SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION IN CHINA

Effects of Soil Amelioration with Different Soil and Water Conservation Measures of Eroded Red Soil Region YU Rong-gang, ………………………………………………ANG Jie, WANG Nong, et al. （Jiangxi Provincial Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Nanehang, Jiangxi 330029, China）（40） The paper studied the variations of pH value and nutrient content of slope land in eroded red soil region under the conditions of using dif- ferent soil and water conservation measures and analyzed the effects of soil amelioration with different soil and water conservation measures combining with field survey and laboratory analysis. The outcomes show that the different soil and water conservation measures notably affect the pH value and the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus of eroded red soil region, but the influence to the contents of total potassium and available potassium are not remarkable. Planting forage grass and cultiva- tion measures can remarkably increase the pH value and the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus of the soil and improve the conditions of soil fertility, while the influence of terraced fields to the soil fertility status is not obvious. The soil fertility condition of the studied area is not restricted by potassium. It can utilize organic matter as a simplified index to judge the conditions of soil fertility.     

菱镁矿区土壤质量退化研究

Fourteen soil properties in 17 sampling sites were analyzed to study the soil degradation in a magnesite mining area in Haicheng City,Northeast China.Such areas have hitherto received little attention.The current practices of magnesite mining in this area resulted in degradation of soil quality and specifically led to an increase in soil pH,the ratio of magnesium to calcium,bulk density,clay dispersibility,total magnesium and equivalent calcium carbonate and a decrease in surface soil porosity and available phosphorous.The soil quality in the areas affected by intensive mining activity was obviously worse than that of areas far away from the mine.Four factors were identified and "magnesium factor","pH factor" and "fertility factor",involving 13 soil properties,explained 82% of the total variance in the entire data set.Discriminant analysis showed that the total magnesium,water-soluble calcium and available phosphorous were the most sensitive indicators for soil quality.     

三峡库区脐橙果园不同深度的土壤肥力指数

In the Three Gorges Area of China, soil erosion and the resultant non-point source pollution and ecological degradation have endangered agricultural ecosystems and fresh water reservoirs. Although efforts have been undertaken to reduce soil and water losses from slope land used for citrus production, information on the effects of management practices on soil fertility indices is either limited or nonexistent. This study was conducted to compare the effects of 10 years of various management practices, citrus intercropped with white clover (WC), citrus mulched with straw (SM), citrus intercropped with contour hedgerows (CH), citrus orchard land with impermeable membrane (IM), and citrus intercropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) and peanut (Arachris hypogaea) (WP), as treatments on soil fertility indices with that of the conventional citrus management (CM). Results showed that the soil organic carbon, total and available nitrogen, available potassium, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents at the 0–5 cm depth were higher for the WC and SM treatments than the CM treatment. There was also spatial variation in soil fertility along slopes of the WC and SM treatments. The soil total and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents at both the 0–5 and 5–20 cm depths were higher for the CH and IM treatments than the CM treatment. The average soil available nitrogen and available potassium contents were higher for the WP treatment than the CM treatment, but the WP treatment had little effect on the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents. These suggested that white clover intercropping and straw mulching were the most effective approaches to improve soil fertility in citrus orchard land of the Three Gorges area.     

温带沙漠土壤空间分布的尺度依赖性研究

Spatial variation is a ubiquitous feature of natural ecosystems, especially in arid regions, and is often present at various scales in these regions. To determine the scale dependence of the heterogeneity of soil chemical properties and the dominant scales （factors） for soil heterogeneity in arid regions, the spatial variability of soil resources was investigated in the Gurbantunggut Desert of Central Asia at the scales of 10-3, 10-2, 10-1, 100, 101, 102, 103 and 104 m （from individual plant to population or community to ecosystem）. Soil chemical properties including pH, electrical conductivity （EC）, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus were considered in the investigation. At a scale of 10-1 m, which represented the scale of individual plant, significant enrichment of soil resources occurred under shrub canopy and ＂fertile islands＂ formed in the desert ecosystem. Soil EC exhibited the largest heterogeneity at this scale, indicating that individual plants exerted a great influence on soil salinity/alkalinity. Soil nutrients exhibited the greatest heterogeneity at a scale of 102 m, which represented the scale of sand dune/interdune lowlands （between communities）. The main important factors contributing to soil spatial heterogeneity in the Gurbantunggut Desert were individual plants and different topographic characteristics, namely, the appearance of vegetation, especially shrubs or small trees, and existing sand dunes. Soil salinity/alkalinity and soil nutrient status behaved differently in spatial heterogeneity, with an inverse distribution between them at the individual scale.     

