肉种鸡开产后的五种增料方法

<正> 当肉种鸡产蛋率达到5%以后需要及时地增加喂料量,促进产蛋率顺利地达到最高峰。这一阶段的增料方法比较重要,而各场之间差别很大。现介绍六年来的经验给同行,供参考。用预定高峰料量减去5%产蛋率时的料量即为今后的总增料量。预定高峰料量为170克,产蛋率5%时的料量为132克,则总增料量为38克。把这38克料量在产蛋上升最快的阶段内及时恰当地加上:方法一:从产蛋率5%开始到55%,将38克料分次等量加完,产蛋率每上升5个百分点加料一次,共加10次,每次3.8克。方法二:从产蛋率5%开始到55%时,将38克料量分次不等量加完,产蛋率每上升1个百分点加0.76克料,     

用实测营养值确定肉种鸡高峰料量的饲养效果

肉种鸡高峰料量直接影响产蛋高峰值和维持水平,高峰料量偏低,营养不足,持续产蛋高峰的能力下降;高峰料量过高,营养过剩,皮下脂肪增厚,双黄蛋比例增加(一般日料量每高出2克/只,双黄蛋比例增1%),鸡群持续产蛋能力下降,同时生产成本增加。现以AA常规系父母代种鸡为例,谈谈如何设定和使用高峰料量。一AA常规系手册建议的标准气温18～24℃,代谢能11.974兆焦/千克,从24周末120.5克的料量开始增加,高峰料量159克/只;加料与产蛋率等性状的关系见表1。二生产实践中高峰料量的设定方法1测定实用饲料的代谢能分析实用饲料原料的营养成分,调整并确定一…     

介绍五种肉种鸡开产后的增料方法

当肉种鸡产蛋率达到5％以后需要及时地增加喂料量，促进产蛋率顺利地达到最高峰。这一阶段的增料方法比较重要，而各场之间差别很大。现介绍六年来的经验给同行，供参考。     

对提高肉种鸡产蛋率几个问题的看法

1体重控制不同品种的种鸡,各阶段体重标准都有所不同,通过限饲,使种鸡体重达到或接近该品种的标准体重,以发挥最佳产蛋性能。例如艾维茵父母代种鸡:母鸡20周龄体重应达2～2.2千克;产蛋率5%时,体重应达到2.7～2.86千克;产蛋高峰时鸡体重3.1～3.3千克;65周龄体重3.6～3.7千克。体重过高或过低都会影响产蛋率。一个规模化肉种鸡场要想掌握不同阶段鸡只体重,必须坚持每周随机抽样称重,称重数量应达5%～10%。据调查,有些规模化肉种鸡场,饲养第一批种鸡时,育成阶段坚持抽样称重,但到开产之后就放弃了抽样称重。虽然适时投给高峰期料量,产蛋达45%时…     

蛋鸭不同产蛋期的饲料搭配

1产蛋初期和前期（130～300日龄） 青年鸭开产时，身体健壮精力充沛，如遇初春季节更有利于产蛋。要使其尽快达到产蛋高峰就要不断地提高饲料质量（增加日粮的营养浓度）．适当增加饲喂参数以满足产蛋的营养需要。如前面喂的是基础饲料，产蛋率达20％时每只鸭每日增加5克鱼粉，产蛋率达到50％时每只鸭每日增加15克鱼粉．产蛋率达到90％以上时每只鸭每日增加19～20克鱼粉，以后维持这个水平。饲喂餐数除白天3餐外，夜间9：00～10：00增喂一餐，每只鸭日平均精料采食量达150克左右。     

对笼养肉种鸡产蛋中后期的料量调整方案与观察

众所周知,对肉种鸡的饲养管理,其喂料量的增长一定要先于产蛋率的增长,当鸡群产蛋率达到30%时,应给予高峰喂料量,而且在产蛋率持续上升阶段和产蛋高峰期间,饲料给量不能减少。但对于肉种鸡产蛋中后期也就是产蛋下降阶段料量控制却未加明确阐述。随着饲养期的延长,生产性能...     

肉种鸡两种不同加料方法的对比

某场饲养的14000套AA＋肉种鸡，分别饲养于A 和B 两栋鸡舍，产蛋期按照两种不同的的方法加料，现将有关情况统计分析如下。 1方法 某场饲养的AA＋肉种鸡14000套，采用两高一低遮黑饲养方式．分别饲养在两栋鸡舍，育雏育成期成活焉墨分别为96．4％和96．5％，均匀度分别为86．5％和86．3％．24周末母鸡体重分别为2925g和2910g．从产蛋率5％开始，采用不同的加料方法添加高峰料量，A舍采用渐进加料法如表1；B舍采用按产蛋率每日加料，产蛋每上升1％，加料量=（拟添加的高峰料172g～产蛋5％的基础料量125g）／f添加高峰料量时的产蛋率75～基础产蛋率5）=0．67g。生产性能统计结果如表2。     

用实测营养值确定肉种鸡鸡高峰料量的饲养效果

肉种鸡高峰料量直接影响产胥高峰值和维持水平，高峰料量偏低，营养不足，持续产蛋高峰的能力下降；高峰料量过高，营养过剩，皮下脂肪增厚，双黄蛋比例增加(一般日料量每高出2克／只，双黄蛋比例增1％)，鸡群持续产蛋能力下降，同时生产成本增加。现以AA常规系父母代种鸡为例，谈谈如何设定和使用高峰料量。     

浅谈肉种鸡产蛋高峰料量

肉种鸡高峰料量直接影响产蛋高峰值和维持水平。高峰料量偏低，维持营养不足，或生产营养不足，产蛋性能不能正常发挥，持续产蛋高峰的能力下降；高峰料量过高，营养过剩，皮下脂肪增厚，双黄蛋比例增加(一般日料量每高2克/只，双黄蛋比例增1％)，鸡群持续产蛋能力下降，     

商品蛋鸡产蛋率曲线分析

某一品种鸡的标准产蛋率曲线也叫正常产蛋率曲线都是在其遗传基础上形成的，因而其标准(或正常)产蛋率曲线对该品种的鸡来讲是典型的，可以作为指导饲养实践的依据。下面以伊莎褐商品蛋鸡标准产蛋率曲线为例进行分析：1 初期产蛋率迅速增加青年鸡22周龄左右性成熟以后产蛋率迅速增加，直至28周龄时达到高峰。为使鸡群达到产蛋的标准高峰，必须使鸡群尽快提高产蛋率。实践中，可通过育成期限饲和控制光照来达到这一目的。此阶段很可能是产蛋最关键的时期，在达到高峰前，鸡群的产蛋率必须每周增加一倍，即5％、10％、20％、40％和80％。这样…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.