接种耐铬细菌菌株对二月兰中铬积累及其生长状况的影响

Beneficial interactions between microorganisms and plants, particularly in the rhizosphere, are a research area of global interest. Four cadmium （Cd）-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from heavy metal-contaminated sludge and their effects on Cd mobility in soil and the root elongation and Cd accumulation of Orychophragmus violaceus were explored to identify the capability of metal- resistant rhizobacteria for promoting the growth of O. violaceus roots on Cd-contaminated soils. The isolated strains, namely, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, B. megaterium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, significantly enhanced the plant Cd accumulation. The Cd concentrations in the roots and shoots were increased by up to 2.29- and 2.86-fold, respectively, by inoculation of B. megaterium, as compared with the uninoculated control. The bacterial strains displayed different effects on the shoot biomass. Compared with the uninoculated plants, the shoot biomass of the inoculated plants was slightly increased by B. megaterium and significantly decreased by the other strains. B. megaterium was identified as the best candidate for enhancing Cd accumulation in O. violaceus. Thus, this study provides novel insight into the development of plant-microbe systems for phytoremediation.     

氮及相关的酶活性对小麦根际施肥的反应

In the present experiment,wheat seedlings(Trticucum aestivum L.)were grown on a purple soil with various fertilizer treatments in order to investigate the responses of nitrogen and related enzyme activities in the rhizosphere,The results revealed the increments of both organic matter and total N in the soil with the proximity to the growing roots,especially in treatment of supplying pig manure in combination with chemical fertilizer,suggesting that they could ome from root and microorganism exudation which could be intensified by inorganic-organic fertiliztion,being of benefit to improving the physical and bilogical envi-ronment in the rhizosphere of wheat.Much more inorganic N was observed in the fertilized soils surrounding wheat roots than in the CK treatment ,indicating ,the improvement of crop N supply in the rhizosphere of wheat by fertilization. The activities of invertase,urease and protease in the root zone were greatly enhanced as compared to those in the other parts of soil except that the urease activities were similar in the rhizospher and nonrhi-zosphere of the CK and pig manure treatments,indicating that invertase and protese could be produced by growing roots and rhizosphere microorganisms,in contrast to urease which could be stimulated by urea,Also,significant increment of chemical fertilizer combined with pig manure,suggested that fertilization not only accelerated the renewal of organic matter bu also enhanced bioavailability of organic N in that soil zone .This could be the reason why the total amount of inorganic N available for plants was increased more obviously in the rhizosphere of wheat of the fertilizaton treatments than in taht of the CK treatment.     

Soil phosphorus availability and rice phosphorus uptake in paddy fields under various agronomic practices

Agronomic practices affect soil phosphorus(P) availability, P uptake by plants, and subsequently the efficiency of P use. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of various agronomic practices(straw incorporation, paddy water management, nitrogen(N) fertilizer dose, manure application,and biochar addition) on soil P availability(e.g., soil total P(STP), soil available P(SAP), soil microbial biomass P(SMBP), and rice P uptake as well as P use efficiency(PUE)) over four cropping seasons in a rice-rice cropping system, in subtropical central China. Compared to the non-straw treatment(control,using full dose of chemical N fertilizer), straw incorporation increased SAP and SMBP by 9.3%–18.5% and 15.5%–35.4%, respectively;substituting half the chemical N fertilizer dose with pig manure and the biochar application increased STP, SAP, and SMBP by 10.5%–48.3%, 30.2%–236.0%, and 19.8%–72.4%,respectively, mainly owing to increased soil P and organic carbon inputs;adding a half dose of N and no N input(reduced N treatments) increased STP and SAP by 2.6%–7.5% and 19.8%–33.7%, respectively, due to decreased soil P outputs. Thus, soil P availability was greatly affected by soil P input and use. The continuous flooding water regime without straw addition significantly decreased SMBP by 11.4% compared to corresponding treatments under a mid-season drainage water regime. Total P uptake by rice grains and straws at the harvest stage increased under straw incorporation and under pig manure application, but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under biochar application at a rate of 48 t ha-1, compared to the control. Rice P uptake was significantly positively correlated with rice biomass, and both were positively correlated with N fertilizer application rates, SAP, SMBP, and STP. Phosphorus use efficiency generally increased under straw incorporation but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under the manure application(with excessive P input), compared to the control. These results showed that straw incorporation can be used to increase soil P availability and PUE while decreasing the use of chemical P fertilizers. When substituting chemical fertilizers with pig manure, excess P inputs should be avoided in order to reduce P accumulation in the soil as well as the environmental risks from non-point source pollution.     