中国亚热带地区土地利用和磷释放的数量关系

The increase of phosphorus concentration is a crucial factor causing the eutrophication of water body.while land use has an important impact on agricultural non-point sources(NPS) phosphorus discharge,Seven sites controlling the water in four sub-watersheds and the main exit of the Meicun Watershed of Xuancheng County,Anhui Provinec,were investigated by dynamic monitoring of stream water and nutrient discharge,integrating interpretation of areial image and GIS analysis to find out how the land use affects phosphorus loss with stream water in typical agriculture-forest watershed in subtropica China.These monitored sites are different in structure of typical agriculture-forest watershed in subtropical China.These monitored sitess are different in structure of land use,Phosphorus concentration of the stream water was analyzed every week and at the next day of rainfall,The velocity of flow was measured by kinemometer to calculate the runoff flux and phosphorus discharge.The results showed that the runoff flux and the discharges of dissolved phosphorus(DP),particle-associated phosphorus(PAP) and total phosphorus(TP) had significant exponential relationships with the area percentages of forest,pond and paddy field.There existed a significant exponential relationships with the area percentages of forest,pond and paddy field.There existed a significant linear relationship between the TP and PAP concentrations in stream water and the area percentages of forest,pond and paddy field,and the discharge of PAP was also significantly linearly correlated with the discharge of suspended soil particles.There was a logarithmic linear relationship between DP and PAP discharges,The study indicated that the adjustment of land used patterns and construction of ecologically sound aldnscape would be an important measure to reduce the runoff discharge of phosphorus,The results would be very useful in building the best management practices(BMPs) of agricultural watershed in subtropics.     

浅表地块着色处理作为可视化诊断标准在农业管理中的应用

Soil management matters in semiarid lands are key to have acceptable yields and to preserve diversity. After the major agricultural intensification underwent in the semiarid lands of Monegros, NE Spain, custom tailored tools are needed to reconcile agriculture with habitats conservation. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effect of soil properties of two distinctly colored soils, white patches （WP） and dark patches （DP）, dominant in the arid landscape of the central Ebro Basin, Spain on winter cereal grain yield and to prove that superficial soil color could be used as a visual diagnostic criterion for evaluation of agricultural practices in arid lands. Significant differences between WP and DP soils were found in gypsum, carbonate contents, available water holding capacity and infiltration rate. The grain yield ranged from 51 to 5 713 kg ha-1. Significantly lower yields （P 〈 0.01） and precipitation-use efficiency （P 〈 0.05） were attained in the WP soils for the three seasons studied. This difference increased with the average rainfall due to the significantly lower soil water infiltration （P 〈 0.01） and water holding capacity （P 〈 0.05） found in the gypseous soils. Our results show that mapping the soil surface color at farm scale can be a low=cost tool for optimizing agricultural practices and recovering the natural vegetation. This approach can be advantageous in similar arid or semiarid environments around the world.     

