覆膜槽沼气规模化干法发酵技术与装备研究

研制了以覆膜槽生物反应器(MCT)为核心的沼气规模化干法发酵系统。该系统采用"软管充气膨胀压力密封联接装置",实现了反应器厌氧―好氧状态的快捷转换,解决了大规模快速进出料的问题,并可直观判断反应器中沼气的存留量,操作简便、安全;利用固态有机物料好氧发酵产生的生物能获得中温厌氧发酵所需温度,并辅以高效的保温措施,无需外加热源,即可维持厌氧发酵的中温(35～42℃)运行;采用单元化设计,通过增减启动厌氧反应器的数量,可满足不同用气量的要求。建设了生物反应器容积为180 m3的沼气干法发酵中试工程。该中试工程容积产气率为0.598 m3/(m3.d),沼气甲烷含量55%～60%。     

好氧预处理对干法沼气发酵产气量的影响及能量损失

研究好氧发酵预处理对干法沼气发酵产气效果的影响及能量损失情况,是以好氧发酵升温为预处理方式的干法沼气工程经济运行的重要依据.该文采用恒温沼气发酵装置,以牛粪及少量混合秸秆粉作为发酵原料,研究了不同好氧发酵预处理条件下,干法沼气发酵的产气效果并对其能量损失情况进行了分析探讨.结果表明:以牛粪为主要发酵原料时,好氧预处理对物料干法沼气发酵的产气量有较明显影响,随着好氧发酵时间增加和温度提高,总产气量减少,能量损失增大;好氧发酵预处理温度与沼气发酵温度相同(均为35℃)时,能量损失较少,好氧发酵升温法合理;好氧发酵预处理温度(55℃)显著高于沼气发酵温度,好氧发酵升温法会带来较大能量损失.因此,在对覆膜槽生物反应器操作时,应准确把握好氧发酵的时间和温度,一旦达剑所需温度,应立即转入沼气发酵,以提高沼气产量,减少能量损失.     

畜禽粪便与秸秆厌氧-好氧发酵气肥联产碳氮元素变化研究

传统沼气工程的气肥联产工艺中,厌氧发酵产气与好氧发酵产肥互相独立,产气和产肥周期均较长、有机肥品质差,影响工程的高效运行。为缩短发酵周期、提高产气效率和有机肥品质,该研究将猪粪、鸡粪和秸秆混合进行15和30 d的干法厌氧发酵,将得到的沼渣添加秸秆辅料混合,分别设置65%和70%的发酵物料初始含水率进行15 d的高温好氧发酵,对比分析了不同厌氧-好氧发酵组合对产气和产肥的影响。结果表明:厌氧发酵阶段,混合物料的日产气率自发酵开始后逐渐上升,并在第8天达到最高峰,至第15天降至峰值的50%以下,此时累积产气量达到30 d发酵周期的71%,平均容积产气率达到1.91 m~3/(m~3?d),比发酵30 d平均容积产气率高41.5%。好氧发酵阶段,各处理组碳元素含量持续下降,氮元素含量先下降后增加,所得发酵产物均达到腐熟标准。采用15 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵,所得发酵产物的电导率、腐殖化程度和发芽指数均优于采用30 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵所得的发酵产物,同时总有机碳和总氮含量也较其分别提高了6.0%～21.7%和3.0%～10.2%,不同好氧发酵物料初始含水率对发酵产物的品质影响较不明显。因此,采用厌氧、好氧发酵周期均为15 d的组合,可缩短发酵周期、大幅提高产气效率和发酵产物的碳氮营养元素含量,有利于提高沼气工程运行效率和经济效益。     

鸡粪与玉米秸秆混合发酵沼气产量影响因子研究

为探索物料配比、发酵温度、初始发酵浓度与产气量之间的关系以及各因素的重要性,通过自行研究设计的可控性恒温发酵装置,以玉米秸秆和鸡粪混合物为原料,在20、25、30、35、40℃下按不同干物质配比及初始发酵浓度分别进行厌氧发酵,分析不同物料配比、发酵温度、初始发酵浓度对发酵过程中pH值、累积产气量和TS产气量的影响,并对影响沼气发酵的各因子进行重要性排序。结果表明,物料配比、初始发酵浓度和发酵温度是影响产气量的重要因子,鸡粪与玉米秸秆2∶1、初始发酵浓度为20%时沼气产量最大;发酵温度在35℃左右时,各处理均能达到最优发酵效果;各因子对沼气产量影响的重要性依次为温度〉初始发酵浓度〉配比。因此,适当调整发酵温度以及初始发酵浓度将会有效提高沼气发酵利用效率。     

太阳能与发电余热复合沼气增温系统设计

为了实现大中型沼气工程在北方寒冷地区的应用推广。该文针对北方寒冷气候特点,以哈尔滨双城市沼气工程为例构建了1套太阳能-发电余热中温厌氧发酵增温系统,阐述了该增温系统的设计原理,并对沼气发酵热负荷、发电机组余热回收利用率、太阳能集热装置热效率等关键参数进行了理论计算。计算得出该沼气工程全年平均每日热量的损失为6659.2 MJ,太阳能-发电余热中温厌氧发酵增温系统全年平均每日集热量为7017.6 MJ。通过对增温效果与该工程的热量损失进行对比,表明12、1、2月份系统需沼气发电机组额外提供372.2、369.4、208.3 kWh电量增温,其余月份系统可以实现发酵工程每日热量损失的补充,保证该工程的稳定运行。在8月份对示范工程的一次发酵罐体进行了增温效果测试,表明该增温系统在28 d左右可将该发酵罐内物料温度提升到中温发酵水平。该文为北方寒冷地区大中型沼气增温保温设备的配套建设提供参考。     

