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Painting the trunks of deciduous fruit trees white prevents frost injuries. Frost cracks in the bark are important entry sites to the trunk for many plant pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae, which causes decline of fruit trees. Frost damage and the epiphytic Pseudomonas population on trunks were significantly reduced by painting trees with white paint before the first frost in autumn. A copper compound (Funguran) was added to the paint. This sort of protection from frost injuries relies primarily on the physical effect that the sunlight does not warm the bark, since it is reflected by the white colour. Heating up the bark on the sunny side of the trunk during frost periods leads to tension cracks. A number of products were tested for their stability on bark and their ability to cover trunks and reflect sunlight. Some colours were stable for the whole observation period (more than 100 days) and guaranteed effective heat protection. In conclusion, painting the trunks of deciduous fruit trees white effectively controlled frost cracks. Moreover, the results of a 2-year field trial indicate that trunk infections of Pseudomonas syringae were prevented by using a white paint to which a copper compound was added.  相似文献   

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W. PESTEMER 《Weed Research》1976,16(6):357-363
A quantitative bioassay for estimation of photosynthetic inhibitors in soils A bioassay procedure for the quantitative determination of photosynthetic inhibitors in soil samples, hydroponic and staple fibres is described In detail. Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) has proved very suitable as test plant. Monolinuron and methabenzthiazuron were used to demonstrate the capability of the method for estimating herbicidal activity and plant availability, and for monitoring the total residues of herbicides in different soils. The method was found capable of assaying quantitatively concentrations as low as 0,04 ppm monolinuron. Photosynthetic inhibitors did not affect germination or seedling growth during the first 5 days after sowing: retardation of growth occurred only after food reserves in the endosperm were consumed. Therefore the content of food reserves in the cress seeds was determined in a dark-germination test and substracted from all yield results to give the dry matter yield under herbicide stress.  相似文献   

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The leaf spot complex constitutes an increasing challenge for integrated pest control in barley. The complex consists of biotic and abiotic factors causing early ripening after a rapid loss of green leaf area, in particular in upper, exposed leaves. Severe symptoms appear late in the growing season after heading. The experience from recent years shows that the control of the leaf spot complex improves yield. Best control is achieved by new, effective fungicides. Efficiency is improved by late fungicide application and is dose-dependent. In contrast, late treatments provide poor control of early appearing diseases. For a successful disease control in barley good efficiency in the control of the leaf spot complex appears based on a sufficient control of the other diseases. For optimization of disease control, we require improved knowledge of the epidemics of the leaf spot complex and of the contribution of individual biotic and abiotic factors. Besides the weather, the fungal pathogen Ramularia collo-cygni and its photodynamic toxins play a mayor role in symptom development. By combination of conventional and molecular diagnostics we aim at a better understanding of the complex as a basis for early and reliable prediction of epidemics. Because non fungicidal factors like the physiological plant age play a significant role in the occurrence of the leaf spot complex, they should be taken into account for integrated control.  相似文献   

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Verticillium wilt is a devastating disease in hops and causes considerable crop losses. V. albo-atrum is the most widespread species, whereas V. dahliae is rarely found. Due to the survival of the fungus for several years in soil by resting structures and the lack of effective chemical control, a fast detection method is needed. One aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Verticillium spp. in the Hallertau region (Germany). Therefore, 76 hop plants, with or without wilt symptoms, were analyzed using a real time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay. V. albo-atrum was identified in 57 bine samples. The pathogen can sporadically appear without showing visual symptoms. The abundance of the fungus inside the plants was analyzed. Furthermore, four beneficial bacteria, Burkholderia terricola ZR2-12, Pseudomonas poae RE*1-1-14, Serratia plymuthica 3Re4-18, and Stenotrophomonas rhizophila DSM14405T, were evaluated as biological control agents in hops. The colonization competence in the root system, plant growing promotion, and antagonistic effects were assessed. All strains colonized the endorhiza and the rhizosphere. The bacterial strains B. terricola ZR2-12, S. plymuthica 3Re4-18, and S. rhizophila DSM14405T are promising candidates for further biocontrol strategies. Thus, first steps towards the biological control of Verticillium wilt were presented.  相似文献   