Effects of different continuous fertilizer managements on soil total nitrogen stocks in China: A meta-analysis

Soil total nitrogen is critical for crop productivity and related to agricultural managements. However, the effects of different fertilizer applications on soil total nitrogen storage are not well understood. To quantify soil total nitrogen storage under different fertilizer management practices and explore the effects of climate, soil texture, experimental duration, and cropping system on soil total nitrogen storage in China, we conducted a meta-analysis of 67 fertilizer management strategies from experiments conducted over a period of at least three years. This meta-analysis included 854 observations of changes in soil total nitrogen stock(TNS) under no fertilizer application(control, CK), chemical fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium(CF), CF plus straw retention(CFS), and CF plus manure addition(CFM) relative to initial soil TNS. The CFM and CFS treatments increased soil TNS, and the CFM treatments increased soil C/N ratio the most. The longer the experimental duration, the greater the increase in soil TNS in the CF, CFS, and CFM treatments.Soil texture and crop type significantly affected the changes in soil TNS. The experimental duration, initial soil TNS, soil C/N ratio, and cropping system had significant linear correlations with the change in soil TNS. Temperature and precipitation were not correlated with soil TNS. Results of random forest modeling indicated that the most important factor affecting changes in soil TNS was experimental duration(positive correlation), followed by initial soil TNS(negative correlation). The CFM treatments had the largest increase in soil TNS under various conditions. We recommend promoting CFM to improve soil fertility in farmlands globally.     

Biodiversity, current developments and potential biotechnological applications of phosphorus-solubilizing and -mobilizing microbes: A review

As one of the most important and essential macronutrients next to nitrogen,phosphorus(P)is important for plant development,but it is the least mobile nutrient element in plant and soil.Globally,P is mined from geological sediments and added to agricultural soils so as to meet the critical requirements of crop plants for agronomic productivity.Phosphorus exists in soil in both organic and inorganic forms.The various inorganic forms of the element in soil are salts with calcium,iron,and aluminum,whereas the organic forms come from decaying vegetation and microbial residue.There is a huge diversity of plant microbiomes(epiphytic,endophytic,and rhizospheric)and soil microbiomes that have the capability to solubilize the insoluble P and make it available to plant.The main mechanism for the solubilization of inorganic P is by the production of organic acids,which lowers soil pH,or by the production of acid and alkaline phosphatases,which causes the mineralization of organic P.The P-solubilizing and-mobilizing microorganisms belong to all three domains,comprising archaea,bacteria,and eukarya.The strains belonging to the genera Arthrobacter,Bacillus,Burkholderia,Natrinema,Pseudomonas,Rhizobium,and Serratia have been reported as efficient and potential P solubilizers.The use of P solubilizers,alone or in combination with other plant growth-promoting microbes as an eco-friendly microbial consortium,could increase the P uptake of crops,increasing their yields for agricultural and environmental sustainability.     

Soil and microbial C:N:P stoichiometries play vital roles in regulating P transformation in agricultural ecosystems: A review

Stoichiometry plays a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles and can modulate soil nutrient availability and functions. In agricultural ecosystems,phosphorus(P) fertilizers(organic or chemical) are often applied to achieve high crop yields. However, P is readily fixed by soil particles, leading to low P use efficiency. Therefore, understanding the role of carbon:nitrogen:P stoichiometries of soil and microorganisms in soil P transformation is of great significance for P management in agriculture....     

中国青海湖地区草地蝗虫与土壤的关系

A growth chamber study was conducted to determine the relationships between the supply of soil available nitrogen （N） and sulfur （S） and canola （Brassica napus） and wheat （Triticum aestivum L. ‘Biggar＇） N and S uptake and yield in three Western Canadian soils. The suitability of one-hour burial with an anion exchange membrane （AEM） was assessed for its utility as a quick test of the available N：S balance in the soil. Canola and wheat were grown on a Luvisolic soil low in available S and on Brown and Black Chernozemic soils low in both available N and S, with different rates and combinations of N and S fertilizers applied. AEM burial was used to assess soil available nitrate and sulfate supply rates after fertilization. Dry matter yield and N and S concentrations in plant tissues were determined after 6 weeks of growth. The soil available N：S ratio determined by AEM burial closely reflected the relative supplies of available N and S as revealed in the N：S ratios of plant tissue dry matter. The highest yields were achieved where the available N：S ratio in soil and plant tissue ranged from 5 to 13. Thus, a one-hour burial of an AEM probe in the field may be a useful tool to quickly test if a balanced N and S supply is present in the soil for optimum crop yield.     

