Low levels of genetic diversity detected by RAPD analysis in geographically distinct accessions of Bacopa monnieri

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) is atraditional Indian medicinal plant known for its natural nootropicaction of saponins present in large amount in its shoots. Acollection of 24 B.monnieri accessions from differentagro-climatic zones of India and an introduction from Malaysiamaintained in the field genebank at CIMAP was analysed for RAPDvariation. Among the 40 random primers tested, 29 primers generatedone or more polymorphic bands. The number of polymorphic bandsgenerated was primer dependent, ranging from 2 to maximum of 8.Similarity matrices were generated from the RAPD data on the basis ofNei's estimates of similarity indices and dendrograms wereconstructed based on UPGMA clustering. All the accessions were foundto be in the range of 0.8–1.0 of similarity, which isindicative of a narrow genetic base among the various accessions witha medium level of polymorphism. It was possible to differentiateindividual accessions, showing differences in morphological andgrowth properties at DNA level. The observed low levels of geneticvariation were attributed to interplay of sexual and vegetative modesof reproduction and similarity of local environments in habitats ofB. monnieri.     

皂角苷对几种生活污泥中和的去除

为探讨皂角苷对污泥中Cu和Zn去除的机制,采用化学淋洗的方法研究皂角苷浓度（0~7%）、pH（2~6）、振荡时间（0~48 h）、温度（10、25、40℃）和提取次数（1~4次）对四种生活污泥中Cu和Zn去除率的影响,分析去除前后重金属的形态,并监测去除过程中浸出液pH的变化。结果表明,单次淋洗条件下,皂角苷对Cu的去除率大于Zn;皂角苷溶液的pH对Cu的去除没有显著影响,而Zn的去除率在pH下降到2时明显增加;Cu经过6~12 h的振荡就能达到最大去除,Zn则需要经过较长时间的振荡（48 h）才能达到较好去除;提高振荡温度,Cu的去除率降低而Zn的增加;随着提取次数的增加,Cu和Zn的去除率均增加,Cu的去除以第1次提取为主,Zn的4次提取均有较好效果,用3%的皂角苷溶液连续4次提取后,Cu和Zn的累积去除率最大分别达到32.61%和39.32%;增加振荡时间、提高振荡温度、增加提取次数以及降低皂角苷溶液pH均能降低浸出液的pH。经过3%的皂角苷溶液的提取,污泥中各形态Cu的含量均减少,其中66%以上的酸溶态被去除;而Zn的酸溶态含量减少不明显,可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态均有所降低,但以残渣态的减少为主。     

超声和酸化对猪粪中Cu、Zn去除的影响

为了探讨利用超声和酸化来去除猪粪中的重金属,本文采用含固率为3％的猪粪溶液研究了超声和酸对其中cu、zn的去除以及影响因素。结果表明：酸可以去除猪粪中的cu、zn,且随着酸溶液加入量和JJn／k无机酸后反应时间的增加,猪粪中cu、zn的去除率提升,在猪粪溶液中加入酸调pH达到0．70,反应3h后猪粪中cu、zn的去除率可以达到58．70％、81．85％;超声也可以去除猪粪中的cu、zn,随着超声频率和超声时间的增加,猪粪中cu、zn的去除率提升,在40kHz超声90min,猪粪中cu、zn的去除率可分别达到87．43％、76．48％。超声与酸结合作用时,猪粪中cu、zn的去除率大于单独用酸或超声时的去除率。     

Removal of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from Aqueous Solution by Bentonite Clay Modified with Binary Mixture of Goethite and Humic Acid

Pre-modification of bentonite clay with goethite, humic acid, and a binary mixture of goethite and humic acid reagents increased its cation exchange capacity from 95 to 105.32, 120.4, and 125.8 meq/100 g of bentonite clay, respectively. The effective pre-modification of bentonite clay with goethite, humic acid, and goethite–humic acid reagents was confirmed from their Fourier transform infrared spectra which suggested that modification was effective on the AlAlOH and Si–O sites for goethite and humic acid modification and AlAlOH for goethite–humic acid modification. The presence of 0.001 M NaNO₃ electrolyte increased the adsorption capacity of bentonite clay. Temperature was observed to favor the adsorption of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ onto both the raw and modified bentonite clay samples. The goethite–humic acid-modified bentonite gave the best adsorption capacity of ≈10 and 16 mg/g at 30 and 50°C, respectively, for both metal ions. The inner sphere complexation mechanism was suggested for the adsorption of both metal ions onto the modified adsorbents. Modifying bentonite clay with a binary mixture of goethite and humic acid reduced the selectivity of bentonite clay for either Cu²⁺ or Cd²⁺. Preadsorbed goethite and humic acid on bentonite clay will further reduce the mobility of heavy metal ions in soils and in aquatic environments.     