Phosphorus Speciation and Nutrient Stoichiometry in the Soil-Plant System During Primary Ecological Restoration of Copper Mine Tailings

The effects of plant vegetation on phosphorus(P) speciation, pH, total carbon concentration, total nitrogen concentration, and alkaline phosphatase activities were investigated to explore the P uptake strategy of plants in low-P soil and to determine the nutrient stoichiometric ratio changes in the rhizosphere of plants(Imperata cylindrica, Miscanthus floridulus, Zoysia sinica, Artemisia lavandulaefolia, Indigofera pseudotinctoria, and Conyza canadensis) which had grown for approximately 15 years in copper mine tailings, East China. The results showed that the average pH values in the rhizosphere decreased by 0.06–1.37 compared with those in the non-rhizosphere. The alkaline phosphatase activities of the rhizosphere were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizosphere.The mean concentrations of aluminum(Al)-and iron(Fe)-bound P and Ca_2-P(CaHPO_4) in the rhizosphere of all plants were 5.4% to 87.7%, 49.2% to 214.2%, and 86.6% to 147.6% higher than those in the non-rhizosphere, respectively. Except for Ca_8-P(Ca_8H_2(PO_4)_6)and Ca_(10)-P(Ca_(10)(PO_4)_6(OH)_2) in the rhizosphere, all kinds of inorganic P forms were negatively correlated with pH. Significant correlation was also observed among the concentrations of dominant forms of inorganic P, C, and N and alkaline phosphatase activities in the rhizosphere. Among the studied species, I. pseudotinctoria showed the most significant effect on enhancing soil available P concentration. The stoichiometric ratios of C:P and N:P were apparently higher in the rhizosphere than the non-rhizosphere, whereas these ratios were far below the ratios commonly observed in Chinese soils. These results indicated that the plant growth effectively affected P fractions possibly by changing pH, C and N concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase activity, in the rhizosphere in copper mine tailings.     

聚合果属生物炭引起的咸水灌溉下土壤养分有效性和番茄生长变化

Thermally modified organic materials commonly known as biochar have gained popularity of being used as a soil amendment.Little information, however, is available on the role of biochar in alleviating the negative impacts of saline water on soil productivity and plant growth. This study, therefore, was conducted to investigate the effects of Conocarpus biochar(BC) and organic farm residues(FR) at different application rates of 0.0%(control), 4.0% and 8.0%(weight/weight) on yield and quality of tomatoes grown on a sandy soil under drip irrigation with saline or non-saline water. The availability of P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu to plants was also investigated. The results demonstrated clearly that addition of BC or FR increased the vegetative growth, yield and quality parameters in all irrigation treatments. It was found that salt stress adversely affected soil productivity, as indicated by the lower vegetative growth and yield components of tomato plants. However, this suppressing effect on the vegetative growth and yield tended to decline with application of FR or BC, especially at the high application rate and in the presence of biochar. Under saline irrigation system, for instance, the total tomato yield increased over the control by 14.0%–43.3% with BC and by 3.9%–35.6% with FR. These could be attributed to enhancement effects of FR or BC on soil properties, as indicated by increases in soil organic matter content and nutrient availability. Therefore, biochar may be effectively used as a soil amendment for enhancing the productivity of salt-affected sandy soils under arid conditions.     