Best management practices for agricultural non-point source pollution in a small watershed based on the AnnAGNPS model

Best management practices (BMPs) are implemented to reduce non-point source pollution (NPSP) worldwide. In this study, the AnnAGNPS model was adapted and used to evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs for NPSP control in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China. Through field investigation and experimental observation, the AnnAGNPS model database was constructed. The model best simulated run-off and its simulation of total nitrogen (TN) was better than for total phosphorus (TP). Simulation of the spatial distribution of different pollutant loads showed that the annual outputs of TN and TP per unit area were the highest, with an average of 63 and 6 kg hm⁻² per year, respectively. An optimal scenario was developed based on adjustments to the existing land structure which were most effective at reducing N and P loads. The reduction rates of TN and TP loads were 54% and 63%, respectively, while the reduction rates of dissolved and particulate N and P loads were between 47% and 68%. After 27% of arid slope fields were converted into terraces in the study area, the modelled particulate N and P outputs were reduced by 44% and 46%, respectively, showing that terracing sloping land could be effective at reducing particulate N and P losses. These findings indicated that slope-shifting technology is the most important method for NPSP control in the TGRA. In addition, reduced fertilizer use and conservation tillage measures should also be adopted to effectively reduce TN and TP losses.     

基于SWAT模型的图们江流域氮磷营养物非点源污染研究

运用数学模型模拟非点源污染物的空间分布及其输移转化机制,是当前农业非点源污染研究中的重要手段和途径之一。流域尺度长时段分布式水文模型SWAT（soil and water assessment tool）应用于我国南方许多流域的非点源污染模拟上都取得了较好的结果。利用SWAT模型建立了东北图们江流域非点源污染数据库,对该流域（中国一侧）划分为5个小流域46个水文单元,分别进行了水文模拟、降雨径流和土壤侵蚀量计算。结果表明,图们江流域农业非点源污染主要的发生区在流域中部,海兰河和布尔哈通河交界的区域内。该区内有机氮和有机磷的非点源污染负荷明显高于其他地区,推测认为该区域为延边州首府延吉市所在地,城市建设和经济发展带来了繁荣,也造成了局部地区的植被破坏、土地裸露,水保能力下降,因此水土流失现象比较严重。另外,通过分析流域内有机氮和有机磷的时空变化特征发现,2007年延吉、龙井地区为氮磷营养物非点源污染最大发生区（有机氮9.76t.a-1,有机磷1.24t.a-1）,而2008年除延吉、龙井地区外,珲春地区有机氮和有机磷非点源污染均有加重的趋势（分别由1.39t.a-1上升到3.82t.a-1,0.17t.a-1上升到0.48t.a-1）;氮磷营养物的空间分布特征表明,2007年与2008年除了延吉、龙井一带为最大发生区外,珲春地区有机氮流失有所加重（从1.39t.a-1上升到3.81t.a-1）,有机磷流失也有所加重（0.17t.a-1上升到0.48t.a-1）,而安图等地区则有所减轻。     

川南丘陵区近30 a来土壤养分时空变化

[目的]通过研究川南丘陵地区区域尺度上土壤养分的空间分异特征和时间变化特点,为该区域的土壤质量管理和农业可持续发展服务。[方法]基于GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析1982—2011年川南丘陵地区宜宾市南溪区长兴镇耕地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的时空变化情况。[结果](1)研究区5种土壤指标中,有效磷的变异系数最高,其余指标变异系数在22.18%~37.03%,属中等程度变异。(2)结构分析表明,1982年时土壤养分的块基比为25%~75%,属中等变异,结构因素和人为因素对其都有影响;到了2011年,各指标空间自相关性变弱,人为因素占主导作用。(3)克里格插值显示,研究区近1/2区域土壤氮素偏高,全氮和碱解氮含量在高等级及以上面积分别占39.26%和47.94%;磷素虽略有上升,但有52.68%的区域有效磷含量在5mg/kg以下,属严重缺磷;钾素含量在中上等级区域面积减少,大部分在中下水平,甚至出现了极低水平。[结论]经过近30a土地利用后,整体上研究区土壤养分北高南低,且呈重氮,轻磷,忽钾的态势,研究区以南要注意控制氮肥的输入,补充磷、钾肥。     