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A predictive model for the assessment of metribuzin and methabenzthiazuron residues in soil and their effects on succeeding crops Aus der simulierten Abbaukurve lassen sich somit für jeden beliebigen Zeitraum nach Applikation eines Herbizids die maximalen pflanzenverfügbaren Wirkstoffanteile ableiten, aus denen die Auswirkungen auf mögliche Folgekulturen prognostiziert wurden. Die relative Empfindlichkeit (im Bereich der ED50) der untersuchten Kulturpflanzen in Hydroponik war bei Metribuzin: Möhre < Bohne = Salat < Erbse = Spinat und bei MBT: Bohne = Erbse = Salat < Spinat = Möhre. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass unter Labor- und Freilandbedingungen evtl. auftretende Schäden in fast allen Fällen in den gleichen Aktivitäskategorien lagen. The degradation of the herbicides metribuzin and methabenzthiazuron (MBT) was simulated under outdoor conditions in a sandy soil by a computer model based on the dominating influence of temperature and moisture on degradation, which is measured in preceding laboratory experiments. Depending on the conditions of incubation (10–30°C, 20–90% water holding capacity) the half-life of metribuzin was 11–60 days and of MBT 42 > 1200 days. Knowing the plant available soil water, the fraction of a total herbicide residue potentially available to plants can be calculated from the distribution coefficient (Kd-value). In the soil under investigation, for metribuzin 77% and for MBT 16% of the total residue was available to plants. Thus, the maximum residue available to plants can be calculated from the simulated degradation curve for any period after the application of a herbicide and in combination with a predictive model the effect on succeeding crops can be predicted. The specific susceptibility of the crops in question has to be established in preceding hydroponic culture experiments. The relative susceptibility (about ED50) of the plants in hydroponic-culture was earrot相似文献   

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Investigation of the germination of six tropical arable weeds With the six tropical arable weeds studied, Ageratum conyzoides, Blechum brownei, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Mikania micrantha, Paspalum conjugatum and P. paniculatum, the lowest temperatures at which germination occurred were in the range 10–15(20)°C, the highest up to 40°C, with the optimum between 20°C and 35°C. Ageratum conyzoides and C. crepidioides had lower limits of germination temperature than the other species, which explains their comparatively greater incidence at high altitudes. The germination temperatures of both representative temperate species, Alopecurus myosuroides and Chenopodium album were 5 (minimum), 15–25 (optimum) and 40°C (maximum). The germination of A. conyzoides, C. crepidioides and M. micrantha was reduced by an osmotic potential of - 1 bar. At -4·7 bar only P. paniculatum of the tropical species germinated to a small extent whilst Al. myosuroides and Ch. album were not affected. After storage for a year in dry conditions all six tropical species only germinated when exposed to light. After 20 months, C. crepidioides and P. paniculatum would also do so in the dark.  相似文献   

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Mit den Herbiziden Dicuran (Chlortoluron) und Tramat (Ethofumesat) wurden Freiland- und Laborversuche zur Untersuchung des Abbauverhaltens und der Wirkung auf Nachbaukulturen durchgeführt. Diese dienten der Validierung des Abbausimulations- und des Nachbauprognosemodells des Expertensystems HERBASYS. Die für die Abbausimulation benötigten Modellparameter wurden unter unterschiedlichen Inkubationsbedingungen für verschiedene Böden (toniger Schluff, schluffiger Sand, schluffiger Ton) bzw. mit Hilfe eines iterativen Schätzverfahrens (WALKBACK) ermittelt. Der Abbau beider Wirkstoffe wurde durch die Erhöhung von Bodentemperatur und -feuchte beschleunigt, sofern nicht der Optimalbereich überschritten war. Unter Freilandbedingungen war an den verschiedenen Standorten der Wirkstoffverlust witterungsabhängig, ein deutlicher Zusammenhang mit sorptionsbestimmenden Eigenschaften hingegen war nicht erkennbar. Die simulierten Rückstandsgehalte stimmten insgesamt gut mit den im Freiland gemessenen überein. Eine übertragung der für bestimmte Wirkstoff-Boden-Kombinationen ermittelten Abbauparameter auf andere Standort- und Klimabedingungen war möglich. In Langzeit-Biotesten mit nichtsorptivem Substrat wurden Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehungen zwischen Chlortoluron und Ethofumesat und verschiedenen Kulturpflanzen ermittelt und in Feldversuchen die Reaktion der Kulturen auf die Herbizide untersucht. Die aus den für den Nachbautermin simulierten Gesamtrückständen und der Sorption berechneten verfügbaren Rückstände wurden für die Nachbauprognose mit den Kenngrößen der Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehungen verglichen. Das Nachbaurisiko wurde an den verschiedenen Standorten insgesamt gut prognostiziert. Field and laboratory experiments to validate predictory models of the expert system HERBASYS applied to problems of crops following the use of herbicides Field and laboratory studies were conducted with the herbicides Dicuran (chlorotoluron) and Tramat (ethofumesate) to investigate their breakdown behaviour and effects on subsequent crops. These studies served to validate the simulation of breakdown and the predictions for subsequent crops of the expert system HERBASYS. The parameters necessary for the simulation of breakdown were ascertained under different incubation conditions for various soils (clay loam, loamy sand, loamy clay) and with the aid of an iterative method of assessment (WALKBACK). The breakdown of both active substances was accelerated by increases in soil temperature and moisture, insofar as the optimum levels were not exceeded. In the field, breakdown at the various sites was dependent on weather conditions but no clear relationship with sorption-determining properties could be established. The simulated residues accorded well with those measured in the field and it is possible to transfer the breakdown parameters determined for one chemicalsoil combination to other site and climate conditions. In long-term bioassays with nonsorptive substrates dose-effect relationships were established between chlortoluron and ethofumesate and various crop plants and the reaction of the crops to the herbicides was investigated in field tests. The effects of available residues on subsequent crops, as calculated from sowing date and sorption, were compared with those known from the dose-effect relationships. In general, the risk to subsequent crops was well forecasted. Validation par des expériences au champ et au laboratoire des modèles prédictifs du système expert HERBASYS appliqués aux problèmes de cultures succédant à des traitements herbicides Nous avons mené des études au champ et au laboratoire avec les herbicides Dicuran (chlortoluron) et Tramate (éthofumesate) pour étudier leur dégradation et leurs effets sur les cultures suivantes. Le but était de valider les simulations de dégradation et les prédictions valables pour les cultures suivantes dans le cadre du système expert HERBASYS. Les paramètres nécessaires pour simuler la dégradation ont été définis sous différentes conditions d'incubation, pour des sols variés (limon, limon sableux, limon argileux), à l'aide d'une méthode iterative d'évaluation (WALBACK). La dégradation des deux matières actives était accélérée par des accroissements de la température du sol et de son humidité, tant que les niveaux optimums n'étaient pas dépassés. Au champ, la dégradation observée sur différents sites dépendait des conditions météorologiques, mais aucune relation claire avec les propriétés d'adsorption des sols n'a pu être établies. Les teneurs en résidus déterminées par simulation étaient en accord avec celles mesurées au champ et il était possible de transposer les paramètres de dégradation déterminés pour un combinaison matière active-sol à d'autres sites et à d'autres conditions météorologiques. Dans des essais biologiques à long terme sur des substrats non adsorbants, des relations dose-effet ont étéétablies pour le chlortoluron et l'ethofumesate et différentes cultures, et la réponse des cultures aux herbicides a étéétudiée au champ. Les effets des résidus sur les cultures suivantes, dont la teneur était calculée à partir de la date de semis et de l'adsorption, ont été comparées avec ceux déduits des relations dose-effet. En général, le risque pour les cultures suivantes était bien prédit.  相似文献   