Removal of nitrates from potable water by ion exchange

The feasibility of removing nitrates from otherwise potable water by means of anion exchange was investigated. Candidate anion exchange resins had to demonstrate a higher affinity for nitrate ions than for the other ions present (Cl^?, HCO₃ ^?). The distribution factor between chloride and nitrate was investigated with the anion exchange resin Amberlite-400. In studies of column operation it was found that sea water was as effective as NaCl for regeneration. The nitrate ion capacity was proportional to the nitrate ion concentration and to the TDS in the feed. Nitrate ion leakage was greater with lower levels of regeneration. An operational capacity for nitrate of 0.3 to 0.4 me ml^?1 was found; this capacity was not significantly affected by the presence of sulfate ion in low concentration (2 me 1^?1).     

一种磁性固体螯合材料对农田土壤Cd的移除修复效果研究

通过室内模拟试验,开展了投加一种磁性固体螯合材料(Magnetic solid chelator,MSC)并进行磁选回收对农田土壤Cd的移除修复效果、MSC回收率及磁选物质螯合捕集Cd能力的研究。结果表明,投加0.4%~1.2%的MSC材料并进行磁选回收对总Cd和有效态Cd的去除率分别为15.91%~17.69%和33.33%~50.26%,而MSC的回收率在74.01%~94.33%之间,有随投加量增加而增加并逐渐趋于稳定的趋势;磁选物质(主要为MSC材料)螯合吸附的Cd含量在19.31~25.72 mg·kg~(-1)之间,在0.4%处理中最高,显著高于0.8%、1%和1.2%处理,有随MSC材料回收量的增加而降低的趋势。0.8%和1.2%投加量时磁选物质螯合捕集的Cd能较好地解释土壤被去除的那部分Cd。处理后水样中的Cd含量低于我国地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838—2002)中的Ⅰ类标准(0.001 mg·L~(-1)),不会成为新的污染源。因此,MSC材料对农田土壤Cd具有一定的移除修复效果,为农田土壤重金属修复提供了一种新方法。     

Effect of pH on Removal of Cu,Cd, Zn,and Ni by Cement Kiln Dust in Aqueous Solution

A batch experiment was conducted to study the effect of pH on the sorption of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) by cement kiln dust (CKD). The experiment was carried out by adding 25 mL of solutions containing concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg/L of each of these heavy metal cations to 1.00 g of CKD. The pH of these suspensions was adjusted to 2, 5, and 7 as well as non-adjusted. The sorbed amount (Cs) and the sorption percentage of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Ni by CKD increased with increasing the suspension pH. The adsorption data of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Ni were generally well correlated with Langmuir model when the suspension pH was adjusted to 5, 7, non-adjusted and 7, respectively. However, they could be well described by Freundlich model when the suspension pH was adjusted to 5, 2, non-adjusted and 5, respectively.     

Toxicity of Cu and Cd in Soils and Detoxication by Additives

Results from laboratory experiments indicated that the concentrations and toxicities of both water-soluble and 0.1 M HCl-extractable Cu and Cd from soils were in the order of red soil> yellow brown earth> black earth. The toxicity of soil varied with the concentrations of metals. The form, concentration and toxicity of Cu and Cd in soils were determined by cation exchange capacity, content of organic matter and composition of clay minerals in the soil. Addition of CaCO3 could significantly decrease the concentration and toxicity of water-soluble and 0.1 M HCl-extractable Cu or Cd from the red soil, and could notably transform the Cu and Cd from the water-soluble or exchangeable form into the organic, free oxides-occluded or sulfic form.     