干旱半干旱煤矿区联合接菌对土壤改良动态生态效应

针对干旱半干旱地区煤炭开采造成的生态破坏问题,利用微生物-植物-土壤的综合作用效应,可加快矿区受损生态的修复进程.为评价不同接种微生物在矿区生态修复过程中的动态作用效果,以神东矿区大柳塔采煤塌陷区的紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa L.)为研究对象,通过原位监测,研究接种不同菌根真菌、解磷细菌或同时接种不同微...     

宜兴地区不同利用方式下土壤氮、磷含量分布特性研究

采用地理信息系统(GIS)和地统计学方法,研究了太湖流域宜兴地区不同土地利用方式下土壤氮、磷的空间变异特性。结果表明,研究区土壤全氮、速效磷含量均处于I级水平,不同利用方式的土壤全氮变异系数在30%左右,速效磷处于25%~65%间,空间分布不均匀。与1982年监测结果相比,土壤全氮、速效磷含量均得到提高,其中速效磷含量提高226%,增幅十分显著。水稻田的全氮含量、菜园土的速效磷含量均显著高于其他土壤,达到极显著水平。菜园土全氮和速效磷半方差函数模型的块基比分别为44.87%和58.82%,空间相关性最弱,而人工管理措施最少的果园土其空间相关性最强,块基比分别为26.45%和21.88%。宜兴地区土壤氮磷含量分布不均,与种植制度、肥料施用量等农业管理措施有关。土壤全氮、速效磷含量分布特性与其利用方式关系密切,不同利用方式下土壤的空间相关性有明显差异。宜兴境内太湖沿岸区域土壤氮磷含量过高,需要控制肥料的施加量,提高利用率,减少农业面源污染。     

Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in Soils of Northeastern Brazil Converted to Irrigated Agriculture

The productivity of agricultural areas in semi‐arid regions can be improved through the use of irrigation. However, the intensive cropping of such soils can have detrimental effects, especially with regard to soil organic matter (SOM) pools. The goal of this work was to evaluate soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks of different irrigated agricultural systems and compare these to preserved natural ecosystems adjacent to each of the cropping systems. We selected four cropping systems: banana, a maize/bean succession (MB), pasture (P) and guava (G), as well as areas covered by native vegetation. Stocks of total soil organic carbon (TOC), amounts of unprotected and protected soil organic carbon, carbon and nitrogen in microbial biomass and microbial respiration were quantified. Surface soil TOC stocks under banana, G and P grass were significantly greater than under native vegetation and MB system. The most intensive management system was the MB, and the least intensive systems were P and G. The least intensive cropping systems were grouped on the basis of similarities in TOC, POC, total soil nitrogen and N in microbial biomass stocks. These results show that the degree of soil degradation resulting from changes in land use systems increases with the intensity of the land use systems themselves. This confirms the established hypothesis that the extent of degradation of soil properties and changes in some SOM fractions depend on the intensity of soil use. Furthermore, the adoption of conservation practices may remediate soil degradation and increase SOM stocks, mainly at the soil's surface. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云南玉溪植烟土壤速效养分空间变异特征及应用