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Up to 2006 the majority of Austrian winegrowers have renounced the use of herbicides in viticulture according to the ÖPUL (Austria's programme for the promotion of an agriculture which is appropriate to the environment, extensive and protective of natural habitats) guidelines. According to the new agrarian environmental programme 2007 this measure is no longer subsidized. It seems very likely that a greater portion of Austrian winegrowers will be inclined to apply herbicides again, partly due to the fact that subsidies are not paid any longer and partly due to structural changes, such as the increase in average size of individual farms and thus the primary need of saving and/or minimizing working time, which have taken place in the last years. The occurrence of damage on vines and problems with identification gave reason to an examination of driftage damage caused by applications of the most commonly used substances in viticulture and agriculture by the binding and point treatment spraying techniques. Active substances, which were examined, are glyphosat, glufosinat, oxyflurofen, amitrol/diuron and the sulfonylurea flazasulfuron. The spraying agent was applied under windy conditions in order to achieve drift. So, different symptoms, such as leaf distortion, bleaching, poor fruit set and necroses could be observed.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung In Käfigversuchen wurde gezeigt, dass der Nematode Steinernema carpocapsae die Australische Großschabe Periplaneta australasiae infiziert und zum Absterben bringt. Mortalitäten von 50–86% konnten erzielt werden. Dabei wurden verschiedene Köderstationen untersucht. Die höchste Mortalität von 86% wurde in Kleinkäfigen bei Verwendung einer Petrischale als Köderstation erreicht. Die Mortalität in Großkäfigen mit größeren und praxisorientierten Stationen betrug nur 50%. Als Lockmittel für die Köderstation wurden verschiedene Lock- und Futterstoffe geprüft. Die Lockwirkung von Kaffeepulver und Banane war vergleichbar mit der Lockwirkung von handelsüblichen Schabenfallen. Banane wurde zudem bevorzugt als Nahrung aufgenommen. Die Mortalität der Schaben stieg in Abhängigkeit von der Aufenthaltsdauer im Nematodengel von 80% bei 2 min auf 95% nach 30 min. Die Anzahl der Nematoden auf dem Schabenkörper sank dagegen von 431 Nematoden nach 10-minütigem Kontakt mit dem Nematodengel und direkt anschließender Zählung auf 147 Nematoden nach 10-minütigem Kontakt und Zählung nach 24 h. Die Vermutung, dass die Nematoden über die Stigmen eindringen, wird unterstützt durch die vergleichsweise hohe Mortalität von 83% bei Applikation der Nematoden an den Körperseiten von Thorax und Abdomen gegenüber den Mortalitäten bei Auftragung an anderen Körperstellen (65% Behandlung dorsal, Anus 38%, Behandlung ventral 33%, Caput 25%).  相似文献   