粉煤灰对污染土壤中铜镉的稳定化

采用批衡量吸附和室内培养实验,考察了粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线及0.2%、0.5%、1%和2%用量的粉煤灰对土壤pH、有效态Cu和Cd、以及5种化学形态Cu和Cd分布的影响。结果表明:粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线均可以用Langmuir和Freundlich方程进行拟合,其对Cu的最大吸附量(9.90 mg/g)高于对Cd的最大吸附量(9.43 mg/g)。随着粉煤灰用量的增加,土壤pH显著增加,有效态Cu和Cd显著降低。同时,粉煤灰处理显著降低了离子交换态Cu和Cd含量,增加了铁锰氧化物结合态Cu和Cd含量,降低了Cu和Cd活性,使活性态Cu和Cd逐渐向潜在活性态和非活性态转化。其中培养60天后,2%处理的粉煤灰处理较对照pH提高了0.44个单位,离子交换态Cu和Cd分别降低了35.7%和35.9%。因此,粉煤灰能够有效吸附Cu和Cd,显著降低土壤有效态和离子交换态Cu和Cd的含量,在重金属稳定化修复应用中具有较好的应用前景。     

伊乐藻对CuCd污染底泥修复的应用研究

在自然条件下,采用人工模拟水缸培养方法,研究了湖泊底泥不同Cu、Cd处理对沉水植物伊乐藻生长、叶绿素含量以及Cu、Cd吸收和积累的影响。结果表明,较低浓度Cu刺激伊乐藻的生长（生物量、叶绿素）,高浓度抑制伊乐藻的生长;随着Cd处理浓度的增加,伊乐藻的生物量、叶绿素含量均一直降低,在底泥Cd含量为168．69mg·kg^-1 DW（含背景值）时,植株出现死亡。随着Cu处理浓度的增加,伊乐藻体内的Cu含量一直增加,在底泥cu含量为414mg·kg^-1DW（含背景值）时,根部、叶部的富集系数均达到最大（0．21和0．17）;伊乐藻体内的Cd含量随Cd处理浓度的增加先增后减,底泥Cd含量为88．69mg·kg^-1 DW时,根部、叶部的富集系数均达到最大（0．07和0．09）。以上结果说明,伊乐藻对Cu、Cd具有很强的耐受性,可以作为原位修复Cu和Cd污染底泥的植物种类应用。     

磷灰石和石灰稳定化修复对污染土壤铜和镉垂直迁移的影响

大量改良材料被用于重金属污染土壤的稳定化修复,但是不同用量的改良材料长期田间修复后重金属总量和有效态在不同土层的垂直分布特征鲜有研究涉及。本研究采集不同剂量的磷灰石和石灰稳定化修复的0~13、13~30和30~50 cm土层污染土壤,考察铜和镉总量及有效态含量在不同土层的分布特征。结果表明:随着磷灰石和石灰用量的增加,显著降低了0~13 cm土层土壤交换性酸和交换性铝,增加了土壤全钙的含量,且磷灰石处理提高了土壤全磷和速效磷含量。0~13 cm土层土壤pH、总铜和总镉含量均随着磷灰石和石灰用量的增加而逐渐增加,但是降低了13~30和30~50 cm土层土壤总铜和总镉含量。3个土层中铜和镉有效态含量均随着磷灰石和石灰用量的增加而显著降低,其中23.2 g/kg磷灰石处理和4 g/kg石灰处理土壤有效态铜含量降低85.1%和92.0%,有效态镉降低18.8%和23.5%。相关性分析表明,土壤pH和铜镉总量是影响铜镉有效性的主要因素。可见,磷灰石和石灰的应用使铜和镉较好地固定在土壤表层,减少铜和镉向下层土壤的淋溶,降低了铜和镉的有效性。     

Removal and uptake of copper (II) by Salvinia natans from waste water

The plant, Salvinia natans L., was found to be very useful in the removal of Cu (II) from waste water. Maximum accumulation was noted within one day and maximum removal (about 90%) was recorded below 50 μg mL^?1 of Cu (II). Copper was successfully removed from the waste water of Hindusthan Copper Limited (HCL), ICC, Ghatsila, Bihar, India.     