湿地土壤质量退化的模糊综合评价

Due to frequent soil Cd contamination and wide use of butachlor in China,there is a need to assess their combined toxicity to soil microorganisms.The combined effects of cadmium (Cd,10 mg kg^-1 soil) and herbicide butachlor (10,50,and 100 mg kg^-1 soil) on enzyme activities and microbial community structure in a paddy soil were assessed using the traditional enzyme assays and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.The results showed that urease and phosphatase activities were significantly reduced by high butachlor concentration (100 mg kg^-1 soil).When the concentrations of Cd and butachlor added were at a ratio of 1:10,urease and phosphatase activities were significantly decreased whereas enzyme activities were greatly improved at the ratio of 1:5,which indicated that the combined effects of Cd and butachlor on soil urease and phosphatase activities depended largely on their addition concentration ratios.Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed loss of original bands and appearance of new bands when compared with the control soil.Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints suggested substantial differences between the control and treated soil samples,with apparent changes in the number and size of amplified DNA fragments.The addition of high concentration butachlor and the combined impacts of Cd and butachlor significantly affected the diversity of the microbial community.RAPD analysis in conjunction with other biomarkers such as soil enzyme parameters would prove a powerful ecotoxicological tool.Further investigations should be carried out to understand the clear link between RAPD patterns and enzyme activity.     

生物强化有机土壤添加物结合石膏促进碱性土壤上睡茄的生长

Limited availability of organic matter is a problem to sustain crop growth on sodic soil. Organic soil amendments are a costeffective source of nutrients to enhance crop growth. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an organic soil amendment bioaugmented with plant growth-promoting fungi(SF_(OA) ) in combination with gypsum on soil properties and growth and yield attributes of Withania somnifera, one of the most valuable crops of the traditional medicinal system in the world, on a sodic soil at the Aurawan Research Farm of CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India. The SF_(OA) used was prepared by pre-enriching farm waste vermicompost with plant growth-promoting fungi before mixing with pressmud and Azadirachta indica seed cake. The application of SF_(OA) at 10 Mg ha~(-1)after gypsum(25.0 Mg ha~(-1)) treatment significantly(P 0.05) increased root length(by 96%) and biomass(by 125%) of Withania plants compared to the control without SF_(OA) and gypsum. Similarly, the highest withanolide contents were observed in leaves and roots of Withania plants under 10 Mg ha~(-1)SF_(OA) and gypsum. Combined application of SF_(OA) and gypsum also improved physical, chemical and enzymatic properties of the soil, with the soil bulk density decreasing by 25%, water-holding capacity increasing by 121%, total organic C increasing by 90%, p H decreasing by 17% and alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase and cellulase activities increasing by 54%, 128%, 81% and 96%, respectively, compared to those of the control. These showed that application of the SF_(OA) tested in this study might reclaim sodic soil and further support Withania cultivation and results were better when the SF_(OA) was applied after gypsum treatment.     

水稻根际氮素状况及其利用

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with hybrid rice(Oryza Sativa L.) in order to study N Status and utilization in the rhizosphere of rice,The experiment was composed of three treatments:without N,15NH4-N and 15NO3-N .Plant roots were separated from the soil by a nylon cloth,and 1 mm increments of soil,moving laterally away from the roots,were taken and analyzed for various N froms.The labelled N in the plants ranged from 67\51%to 69.24% of the total amount of N absorbed by the rice seedlings with the labelled fertilizer N treatments.This shows that the N in the Plants came mainly from the fertilizers.However,the N absorbed by the rice seedlings accounted for less than 35% of the total amount of the N depletion in the soil near the rice roots,indicating an important N loss in the rhizosphere of rice.The soil redox potential(all treatments)and the concentration of the labelled NO3-N(the labelled NH4-N treatment only) decreased as the distance from the rice roots increased in the rhizosphere of rice.In contrast,the concentration of the labelled NH4-N increased as the distance uincreased in the same soil zone.These results suggested that nifrification occurred in the soil around the rice roots.Therefore,the reason for the N loss in the rhizosphere of rice might be the NO3 movement into the reductive non-rhizosphere soil(submerged) where denitrification can take place.     

