连续年龄序列桉树人工林凋落物分解的研究

通过野外定位监测和取样分析,研究了连续年龄序列(3 a,4 a,5 a,6 a)桉树人工林的叶凋落物分解及养分释放动态。结果表明,经过390 d分解后,不同龄级桉树人工林凋落物的残留率分别为31.11%,28.37%,36.70%和46.99%,年平均分解系数分别为0.962 0,0.956 8,0.793 0和0.628 6,周转期分别为3.03,3.07,3.54,4.66 a,说明随着林木龄级的增加凋落物的分解速度逐渐下降。在凋落物分解过程中,N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn和Fe元素,均体现出比较明显的淋溶-富集-释放模式。各年龄段桉树林凋落物N元素的周转期分别为1.65,1.95,2.39,2.96 a,P为1.82,1.48,2.35,3.05 a,K为0.95,1.31,3.27,2.80a,Ca为3.39,2.74,3.49,3.29 a,Mg为1.27,2.03,3.66,2.33 a,Mn为1.98,1.01,2.67,3.38 a,Zn为2.74,1.83,2.92,4.03 a,Fe为2.96,1.07,2.84,3.19 a。从各元素的周转时间可以看出,N、P、K元素的周转速度较快,说明这些元素易淋溶,能更快地归还林地以供应林木生长的需要。     

木荷林凋落物的归还动态及分解特性

通过对杭州常绿阔叶林中凋落物的定位观测研究表明,该系统中年均凋落物量为5.85t/hm2,其中以叶最多,占总量的79.5%,枝果较少,分别占7.1%和13.4%。归还动态呈双峰型,即4月和9月为2次高峰。凋落物的半分解时间为1.59a,分解动态呈指数衰减规律。凋落物的年养分归还量达223.69kg/hm2。木荷林中凋落物的现存量为7.47t/hm2。平均分解率为45.18%。林分中凋落物量还处于增长阶段。     

中国亚热带两种竹林凋落物输入量、凋落物分解和养分释放动态

Bamboos are one of the fast-growing and multiple use species in the world, and thus bamboo forests/plantations play an important role in C sequestration at regional and global levels. We studied aboveground litterfall, litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics for two years in two subtropical bamboo ecosystems in Southwest China so as to test the hypothesis that litter quality determine the rate and nutrient dynamics during decomposition of different litter fractions. Mean annual total aboveground litter production ranged from 494 to 434 g m-2 in two bamboo stands （P stand, dominated by Pleioblastus amarus and H stand, hybrid bamboo dominated by Bambusa pervariabilis x Dendrocalamopsis daii）. Bulk （-80%） of litter production was contributed by leaf litter in two stands followed by twigs and sheathes. Different litter fractions represented considerable variations in the rates of mass loss and nutrient release. Variation of the mass remaining after 2 years of decomposition was significantly explained by initial C/N ratio and initial P concentration. Initial concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg explained 57.9%, 95.0%, 99.8% and 98.1%, respectively, of the variations of these elements mass remaining after 2 years of decomposition. The patterns of nutrient dynamics and the final amount remaining were mainly determined by their initial litter substrate quality in tl~ese two subtropical bamboo plantations.     

沙漠化过程对植物凋落物分解的影响

应用分解袋法测定分析了沙漠化过程对凋落物分解及碳氮释放的影响。结果表明,潜在、轻度、中度、重度和严重沙漠化沙地土壤中的凋落物经过110d的分解后,干物质残留率分别为38.5%,40.8%,45.2%,55.6%和58.8%,C残留率分别为37.1%,36.6%,41.4%,53.6%和51.1%,N残留率分别为43.8%,47.6%,54.2%,59.4%和58.9%。说明随着沙漠化程度的增加,凋落物的干物质失重率降低,分解速率减小,C、N释放速率减缓。分解过程中,凋落物在各生境土壤中C的释放速率明显快于N;C含量变化趋势为先下降后略有上升,但总体低于初始C含量;N含量总体表现为上升的趋势。     

植物凋落物分解对土壤有机碳稳定性影响的研究进展

凋落物是植物向土壤输入有机碳的主要途径,源于凋落物的碳一部分以CO₂的形式散失到大气,另一部分以有机碳的形式输入到土壤中,在土壤微生物的作用下经过一系列的周转参与稳定有机质的形成。但土壤作为“黑箱”,凋落物向土壤有机碳转移的过程和作用机理仍不明确。结合国内外该研究领域的主要成果,简要介绍了植物凋落物分解的研究方法、土壤有机碳组分及土壤有机碳稳定性,并从植物凋落物分解对土壤有机碳及其组分、土壤呼吸和激发效应、土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性的影响以及植物-土壤-微生物相互作用过程对有机碳稳定性的影响等方面进行概述,厘清植物凋落物分解与土壤稳定有机碳形成的关系,并提出了未来该领域亟待关注的研究方向和研究内容。     