Highly Efficient Removal of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solution by Using Graphene Oxide

Chemical reagents used by the textile industry are very diverse in their composition, ranging from inorganic compounds to polymeric compounds. Strong color is the most notable characteristic of textile effluents, and a large number of processes have been employed for color removal. In recent years, attention has been directed toward various natural solid materials that are able to remove pollutants from contaminated water at low cost, such as sugarcane bagasse. Cell immobilization has emerged as an alternative that offers many advantages in the biodegradation process, including the reuse of immobilized cells and high mechanical strength, which enables metabolic processes to occur under adverse conditions of pH, sterility, and agitation. Support treatment also increases the number of charges on the surface, thereby facilitating cell immobilization processes through adsorption and ionic bonds. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is a polycationic compound known to have a positive effect on enzyme activity and stability. The aim of the present study was to investigate a low-cost alternative for the biodegradation and bioremediation of textile dyes, analyzing Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilization in activated bagasse for the promotion of Acid Black 48 dye biodegradation in an aqueous solution. A 1 % concentration of a S. cerevisiae suspension was evaluated to determine cell immobilization rates. Once immobilization was established, biodegradation assays with free and immobilized yeast in PEI-treated sugarcane bagasse were evaluated for 240 h using UV–vis spectrophotometry. The analysis revealed significant relative absorbance values, indicating the occurrence of biodegradation in both treatments. Therefore, S. cerevisiae immobilized in sugarcane bagasse is very attractive for use in biodegradation processes for the treatment of textile effluents.     

Removal of atrazine from water using covalent sequestration

Monochlorotriazines including atrazine and its major metabolites, deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine, are susceptible to nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Competitive reactions to rank the relative reactivity of nucleophiles with atrazine reveal that constrained secondary amines are the most reactive. When the nucleophile is attached to a solid support, atrazine can be sequestered from solution. As proof of concept, polystyrene resins displaying constrained secondary amines are shown to sequester atrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine from water. Sequestration can be followed spectrophotometrically or using a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry protocol. The kinetics of sequestration are similar to that of granulated charcoal. Evidence for covalent bond formation comes from control experiments with unreactive herbicides and degradation analysis of the solid support. Using both (1)H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, covalent adducts are identified in ratios close to what is calculated theoretically. This method for sequestration is effective at removing atrazine from pond water.     

三种无机萃取剂去除土壤中PbCd的条件研究

通过对重金属污染土壤的萃取实验,比较了HCl、Na2S2O3、CaCl2 3种常用无机萃取剂对重金属Ph和cd的萃取效果,并通过改变萃取条件（萃取剂浓度、时间、固液比、萃取次数和温度）,以期找到各种萃取剂达到最大萃取效率时所需的萃取条件。结果表明,萃取剂浓度对于萃取效率的影响最大,随着浓度的提高,3种萃取剂对Ph、Cd的去除作用增强;固液比和萃取次数对Ph、Cd的去除率也有较大的影响;时间对两金属的去除率也有一定的影响,但在本实验条件下,达到萃取平衡所需时间很短;温度对萃取效率的影响很小。本实验中,HCl去除Pb、Cd的能力远远大于其他两种萃取剂。对Cd进行萃取时,需增加萃取次数才能达到较好的萃取效果。     

磷灰石等改良剂对重金属铜镉污染土壤的田间修复研究

通过田间小区试验,研究了磷灰石、石灰、木炭、猪粪、铁粉5种改良剂对Cu、Cd复合污染土壤的改良效果。结果表明,石灰、磷灰石、木炭、猪粪降低了土壤溶液中重金属Cu、Cd的含量,提高了土壤溶液的pH,但改良效果随着时间的推移不断降低。磷灰石、石灰、木炭的加入显著降低了有效态Cu含量,但对有效态Cd含量影响较小。与猪粪相比,磷灰石、石灰、木炭显著增加了黑麦草生物量,提高了对重金属Cu、Cd的吸收能力,对该污染土壤的修复具有实践应用价值。     