为探讨烟田土壤养分空间变异特征及利用空间变异进行分区管理的技术路线,以全国烤烟种植典型产区云南省玉溪市烟田土壤为例,形成土壤养分空间变异分析—空间分布—肥料养分推荐—分区配方的技术思路。基于烟区土壤养分数据,应用地理信息系统(GIS),采用地统计学方法研究烟区耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的变异特征和空间分布。以乡镇作为管理单元,依据烟田土壤肥力评价及养分管理指标体系,计算出乡镇烤烟养分管理的氮、磷、钾肥料推荐量。采用聚类分析方法,结合烤烟养分管理"核心是氮、品质元素是钾"的特点,提出玉溪烤烟养分管理5个管理分区、5个基肥配方、2个追肥配方。研究表明:玉溪烟田土壤速效养分为中等强度空间变异,拟合模型为指数模型,变异来源于结构性因素和施肥等人为因素;土壤有效磷的变异最大,高于速效钾和碱解氮,与氮肥和钾肥用量相对稳定,而磷肥相对随机等农艺措施相关;超过67%的土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量处于高和极高水平,肥料氮、磷、钾推荐量低于云南省烤烟养分管理平均水平11%左右;提出5个烤烟养分管理分区及相应的基肥和追肥配方,以满足"大配方、小调整"原则,实现分类指导和分区管理。     

南京地区2001-2010年面源污染定量监测及时空变化分析

基于2001~2010年气象资料和地理信息系统数据库,采用水土流失与土壤养分面源污染综合监测的模型方法,通过在南京全市范围土壤的布点采样和分析,对南京地区各区县10年期间水土流失与面源污染状况进行了定量监测和研究。结果表明：（1）全市各类土壤全氮、全磷、铵态氮和有效磷数据,能较好反映南京土壤养分现状和施肥情况。近年来全市大多数地区土壤具有全氮、有效磷显著增加、全磷明显减少的特点。（2）水土流失和面源污染具有年内和年度变化特征,其侵蚀与污染的月份多数发生在5~8月,侵蚀与污染最严重年度为2003年,最轻年度为2001年;（3）10年平均水土流失与面源污染的空间分布在各区县有显著差异,江宁区最严重,其次是六合区;（4）全市10年来水土保持和面源污染控制成效显著,植被覆盖率的增加和水土保持措施的加强,对减少水土流失与面源污染具有明显效果。     

核素（210）Pb（ex）示踪法在小流域农业氮磷流失研究中的应用

利用210Pbex核素示踪和野外定位监测相结合的方法,通过研究吉林省长春市莫家沟小流域土壤流失厚度和土壤侵蚀模数,探讨土壤侵蚀与农业面源污染的输移关系,估算了农业面源颗粒态和水溶态污染负荷。结果表明,土壤流失厚度1.85mm·a^-1,土壤侵蚀模数为2331t·km^2·a^-1,属于中度-强烈侵蚀水平;研究区单位面积年均输入水库的农业面源污染物总氮（TN）、水溶态总氮（WEN）、氨氮（NH3-N）、硝态氮（NO-3-N）、总磷（TP）、水溶态总磷（WEP）、磷酸盐磷（PO3-4-P）负荷分别为29、0.097、0.025、0.059、12、0.004、0.003kg·hm^-2·a^-1;土壤流失的TN、TP分别占多年平均化肥施用量的22%和10%。流失土壤携带的颗粒态TN、TP污染负荷分别是能被降雨径流浸提形成水溶态氮磷WEN、WEP污染负荷的300倍和3000倍。侵蚀流失的土壤颗粒是N、P流失的主要载体,也是最大的面源污染。     

The effect of environmental variables on soil characteristics at different scales in the transition zone of the Loess Plateau in China

As a result of human disturbance and topographic variability, land use mosaics are characteristic of the transition zone of the Loess Plateau in Shaanxi Province, China. Soils are particularly sensitive to change when land degradation processes are dominant. An understanding of the influences of environmental variables is required to inform land management and agricultural production. In this study the relationships between land type, topography and soil properties were analysed for Hengshan County at two different scales using detrended canonical correspondence analysis. The results show that variations in soil properties are strongly influenced by topography, land use and vegetation. Slope, elevation and aspect are also of importance at the county and small catchment scales of analysis. Though land use type proved to be of lesser importance than topographic factors, ANOVA analysis showed that there were significant differences in soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen, available potassium and clay %. Areas under vegetables had significantly higher SOM and TN content at the catchment scale. The results will enhance our ability to predict spatial and temporal changes in soils. In addition, it is shown that soil fertility could be improved by land reform and management in the hilly‐gully area.