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Residual effects of chlorotriazine herbicides in soil at three Rumanian sites. I. Prediction of the persistence of simazine and atrazine Persistence of simazine and atrazine in the top 10 cm soil was measured at three sites in Rumania with variations in climate and soil conditions. Both herbicides were applied at 1 and 3 kg ai ha?1 to uncropped plots and to plots cropped with maize (Zea mays L.). Rates of residue decline were independent of application rate and crop cover but varied between sites. The time for 50% loss of atrazine varied from 36 to 68 days and that of simazine from 48 to 70 days. Laboratory studies were made with atrazine to characterize degradation rates under standard conditions and to measure adsorption and leaching behaviour in the different soils. Weather records for the periods of the field experiments were used in conjunction with appropriate constants derived from the laboratory results, or from data in the literature, in a computer program to simulate persistence in the field. Results from the model were in reasonable agreement with the observed soil residues although there was a tendency to overestimate rates of loss on some occasions. The results suggest that the model of persistence was sufficiently accurate for practical purposes, and that its use could preclude the need for extensive analytical measurements of residues.  相似文献   

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In order to control wind bent grass (Apera spica-venti), several years’ experiments showed that, under certain conditions, the application rate of Monitor, Attribut, and Atlantis WG permitted in Germany can be reduced by 25%. Reducing it up to 50% is only possible if in form of a tank mixture in which the mixture coaggregate also has a partial effect on wind bent grass. The reduction of application rates is only to be done with the help of aid substances. To attain high efficiency, the cereal population has to develop a normal weed competition. In short straw varieties and fragmentary cereal populations, the efficiency varies further and depends more on weather conditions than the intensity of infestation with wind bent grass. Results show that reduced application rates of sulfonyl urea can be integrated into plant protection reduction programs. To prevent resistance, reduced application rates should be used only together with other herbicide groups in cereal-rich crop rotation and wheat monocultures.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung Die Anwendung von Nutzarthropoden und entomopathogenen Nematoden hat in den letzten Jahren stetig zugenommen. Die Anfänge des biologischen Pflanzenschutzes mit Nützlingen in Deutschland liegen schon einige Jahrzehnte zurück. Im Freiland werden Trichogramma-Schlupfwespen seit über 25 Jahren gegen den Maiszünsler eingesetzt. Der Einsatz von Nützlingen unter Glas geht in die beginnenden 1970er zurück. Seit Anfang der 1980er werden in Deutschland Nützlinge produziert und kommerziell angeboten.Die etwa 60 eingesetzten Nützlinge sind zu mehr als 50% heimische Arten. Die von deutschen Firmen angebotenen nichtheimischen Arten sind nur an das Gewächshausklima angepasst und können dadurch nicht zur Gefahr in heimischen Ökosystemen werden. In Gewächshauskulturen, besonders in Tomaten und Gurken, ist zu fast 100% Pflanzenschutz durch Nützlinge möglich. In anderen Kulturen, wie Zierpflanzen, ist ein integrierter Schutz mit nützlingsschonenden Pflanzenschutzmitteln notwendig. Besonders Imidacloprid und verwandte, systemisch wirkende Pflanzenschutzmittel zeigen starke Nebenwirkungen auf Nützlinge.Der biologische Vorratsschutz mit Nützlingen ist seit über 6 Jahren in der Praxis erfolgreich. Biologische Bekämpfungskonzepte ermöglichen vom Getreidelager bis zum Haushalt einen verbraucherfreundlichen Schutz der Lebensmittel.In 2001 wurde der Verein der Nützlingsanbieter in Deutschland e. V. gegründet, um gemeinsame Interessen der Firmen zu vertreten. Eine Homepage soll als Informationsplattform der interessierten Öffentlichkeit die Möglichkeiten der biologischen Schädlingsbekämpfung mit Nützlingen näher bringen.  相似文献   

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From the year 2002 to 2004 a Germany-wide crop monitoring system was carried out by agro ds GmbH together with the Syngenta Agro GmbH in wheat. The investigations occurred in fungicide-untreated controlling windows. Involved monitoring farmers treated their fields as a function of infestation. Additionally it existed a strong correlation between the intensity of fungicide-application and the expectation of yield. The results are discussed taking into account complementary analyses from experiments under field conditions.  相似文献   

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