黑木耳红枣果醋的醋酸发酵工艺优化

以黑木耳和红枣为主要原料酿造复合果醋,选取醋酸菌接种量、发酵温度、初始酒精度为影响因子,以果醋的总酸含量为响应值,在单因素试验基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计建立数学模型,优化果醋的醋酸发酵工艺条件。结果表明,黑木耳红枣果醋的醋酸发酵工艺的最佳参数为:醋酸菌接种量8%,发酵温度33℃,初始酒精度6.5%,在此优化条件下,果醋的总酸含量为6.14 g/100 m L,与模型预测值基本一致。     

香蕉果醋的酿造工艺研究

以香蕉果汁酿制的香蕉果酒为原料,采用摇瓶发酵法生产香蕉果醋,探讨了初始酒精度、醋酸菌接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间对香蕉果醋醋酸发酵的影响。利用正交试验设计对香蕉果醋的醋酸发酵工艺进行优化,得到最佳工艺参数为初始酒精度8%,醋酸菌接种量10%,发酵温度28℃,发酵时间7 d。在最优发酵条件下,产酸量为5.67 g/100 m L。     

刺玫果果醋发酵工艺的研究

以刺玫果为原料加工发酵果醋,通过改善工艺条件与发酵方法来提高果醋的营养与风味。通过正交试验结果表明,刺玫果果醋醋酸发酵的最佳工艺参数为醋酸菌接种量8%,初始酒精度7%,发酵温度30℃,装液量30%。     

蛋黄果果醋生产工艺的研究

以蛋黄果为原料,研究了蛋黄果果醋的生产工艺。酒精发酵L9(34)正交试验表明,最佳组合为:初始糖度14%,接种量8%,发酵温度30℃,发酵5d。醋酸发酵L9(34)正交试验证明,较好工艺为:初始酒精度7%,发酵温度30℃,醋酸菌接种量10%,发酵6d。酿制出的蛋黄果果醋颜色金黄、澄清透亮、醋味浓郁,同时具有蛋黄果的特殊清香味。     

沙棘果醋饮料的加工工艺研究

以沙棘为原料,采用液体酒精发酵和表面静置醋酸发酵法制成的风味独特的沙棘果醋饮料。通过正交试验得出醋酸发酵最佳条件为:初始pH值3.5,接种量6%,发酵温度32℃。果醋饮料最佳配方为:原醋3%,白砂糖11%,沙棘汁3%,总酸0.36%。     

沙枣果醋的工艺研究

介绍沙枣果醋的酿制方法。研究以新疆大沙枣为原料,经酒精发酵和醋酸发酵生产沙枣果醋的工艺流程。试验结果为,酒精发酵的温度为30℃,糖度为16%,酒用酵母接种量为1%;醋酸发酵的温度为32℃,酒精度为7%,醋酸菌接种量为8%,pH值调至4.0。     

蟠桃果醋生产工艺的研究

以蟠桃原浆为原料,采用液态发酵工艺进行酒精发酵和醋酸发酵。分析了发酵时间、发酵温度、初始糖度对酒精发酵的影响,以及发酵时间、发酵温度、初始酒精度对醋酸发酵的影响。试验结果表明,酒精发酵的最佳工艺条件为:发酵时间6 d,发酵温度29℃,初始糖度12%,此条件下酒精体积分数为6.5%。醋酸发酵的最佳工艺条件为:发酵时间6 d,发酵温度30℃,初始酒精体积分数为6.5%,此条件下总酸质量浓度为4.6 g/100 mL。     

发酵型茶醋生产工艺研究

本研究以茶叶和苹果汁为原料,沪酿1.01醋酸菌为菌种,液态深层发酵酿制苹果茶醋。研究分析了温度、醋酸菌接种量、初始酒度、发酵时间对产酸发酵的影响,确定了茶醋酿制的最佳工艺参数为温度34℃、接种量7%(V/V)、初始酒度8%(V/V)、发酵时间为10d。经过验证实验,最终酸度达到62.7g/L。经陈酿后的茶醋澄清透亮、色泽金黄、醋味浓郁,同时具有苹果和茶叶的特殊清香味,酸味纯正柔和,口感醇厚。     