基于傅里叶变换中红外光声光谱的土壤顶空氨浓度的原位测定

Ammonia(NH3) volatilization is one of the important pathways of nitrogen loss in alkaline soil, and the NH3 concentration in soil headspace is directly linked with the NH3 volatilization. Ammonia was characterized by Fourier transform mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy(FTIR-PAS) and two typical absorption bands in the region of 850–1 200 cm-1were observed, which could be used for the prediction of NH3 concentration in the soil headspace. An alkaline soil from North China was involved in the soil incubation, pot and field experiments under three fertilization treatments(control without N input(CK), urea and coated urea). Ammonia concentrations in the soil headspace were determined in each experiment. In the soil incubation experiment, the NH3 emissions were initiated by the N input, reached the highest concentration on day 2, and decreased to the level as measured in CK after 8 d, with significantly higher NH3 emissions in the urea treatment compared to coated urea treatment, especially during the first 4 d. The NH3 concentration in soil headspace of the pot experiment showed the similar dynamics as that in the incubation experiment; however, the NH3 concentration in the soil headspace in the field experiment demonstrated a significantly different emission pattern with those of the incubation and pot experiments, and there was a 4-d delay for the NH3 concentration. Therefore, the NH3 concentration in the incubation and pot experiments could not be directly used to model the real NH3 emission in the field due to the differences in fertilization method and application rate as well as soil temperature and soil disturbance. It was recommended that light irrigation in the second week after fertilization and involvement of controlled release coated urea could be used to significantly decrease N loss from the perspective of NH3 volatilization.     

富铝性湿润富铁土中锑对小白菜的生理响应特性以及土壤酶活性的影响

High concentrations of antimony(Sb) in soils and vegetables can cause potential health risk. However, the effect of Sb on the growth and response of crops are not well known and to date, there is still no Sb limit standard for Allitic Udic Ferrisols in China. In this study, a greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of antimony(Sb) on biomass, physiological performances,and macro- and micronutrient element concentrations of green Chinese cabbage(Brassica chinensis L.), as well as enzyme activities,in Allitic Udic Ferrisols from Hunan Province, China. Antimony was supplied at rates of 0(control), 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg kg-1and thus with the background value of 1.0 mg kg-1, the Sb concentrations in the treated soil samples were 1, 3, 6, 11 21, and 51 mg kg-1, respectively. The results showed the leaf biomass and ascorbic acid content of cabbage significantly(P < 0.05) decreased by 30.6% and 48.3%, respectively, and soil urease and dehydrogenase activities also significantly(P < 0.05) decreased by 33.6%and 32.5%, respectively, when soil Sb concentration was 21 mg kg-1as compared with the control. The uptake of essential nutrient elements such as Mg, Cu, and Zn by cabbage was obviously affected, while the leaf soluble sugar content slightly changed when the soil Sb concentration exceeded 21 mg kg-1. Based on cabbage physiological responses and soil enzyme activities, the permissible concentration of 21 mg kg-1for Sb in Allitic Udic Ferrisols should be recommended.     

施用不同生物有机肥对连作黄瓜枯萎病防治效果及其机理初探

采用营养钵育苗和盆钵试验的方法,研究了以枯草芽孢杆菌SQR9和哈茨木霉T37这两株拮抗菌制成的三种生物有机肥（BIOⅠ、 BIOⅡ和BIOⅢ）对黄瓜生长、 土传枯萎病防治效果及其生防菌株在黄瓜根系中的定殖情况的影响。结果表明, 1）未施用生物有机肥的对照处理（CK）完全发病,有机肥处理（OF）发病率高达88.2%。施用BIO处理都不同程度地降低了黄瓜土传枯萎病的发病率,施用生物有机肥BIOⅠ、 BIOⅡ和BIOⅢ后发病率分别降至51.0%、 19.6%、 13.7%。2）与对照相比,BIOⅠ、 BIO Ⅱ和BIO Ⅲ处理能够显著提高黄瓜生物量,分别是对照的 2.55、 2.46 和 2.58 倍。3）菌株SQR9和T37通过有效的根际定殖降低了病原真菌对根系的侵染,荧光定量PCR（real-time PCR）测定黄瓜根际尖孢镰刀菌数量的结果表明,施用BIOⅡ和BIOⅢ能够将病原菌数量控制在103 copies/g, 土,而对照土壤高达 107 copies/g, 土。     

