过氧化氢酶及脲酶活性影响较大。在垂直方向上,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性都表现为先升高后下降的趋势,土壤磷酸酶活性无规律。     

不同耕作和覆盖方式对玉米长势及光合特性的影响

通过传统耕作、生物炭翻耕覆盖、地膜免耕覆盖、地膜翻耕覆盖、留茬覆盖和条带覆盖处理方式,分析不同耕作和覆盖方式对玉米长势及光合特性的影响。结果表明,地膜覆盖可通过提高地温明显缩短玉米出苗期,地膜翻耕和生物炭处理对玉米的生长均起到促进作用,影响期分别为苗期和拔节期。对比传统耕作,秸秆整秆覆盖和地膜覆盖在免耕条件下不利于植株生长。拔节期不同处理玉米净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率均呈正相关,生物炭处理净光合速率最高。     

Productivity and sustainability of a spring wheat–field pea rotation in a semi-arid environment under conventional and conservation tillage systems

A long-term rotation experiment was established in 2001 to compare conservation tillage techniques with conventional tillage in a semi-arid environment in the western Loess Plateau of China. We examined resource use efficiencies and crop productivity in a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–field pea (Pisum arvense L.) rotation. The experimental design included a factorial combination of tillage with different ground covers (complete stubble removal, stubble retained and plastic film mulch). Results showed that there was more soil water in 0–30 cm at sowing under the no-till with stubble retained treatment than the conventional tillage with stubble removed treatment for both field pea (60 mm vs. 55 mm) and spring wheat (60 mm vs. 53 mm). The fallow rainfall efficiency was up to 18% on the no-till with stubble retained treatment compared to only 8% for the conventional tillage with stubble removed treatment. The water use efficiency was the highest in the no-till with stubble retained treatment for both field pea (10.2 kg/ha mm) and spring wheat (8.0 kg/ha mm), but the lowest on the no-till with stubble removed treatment for both crops (8.4 kg/ha mm vs. 6.9 kg/ha mm). Spring wheat also had the highest nitrogen use efficiency on the no-till with stubble retained treatment (24.5%) and the lowest on the no-till with stubble removed treatment (15.5%). As a result, grain yields were the highest under no-till with stubble retained treatment, but the lowest under no-till with no ground cover treatment for both spring wheat (2.4 t/ha vs. 1.9 t/ha) and field pea (1.8 t/ha vs. 1.4 t/ha). The important finding from this study is that conservation tillage has to be adopted as a system, combining both no-tillage and retention of crop residues. Adoption of a no-till system with stubble removal will result in reductions in grain yields and a combination of soil degradation and erosion. Plastic film mulch increased crop yields in the short-term compared with the conventional tillage practice. However, use of non-biodegradable plastic film creates a disposal problem and contamination risk for soil and water resources. It was concluded that no-till with stubble retained treatment was the best option in terms of higher and more efficient use of water and nutrient resources and would result in increased crop productivity and sustainability for the semi-arid region in the Loess Plateau. The prospects for adoption of conservation tillage under local conditions were also discussed.