黄河三角洲不同人工刺槐混交林凋落物分解特性

为研究黄河三角洲不同人工刺槐混交林凋落物分解特性,选取白蜡刺槐混交林、臭椿刺槐混交林、国槐刺槐混交林、榆树刺槐混交林4种混交林,采用凋落物袋法进行为期1年8月的凋落物分解特性研究。结果表明:4种混交林凋落物分解速率变化规律相似,前期分解较快,后期分解较慢。4种混交林凋落物分解系数介于0.55~0.74,其中臭椿刺槐混交林凋落物分解系数最高,榆树刺槐混交林最低;臭椿刺槐混交林凋落物分解周期最短为4.03a,榆树刺槐混交林最长为5.47a。4种混交林凋落物中N、P、K、木质素含量以及木质素/N差异显著(P0.05),凋落物分解速率与其N、P含量呈显著正相关关系,与K含量以及C/N呈显著负相关关系。混交林土壤pH、含水量与凋落物分解系数呈显著正相关关系;电导率、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量与凋落物分解系数呈显著负相关关系,表明土壤pH、含水量升高有利于凋落物分解,而电导率、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量升高则减缓凋落物分解。     

内蒙古皇甫川流域凋落物分解过程中营养元素的变化特征

在内蒙古皇甫川流域,利用凋落物样袋分解法对不同植被类型凋落物分解过程中营养元素的变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:在杨树叶、油松针叶和禾草3种植被凋落物分解过程中,营养元素随凋落物失重率的增高而降低,其中一部分营养元素回归土壤后,使凋落物样袋下相对应土层的营养元素含量提高;凋落物分解对恢复、补充和提高土壤肥力,防止水土流失,具有重要的实际意义。     

杨梅生态园林下凋落物的分解状况分析

在水土流失严重区域发展杨梅林生态园,可以比一般治理区更能改善林下土壤有机质含量,提高土壤肥力,各种生化强度均比一般治理区强,氨化作用、硝化作用、固氮作用和纤维素分解作用分别比一般治理区提高15.2%、60.1%、91.6%、53.8%;土壤中的根际微生物数量高于一般治理区,从而加快了林内凋落物的分解,也有利于植物本身的生长和养分的吸收。     

松、栎纯林及混交林凋落物分解特性研究

松树(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)和栎树(Quescus variabilis BL.)都是我国广为栽培的树种.长期以来,由于松树林地树种单一,群落结构简单和重复连栽的管理方式,林地环境质量已逐渐退化,存在着明显的地力衰退现象[1,2].     

杉木与阔叶树叶凋落物混合分解对土壤性质的影响

通过盆钵模拟试验对杉木与楠木、杉木与木荷叶凋落物混合分解后土壤性质进行研究,结果表明:土壤微生物区系中,细菌占微生物总数的98.18%~99.80%,真菌、放线菌在微生物总量中的比例差异不显著(P>0.05),分别为0.12%~1.01%和0.12%~1.08%;7月份土壤微生物中放线菌数量显著高于3月份土壤微生物中放线菌数量(P<0.05),而细菌数量相对较少;杉木、楠木以及木荷叶凋落物三者单独分解时,阔叶树林地细菌数量较大,杉木林地的真菌、放线菌数量较多。当杉木与楠木叶凋落物混合分解时,土壤三大微生物数量以及微生物总量都明显增加;与木荷叶凋落物混合分解时,仅细菌和微生物总量有所增加。混合分解后,林内土壤养分大体呈低~高~低的变化模式;pH值均有不同程度的,其中增加最多的是杉楠X1+3X2的处理。     

Correlation between earthworms and plant litter decomposition in a tropical wet forest of Puerto Rico

Earthworms are recognized to play an important role in the decomposition of organic materials. To test the use of earthworms as an indicator of plant litter decomposition, we examined the abundance and biomass of earthworms in relation to plant litter decomposition in a tropical wet forest of Puerto Rico. We collected earthworms at 0–0.1 m and 0.1–0.25 m soil depths from upland and riparian sites that represent the natural variation in soils and decomposition rates within the forest. Earthworms were hand-sorted and weighed for both fresh and dry biomass. Earthworms were dominated by the exotic endogeic species Pontoscolex corethrurus Müller; they were more abundant, and had higher biomasses in the upland than in riparian sites of the forest. Plant leaf litter decomposed faster in the upland than riparian sites. We found that earthworm abundance in the upper 0.1 m of the soil profile positively correlated with decomposition rate of plant leaf litter. Ground litter removal had no effect on the abundance or biomass of endogeic earthworms. Our data suggest that earthworms can be used to predict decomposition rates of plant litter in the tropical wet forest, and that the decomposition of aboveground plant litter has little influence on the abundance and biomass of endogeic earthworms.     