拮抗菌强化的生物有机肥对西瓜枯萎病的防治作用

由西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)引起的西瓜枯萎病是导致西瓜生产毁灭性损失的土传病害,当前对该病尚无有效的防治措施.为了探索该病的生物防治效果,本研究从土壤中分离筛选西瓜枯萎病的拮抗菌,制成生物有机肥,通过温室盆栽试验检验防病效果,并对与拮抗相关的拮抗菌葡聚糖酶进行分子生物学检测.从不同土壤中分离纯化到对西瓜枯萎病菌有潜在拮抗作用的细菌172株,通过平板对峙法筛选出抑菌率在60％以上的拮抗细菌13株,从中挑选出2株抑菌率最高的菌株Cy5和CR38,分别用其与已腐熟的有机肥制成生物有机肥BIO5和BIO38.盆栽试验结果表明,BIO5在防病和促进西瓜生长方面表现优于BIO38.与对照相比,BIO5和BIO38对西瓜枯萎病的相对防治率分别为75％和25％.BIO5处理植株的株高、地上部鲜重、地上部干重分别比对照增加64.8％、63.0％和50％.施用生物有机肥还能显著改变根际土壤的微生物组成.BIO5处理根际土壤的细菌和枯草芽孢杆菌数量分别比对照增加48.5％和61.1％,真菌和尖孢镰刀菌的数量比对照分别下降52.1％和70.2％.分子生物学分析表明,菌株Cy5属于Paenibacillus jamilae菌株,并含有类似于P.polymyxa的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶.本研究结果说明,拮抗菌强化的生物有机肥对西瓜枯萎病有防治潜力.     

生物有机肥对香蕉植株生长和香蕉枯萎病防治的研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了生物有机肥(BIO)对香蕉植株生长和香蕉枯萎病防治效果的影响。结果表明,1)香蕉植株移栽45 d后,施用BIO的处理香蕉植株地上部鲜重、干重、株高和假茎围分别比对照增加了31.9%~93.8%、5.9%~43.1%、43.9%~62.9%和12.3%~18.5%。2)香蕉苗移栽25 d时,施用BIO的香蕉植株根尖几丁质酶活性提高了2.64~12.88个酶活单位,显著高于对照;营养钵育苗施用BIO的处理,香蕉植株根尖β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性显著地高于营养钵育苗未施BIO的处理,是其酶活的5.22~7.22倍。施用BIO的处理香蕉植株根尖和茎基部中胼胝质含量分别只有对照的59.7%~77.9%和47.6%~68.9%,显著低于对照处理。3)营养钵育苗施用BIO的处理,根际的细菌数量和放线菌数量分别比对照增加了1.56~1.76倍和1.11~1.55倍,而根际真菌数量却减少了19.2%~52.2%,根际尖孢镰刀菌的数量也大大减少。4)营养钵育苗施用BIO的处理,到香蕉植株移栽45 d时,香蕉植株枯萎病的病情指数未超过2.4,比对照降低47.8%~56.5%。上述结果表明,采用营养钵育苗和移栽时都施用BIO的方法种植香蕉,能显著地促进香蕉植株生长,有效地降低香蕉枯萎病的发病指数。     

De-coupling of root–microbiome associations followed by antagonist inoculation improves rhizosphere soil suppressiveness

It was hypothesized that disruption of the root–microbiome association creates empty rhizosphere niches that could be filled by both soilborne pathogens and beneficial microbes. The effect of de-coupling root–microbiome associations related to improve soil suppressiveness was investigated in cucumber using the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum (FOC) and its antagonist Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 (SQR9) system. The root–soil microbiome association of cucumber was disrupted by applying the fungicide carbendazim to the soil, and then FOC or/and its antagonist SQR9 were inoculated in the rhizosphere. In the fungicide treatment, the FOC wilt disease incidence was significantly increased by 13.3 % on average compared to the FOC treatment without fungicide. However, when the fungicide treatment was applied to the soil with SQR9 and FOC, the SQR9 effectively reduced the disease incidence, and improved cucumber plant growth compared to a no fungicide control. These results indicate that de-coupling of root–microbiome associations followed by antagonist inoculation can improve rhizosphere soil suppressiveness, which may help to develop strategies for efficient application of rhizosphere beneficial microbes in agriculture.     