香蕉皮改性材料对废水中二价Cd离子的吸附特性与机理

为探究农业生物质制备绿色吸附材料处理含Cd~(2+)废水方法,以香蕉皮为原料,制备改性吸附材料。采用单因素试验,优化了改性工艺条件。通过静态吸附试验,结合等温模型和吸附动力学模型探讨了其对Cd~(2+)吸附过程。利用比表面及孔径分析(brunner-emmet-teller)、扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope)、能谱仪(energy disperse spectroscopy)、元素分析仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)等手段对改性前后材料的表面形态和结构进行表征,并分析了改性和吸附过程的机理。结果表明:改性较佳工艺条件为Na OH浓度为0.25 mol/L,改性时间为30 min。在此条件下香蕉皮改性后,对水中Cd~(2+)的理论饱和吸附量由37.61 mg/g提高到87.15 mg/g,平衡时间由60 min缩短到45 min。吸附符合Langmuir等温模型(R~2=0.998)和准二级动力学模型(R2=0.999)。改性后的香蕉皮对水中Cd~(2+)的吸附以离子交换吸附为主。研究结果可为木质纤维素生物质改性制备绿色吸附材料处理含重金属废水提供理论依据。     

镉胁迫对龙葵镉的吸收积累及生理响应的影响

为揭示镉(Cd)富集植物龙葵的Cd吸收、积累与光合生理特性间的相关性,采用室内盆栽试验,在不同Cd添加水平下(0,2,5,10,20mg/kg,分别记为Cd0、Cd2、Cd5、Cd10、Cd20),研究了龙葵对重金属Cd的吸收、积累特性及生理响应。结果表明:龙葵对Cd有极强的耐性,在Cd浓度为20.0mg/kg的污染土壤中仍能正常生长;Cd≤10.0mg/kg的污染土壤中龙葵对Cd的富集、转运系数均大于1;但Cd20处理龙葵对Cd的富集和转运能力显著下降。Cd在龙葵中的分布为地上部地下部,并且各处理(Cd0、Cd2、Cd5、Cd10、Cd20)龙葵地上部Cd的积累量也显著高达地下部Cd积累量的10~15倍。同时,随土壤Cd浓度增加不仅引起龙葵对重金属Cd的吸收、转运的变化,也会引起龙葵光合生理指标的相应变化,当土壤Cd含量增加到10mg/kg时,龙葵地上部旗叶光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)最强,显著高于Cd0、Cd2、Cd5处理(p0.05)23.71%~79.80%,当土壤Cd含量持续增加,龙葵的光合强度呈显著下降的趋势。龙葵吸收Cd主要受植物外部因素土壤Cd浓度(SCCD)的影响,与Pn、Tr和Gs等内部因素并无显著相关性。因此,试图通过对龙葵的光合生理调控实现提高龙葵对Cd的吸收、积累并不能达到理想的效果,对揭示龙葵富集Cd的机理及调控机制还需进一步的研究。     

Ground water preservation by soil protection: Determination of tolerable total Cd contents and Cd breakthrough times

Taking Cd as an example we introduce a procedure to estimate tolerable total content of heavy metals in soils with regard to a specific ground water quality criterion. Furthermore, we present a piston‐flow approach to estimate breakthrough times of a sorptive solute to the ground water. Both procedures are applied to the sandy soils in the 4300 ha wastewater irrigation area Braunschweig, Germany. Applicability of these procedures is tested by numerical simulations. The calculated breakthrough times of Cd for an input concentration of 3 μg L⁻¹ and a mean water flux density of 570 mm yr⁻¹ varies, as a function of depth of water table and sorption characteristics, between 10 and 805 years (mean = 141 years). The deviation between the piston‐flow approach and the numerical simulation is on the average 1.6%. We determined a mean tolerable total Cd content of 0.61 mg kg⁻¹ with regard to a ground water quality criterion of 3 μg L⁻¹. The limit of the German sewage sludge regulation (AbfKlärV, 1992) of 1 mg Cd kg⁻¹ exceeds the calculated tolerable total content in 90% of the investigated Ap horizons. Moreover, the results of the numerical simulations show that the limit of 1 mg Cd kg⁻¹ would lead to a concentration in seepage water significantly above 8 μg Cd L⁻¹. We conclude that in the sandy soils of the wastewater irrigation area the current limit of 1 mg Cd kg⁻¹ is not sufficient to keep the Cd concentration in seepage water below 3 μg L⁻¹ and, thus, to ensure ground water protection in the long run.