Rainforest litter quality and chemical controls on leaf decomposition with near‐infrared spectrometry

Plant‐litter chemical quality is an important driver of many ecosystem processes, however, what actually constitutes high‐ or low‐quality litter (chemical potential for fast and slow decomposition, respectively) is often interpreted by the indices available. Here, near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to explore leaf‐litter chemical quality and the controls on decomposition in the tropical rainforest region of north Queensland Australia. Leaf‐litter samples from litterfall collections and litterbag studies were used. NIRS was used to calibrate the chemical compositions of the material (N, P, C, Mg, Ca, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, α‐cellulose, and total phenolics) from a smaller sample set covering the spectral range in the full set of samples. Calibrations were compared for both separate (local) and combined models, for litterbags, and litterfall. Coefficients of determination (r²) in the local models ranged from 0.88 (litterbag Mg) to 0.99 (litterfall N), with residual prediction deviation ratios > 3 for all constituents except Mg (≈ 2.5). Mass loss in the litterbags was strongly related to the NIR spectra, with model r²'s of 0.75 (in situ leaves) and 0.76 (common control leaf). In situ decomposability was determined from modeling the initial NIR spectra prior to decomposition with litterbag exponential‐decay rates (model r² of 0.81, n = 85 initial samples). A best subset model including litter‐quality, climate, and soil variables predicted decay better than the NIR decomposability model (r² = 0.87). For litter quality alone the NIR model predicted decay rate better than all of the best predictive litter–chemical quality indices. The decomposability model was used to predict in situ decomposability in the litterfall samples. The chemical variables explaining NIR decomposability for litterfall were initial P, C, and phenolics (linear model r² = 0.80, n = 2471). NIRS is a holistic technique that is just as, if not more accurate, than litter–chemical quality indices, when predicting decomposition and decomposability, shown here in a regional field study.     

林地枯落物层水文特征研究进展

 林地枯落物层作为森林水文功能的第2作用层,在涵养水源和保持水土中发挥了重大作用。通过综述国内外林地枯落物层水文特征的研究内容、室内外研究方法以及水文过程模拟的研究现状,指出目前我国在林地枯落物层水文特征研究过程中存在的主要问题是,研究内容单一和研究方法落后;认为野外定位试验对于全面了解枯落物层水文特征乃至水文过程具有重要意义,是今后研究的重点;同时,认为室内模拟降雨和变雨强研究能够深入了解野外枯落物层的降雨截持能力和截持机理;枯落物层水分动态是多水文过程和多因素综合作用的结果,物理模型的建立与参数的确定对于深入了解枯落物层的水分变化状况,合理营林等具有重要作用。     

城市林木枯落物与河道底泥不同配比的堆肥效果

为利用城市林木枯落物与河道底泥堆肥生产有机肥,设计城市林木枯落物和经加粉煤灰钝化处理的河道底泥5种不同比例(1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、2∶1和3∶1)的高温堆肥试验,测定堆肥过程中堆温、p H值、有机质和C/N的动态变化,以及这5种配方堆肥产物的种子发芽指数。结果显示,堆温和p H值均呈先升高后下降的趋势,3∶1的配比升温迅速、高温期维持时间(5 d)最长;堆肥结束时,各处理均达到腐熟,p H值在7.47~8.87,有机质分别下降了36%、38%、42%、33%和29%,城市林木枯落物比例增加有利于减少有机质损失;由于底泥的C/N较低,增加枯落物有助于提高堆肥效率;处理1、4和5的种子发芽率分别在26、18和19 d达80%以上,而处理2和3直至堆肥结束其种子发芽率仍小于80%。综合考虑堆肥质量和效率,底泥和城市林木枯落物3∶1的处理为规模化生产有机肥的适宜原料比例。     

Home-field advantage of litter decomposition and nitrogen release in forest ecosystems