Pineapple–banana rotation reduced the amount of Fusarium oxysporum more than maize–banana rotation mainly through modulating fungal communities

Continuous cropping with banana results in an enrichment of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (FOC) in soil, causing the soil-borne disease Fusarium wilt. Crop rotation has been an effective method of controlling various soil-borne diseases. However, no information is currently available concerning variations in soil microbial community structure in banana crop rotations. Thus, the influence of two-year crop rotation systems of pineapple–banana and maize–banana on the population density of FOC and soil microbial community structure was investigated to identify which rotation system is more effective in FOC suppression and differences in microbial community composition among different rotations. Bacterial and fungal communities were interrogated by pyrosequencing of the 16 S RNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The pineapple–banana rotation was more effective than maize–banana in reducing FOC abundances and suppressing Fusarium wilt disease incidence. Allelopathic effects of pineapple root exudates on FOC were not observed. Greater fungal community variations than bacterial were identified between the two rotation systems, suggesting that fungal communities may play a more important role in regulating FOC abundances. Furthermore, in the pineapple–banana rotation, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi phyla, Gp1, Gp2 and Burkholderia bacterial genera increased while the fungal phyla Basidiomycota, (esp. Gymnopilus) increased and Sordariomycetes decreased. Such changes may be important microbial factors in the decrease in FOC.     

Application of bio-organic fertilizer can control Fusarium wilt of cucumber plants by regulating microbial community of rhizosphere soil

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum J. H. Owen, results in considerable yield losses for cucumber plants. A bio-organic fertilizer (BIO), which was a combination of manure composts with antagonistic microorganisms, and an organic fertilizer (OF) were evaluated for their efficiencies in controlling Fusarium wilt. Application of the BIO suppressed the disease incidence by 83% and reduced yield losses threefold compared with the application of OF. Analysis of microbial communities in rhizosphere soils by high-throughput pyrosequencing showed that more complex community structures were present in BIO than in OF treated soils. The dominant taxonomic phyla found in both samples were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria among bacteria and Ascomycota among fungi. Abundance of beneficial bacteria or fungi, such as Trichoderma, Hypoxylon, Tritirachium, Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Haliangium and Streptomyces, increased compared to the OF treatment, whereas the soil-borne pathogen, Fusarium, was markedly decreased. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the application of the BIO was a useful and effective approach to suppress Fusarium wilt and that the high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing was a suitable method for the characterization of microbial communities of rhizosphere soil of cucumber.     

Trichoderma harzianum T-E5 significantly affects cucumber root exudates and fungal community in the cucumber rhizosphere

The Fusarium wilt in cucumbers, caused by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, is a serious and destructive disease worldwide. An effort was made to explore the role of Trichoderma harzianum T-E5 in reducing the incidence of Fusarium wilt. Three treatments (Control, T1, and T2) were established in the greenhouse experiment. The effects of T-E5 on the composition of root exudates and fungal community in the cucumber rhizosphere were measured. Compared with the control, the application of a bio-organic fertilizer (BIO) enriched with T-E5 was found to decrease the incidence of Fusarium wilt notably and promote the growth of cucumber plants. Based on real-time PCR, the population of F. oxysporum in the control without T-E5 increased from 10³ to 10⁴ ITS copies g⁻¹ soil, whereas the population decreased from 10³ to 10² ITS copies g⁻¹ soil in the T1 and T2 treatment groups when T-E5 was included. Significant difference in fungal community was also found among the treatment groups. HPLC analysis showed that the detected levels of phenolic compounds in control were significantly higher than the levels in the samples subjected to T1 and T2 treatments. The root exudates from the control group significantly increased the numbers of germinating spores of the pathogen compared with those from the samples treated with T1 and T2. In conclusion, the modification of root exudates and the fungal community by the application of BIO might account for the effective suppression of Fusarium wilt disease in cucumbers.     