基于微好氧同步预升温的序批式厌氧干发酵特性

序批式厌氧干发酵是规模化处理农业农村废弃物生产清洁能源的重要技术,存在物料分解速率低、运行能耗高、传质传热不均匀等突出问题,制约甲烷产率的提高。该研究通过调节发酵初期反应器溶氧浓度,建立微好氧同步预升温高效序批式厌氧干发酵体系,进一步研究微好氧状态下物料自升温、分解、中间产物性质,以及关键微生物群落对促进物料升温及甲烷生产的作用机制。结果表明:微好氧环境使物料升温速率提高27.12%,产甲烷过程不依靠外源加热温度仍可保持在42.48℃以上。发酵初始阶段的少量曝气使厌氧发酵过程中间产物转化效率显著提升(P0.05),特别是丙酸积累含量下降了82.63%,累积沼气和甲烷产量分别提高了56.76%和41.79%。细菌Bacteroidales、Clostridiales和古菌Methanosarcina、Methanobacterium有利于促进微好氧同步预升温和甲烷生产效率提升,并与降解率和有机酸浓度具有显著的相关性。该研究可为探索序批式厌氧干发酵实际工程高效调控工艺提供理论基础。     

太阳能双级增温沼气发酵系统的增温效果

温度是制约沼气发酵产气效率高低的关键因素,尤其在冬季提高并稳定沼气发酵系统温度是低成本中小型沼气工程面临的技术难题。为了解决这一技术难题,在地处东经107.39°、北纬34.53°的陕西省凤翔县范家寨中学农村生态校园沼气系统中,进行冬季太阳能双级增温技术实验研究。结果表明,采用太阳能双级增温系统,能实现较好的增温效果：1）沼气发酵系统保温室内的温度晴天比温室外平均提高11℃,阴天平均提高4.8℃;2）沼气发酵系统集热室内的温度晴天比温室外平均提高11.8℃,阴天平均提高4.6℃;3）太阳能双级增温沼气发酵池内料液的平均温度为10±0.5℃,比不采用增温措施的沼气发酵池内料液温度平均提高6±1.0℃。     

沼气池搅拌的CFD模拟及温度场验证

为了对底侧入式搅拌的沼气发酵池内的流场进行研究,该文采用计算流体力学方法,以上海市崇明县某示范工程的主体沼气发酵池（69.3 m3）为对象,对流场和温场进行计算模拟,并通过温度测量来验证温度数值模拟的可靠性,从而间接验证流场数据准确性。通过温度场的模拟和实测数据对比,整体温场模拟和实测数据在0.05水平下无显著差异;通过流场模拟和工程运行的观察,都反映此发酵池中设计的底侧入式搅拌不能充分实现发酵池的搅拌。但模型在相关设定上仍有与实际不符之处,模型仍有待完善。     

柔性顶膜车库式干发酵装置运行参数优化

针对湿发酵工艺存在需水量大、沼液处理成本高、发酵原料单一、发酵浓度小、单位容积产气率低等不足,研究一种新型干法厌氧发酵工艺,并对干发酵工艺条件进行优化研究,旨在为干发酵沼气工程提供发酵原料最佳配比、沼液传质传热最佳效果、发酵原料最大降解率、单位容积产气率最高、沼气工程运行时间最短、成本最低等工艺参数,为当前国内干发酵沼气工程的健康、稳定运行提供一定的科学依据。该文应用设计的柔性顶膜车库式干发酵装置,以秸秆、牛粪混合物为发酵原料,进行了厌氧干发酵生产试验。研究了物料配比、发酵温度、沼液喷淋次数、发酵时间四因素对产气量和原料降解率的影响,通过L9(34)正交试验设计,对运行工艺进行优化,并与湿发酵方式进行了比较。结果表明:该装置的最佳运行工艺参数为:物料配比牛粪∶秸秆为4∶1、发酵温度35℃、沼液每天喷淋2次、发酵时间35 d。此时容积产气率为0.63m3/(m3·d)、CH4体积分数为65%、原料降解率为45%,容积产气率和原料降解率均高于湿法厌氧发酵方式。该厌氧发酵工艺克服了湿法厌氧发酵的不足,为厌氧干发酵规模化生产提供参考。     

温度底物浓度和微量元素对牛粪厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

洱海流域畜禽奶牛粪便的无序堆置和不合理处置对洱海入湖污染具有较大贡献,为了控制畜禽养殖污染,该研究在结合洱海流域现有中温沼气工程产气率低、运行不稳定、易结壳等问题的基础上,通过取样当地奶牛粪为原料,研究温度、接种量和微量元素等3种因素对中温厌氧发酵产沼气过程的影响,并运用响应面法优化微量元素的添加量,以筛选出适于高原地区奶牛粪便中温厌氧发酵的沼气工程操作参数。试验结果表明:发酵温度为35℃条件下原料产气量大于30和45℃;35℃的发酵温度有利于挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fat acids,VFA)的产生与甲烷菌再利用;发酵温度为35℃时,发酵各个阶段4类菌群的数量多于30和45℃;因此,发酵温度为35℃时,牛粪厌氧发酵系统微生物区系中各类功能微生物数量与比例最佳,适合于中温厌氧发酵微生物菌群的生长、代谢;接种量越大发酵启动越快,接种量10%总产气量最大,未接种试验组,发酵启动较慢,总产气量也较低;通过中心复合试验设计和响应曲面回归分析确定得出,添加微量元素Fe2+质量浓度5.00 mg/L、Ni2+质量浓度21.40μg/L、Co2+质量浓度28.82μg/L时,可刺激厌氧发酵过程的作用酶以促进产气。本研究在资源化利用养殖废物的同时,提高了沼气工程产气率,试验结果为洱海流域农村养殖粪便厌氧发酵沼气工程正常运行提供理论依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.