Litter decomposition is a major fundamental ecological process that regulates nutrient cycling, thereby affecting net ecosystem carbon (C) storage as well as primary productivity in forest ecosystems. Litter decomposes in its home environment faster than in any other environment. However, evidence for this phenomenon, which is called the home-field advantage (HFA), has not been universal. We provide the first HFA quantification of litter decomposition and nutrient release through meta-analysis of published data in global forest ecosystems. Litter mass loss was 4.2 % faster on average, whereas nitrogen (N) release was 1.7 % lower at the home environment than in another environment. However, no HFA of phosphorus (P) release was observed. Broadleaf litter (4.4 %) had a higher litter mass loss HFA than coniferous litter (1.0 %). The positive HFA of N release was found in the coniferous litter. Mass loss HFA was significantly and negatively correlated with the initial lignin:N litter ratio. The litter decomposition and N release HFAs were obtained when mesh size ranged from 0.15 mm to 2.0 mm. The HFA of litter decomposition increased with decomposition duration during the early decomposition stage. The HFA of N release was well correlated with mass loss, and the greatest HFA was at mass loss less than 20 %. Our results suggest that the litter decomposition and N release HFAs are widespread in forest ecosystems. Furthermore, soil mesofauna is significantly involved in the HFA of litter decomposition.     

Nitrogen addition enhances home-field advantage during litter decomposition in subtropical forest plantations

Nitrogen (N) exerts strong effects on litter decomposition through altering microbial abundance and community composition. However, the effect of N addition on plant–soil interactions such as home-field advantage (HFA: enhanced decomposition at a home environment compared to a guest environment) in relation to litter decomposition remains unclear. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a reciprocal litter transplant plus N addition experiment in Mytilaria laosensis and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations for two years in subtropical China where anthropogenic N input is amongst the highest in the world. We found positive HFA effects (in which the calculation incorporates litter of both species) with litter mass loss 11.2% faster at home than in the guest environment in the N addition (50 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) treatment, but no significant HFA effects were found in the control treatment. The magnitude of the HFA effect on carbon (C) release increased with N addition, while that on N release decreased. The HFA effects on phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium release were positive overall, but varied through time and the magnitude of the effects were different among elements. The greater HFA effects in the N addition treatment were associated with greater differences in microbial biomass and community composition between home and guest environments than in the control treatment. Our results indicate that anthropogenic N enrichment could lead to enhanced HFA effects, through modification of microbial communities, and thereby affect C sequestration and N cycling in subtropical forests.     

Successional changes in microbial biomass,respiration and nutrient status during litter decomposition in an aspen and pine forest

Microbial biomass, microbial respiration, metabolic quotient (qCO₂), C_mic/C_org ratio and nutrient status of the microflora was investigated in different layers of an aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and pine forest (Pinus contorta Loud.) in southwest Alberta, Canada. Changes in these parameters with soil depth were assumed to reflect successional changes in aging litter materials. The microbial nutrient status was investigated by analysing the respiratory response of glucose and nutrient (N and P) supplemented microorganisms. A strong decline in qCO₂ with soil depth indicated a more efficient C use by microorganisms in later stages of decay in both forests. C_mic/C_org ratio also declined in the aspen forest with soil depth but in the pine forest it was at a maximum in the mineral soil layer. Microbial nutrient status in aspen leaf litter and pine needle litter indicated N limitation or high N demand, but changes in microbial nutrient status with soil depth differed strongly between both forests. In the aspen forest N deficiency appeared to decline in later stages of decay whereas P deficiency increased. In contrast, in the pine forest microbial growth was restricted mainly by N availability in each of the layers. Analysis of the respiratory response of CNP-supplemented microorganisms indicated that growth ability of microorganisms is related to the fungal-bacterial ratio.     

北京地区典型树种及非生物因子对枯落物水文效应的影响

枯落物层对森林水文循环有着重要的影响。该文以华北土石山区15种典型林分(不同树种、林分密度、立地条件等)条件下的枯落物为研究对象,通过野外调查、室内(泡水、降雨模拟)试验等手段,研究分析了典型林分枯落物的水文效应。研究结果表明,阳坡油松林的枯落物蓄积量显著大于阴坡油松林(P0.05),但不同林分密度条件下油松林的枯落物的蓄积量无显著差异(P0.05)。不同树种之间有针叶林枯落物蓄积量大于阔叶林的规律。通过不同林分的枯落物浸泡试验和统计发现,不同林分枯落物的最大持水量(water holding capacity,WHC)范围为9.72~48.92 mm,林分密度、枯落物半分解层比例、坡度、枯落物蓄积量对枯落物的最大持水能力的影响依次降低,其中枯落物的最大持水量与林分密度呈二次曲线关系。结合室内人工降雨模拟试验研究发现,降雨量达到35~45 mm时,各典型林分的枯落物截留量达到有效截留量,且有效截留量与最大持水能力的比值范围为40%~91%。