温室及田间条件下解淀粉芽孢杆菌菌株W19对香蕉生长、产量的促进和对香蕉镰刀菌萎蔫病的抑制研究

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are considered to be the most promising agents for cash crop production via increasing crop yields and decreasing disease occurrence. The Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain W19 can produce secondary metabolites (iturin and bacillomycin D) effectively against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC). In this study, the ability of a bio-organic fertilizer (BIO) containing W19 strain to promote plant growth and suppress the Fusarium wilt of banana was evaluated in both pot and field experiments. The results showed that application of BIO significantly promoted the growth and fruit yield of banana while suppressing the banana Fusarium wilt disease. To further determine the beneficial mechanisms of the strain, the colonization of green fluorescent protein-tagged strain W19 on banana roots was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of banana root exudates on the formation of biofilm of strain W19 indicated that the banana root exudates may enhance colonization. In addition, the strain W19 was able to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant growth-promoting hormone. The results of these experiments revealed that the application of strain W19-enriched BIO improved the banana root colonization of strain W19 and growth of banana and suppressed the Fusarium wilt. The PGPR strain W19 can be a useful biocontrol agent for the production of banana under field conditions.     

Effects of novel bioorganic fertilizer produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens W19 on antagonism of Fusarium wilt of banana

Banana production has been severely hindered by the long-term practice of monoculture agriculture. Fusarium wilt, caused by the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC), is one of the most destructive diseases that can afflict banana plants. It is both necessary and urgent to find an efficient method for protecting banana production worldwide. In this study, 57 antagonistic bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizospheres of healthy banana plants grown in a heavily wilt-diseased field; of the 57 strains, six strains with the best survival abilities were chosen for further study. Compared with the control and the other strains in the greenhouse experiment, W19 strain was found to observably decrease the incidence of Fusarium wilt and promote the growth of banana plants when combined with the organic fertilizer (OF). This strain was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on its morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties, as well as 16S rRNA analysis. Two kinds of antifungal lipopeptides (iturin and bacillomycin D) produced by W19 strain were detected and identified using HPLC–ESI-MS. Another lipopeptide, called surfactin, was also produced by the thick biological film forming W19 strain. In addition to lipopeptides, 18 volatile antifungal compounds with significant antagonistic effect against F. oxysporum were detected and identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). The work described herein not only highlights how the bioorganic fertilizer with B. amyloliquefaciens can be used to control Fusarium wilt of banana but also examines some of the potential mechanisms involved in the biocontrol of Fusarium wilt.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> SQR 9 can control <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> wilt in cucumber by colonizing plant roots

Fusarium wilt is one of the major constraints on cucumber production worldwide. Several strategies have been used to control the causative pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum J. H. Owen, including soil solarization, fungicide seed treatment and biological control. In this study, F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum was successfully controlled by a newly isolated strain, Bacillus subtilis SQR 9, in vitro and in vivo. Greenhouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of inoculation and solid fermentation of organic fertilizer with B. subtilis SQR 9, hereby defined as bio-organic fertilizer (BIO), on the control of Fusarium wilt. In comparison with the control, the wilt incidence was significantly reduced (49–61% reduction) by application of BIO. The rhizosphere population of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, as detected both by selective plating and realtime PCR, was significantly lower in BIO-treated plants than the control. The localization of bacterial cells, pattern of colonization and survival of B. subtilis SQR 9 in the rhizsosphere of cucumber, was examined by fluorescent microscopy and explored following recovery of the green fluorescent protein (gfp)-labeled SQR 9 with the new gfp-marked shuttle vector pHAPII through selective plating. The preferential sites of the labeled strain were the differentiation and elongation zone, root hair and the lateral root junctions. The population of the strain was 10⁶ cfu/g root in rhizoplane. These results indicate that the strain was able to survive well in the rhizosphere of cucumber, suppressed growth of F. oxysporum in the rhizosphere of cucumber and protected the host from the pathogen.