枳椇果醋发酵工艺优化研究

以野生枳椇为原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验,对枳椇保健醋发酵工艺条件进行研究与优化,考查了醋酸菌接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间3个因素对醋酸含量的影响,得到了枳椇保健醋加工的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,枳椇保健醋醋酸发酵的最优工艺条件为枳椇果浆糖度调整至14%,初始pH值为4.0,接入0.12%酒用活化酵母,酒精发酵温度32℃,酒精发酵时间7 d,枳椇酒醪酒精度为6.2%;接入9%醋酸菌,醋酸发酵温度36℃,醋酸发酵时间10 d,酿制的枳椇醋具有食醋清香和枳椇果香,酸味柔和、风味独特、酸甜爽口。     

多菌株共生发酵蜂蜜醋饮料的工艺研究

以椴树蜜为原料,采用酿酒酵母(Saccharomycodes ludwigii)、醋化醋杆菌(Acetobacter aceti)与嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)混合多菌株共生发酵,研究共生发酵接种方式、发酵温度、接种量和接种比例4个因素对蜂蜜醋饮料的影响,采用L9(34)正交试验设计,共生发酵7 d。结果显示,优化条件为共生发酵温度32℃,混合接种量4%,接种比例1∶3∶1(酵母菌∶醋化醋杆菌∶嗜酸乳杆菌)。在此发酵条件下,蜂蜜醋饮料中总糖含量为6.5 g/dL,总酸含量(以醋酸计)为5.1 g/dL。     

精胺处理对新疆赛买提杏冷藏品质的影响

分别采用10^-410^-5、10^-6mol／L浓度的精胺（Spm）处理赛买提杏,于（O±O．5）℃条件下贮藏30d,测定分析果实生理与品质的相关指标．探讨不同浓度精胺处理的转色期赛买提杏在贮藏期间品质的变化情况。结果表明：该三种浓度精胺处理赛买提杏的保鲜效果均优于对照,其中以浓度为10^-4mol／L的精胺保鲜效果最好,可更好地延缓果实硬度及可溶性固性物含量的下降,保持可滴定酸含量,降低腐烂率,有效提高采后赛买提杏的贮藏品质,具有良好的保鲜作用。     

Growth and development of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) in response to soil moisture: 2. Resource capture and conversion

A study was conducted in controlled environment glasshouses to investigate the effects of soil moisture on resource capture and conversion of three landraces (DipC, S19-3 and UN from Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland, respectively) of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.). The study was conducted under two soil moisture treatments: an irrigated control and a drought treatment where irrigation was withheld from approximately flowering to final harvest. Drought reduced the mean fractional intercepted radiation (f) from 0.8 to less than 0.7 across landraces. The mean light extinction coefficient (=0.46) was not affected either by landrace or watering regime, while cumulative intercepted radiation (S_ci) reduced under drought because of the reduction in f. Drought reduced total transpiration (E_c) only in DipC while it had no effect on the other two landraces. Crops under irrigation extracted most of the water from the top 50 cm of the profile while those under drought extracted water down to 90 cm. The conversion coefficient for intercepted radiation (_s; g MJ⁻¹) was reduced by 32%, from 1.51 to 1.02 g MJ⁻¹. Similarly, drought reduced the dry matter/transpired water ratio (ε_w; g kg⁻¹) by 20% from 2.05 to 1.65 g kg⁻¹.     

Spear yield and quality of white asparagus as affected by soil temperature

In three consecutive years two asparagus cultivars (Gijnlim, Grolim) were cultivated at three different temperatures in the ridge surface ranging from 12 to 26 °C to assess (1) the onset of spear yield, (2) the mean daily yield increase per plant, and (3) the establishment of spear quality defects. The objective was to determine the temperature dependence of the spear growth and quality of white asparagus with respect to different cultivars and the harvest year.

The mean time interval Δt from the beginning of the temperature treatment to harvest start was 16.5 d at the reference temperature of 20 °C. This time interval corresponded to a thermal time of 255 °C d at a base temperature of 4.4 °C. The mean yield increase per plant at the reference temperature was 17.4 g d⁻¹. The temperature dependence of Δt and was expressed by the relative change of these quantities per 1 °C alteration, which were on average 0.08 and 0.14 °C⁻¹, respectively. The frequency of quality defects (rusted spears, split spears, hollow/club-shaped spears, spears with open heads) and grade I quality depended significantly (P < 0.05) on the temperature, cultivar, and harvest year. Generally, ‘Gijnlim’ showed fewer quality defects than ‘Grolim’, whereas spears without defects were most frequent for those grown between 18 and 22 °C. With rising temperatures, the frequency of split or hollow/club-shaped spears and spears with open heads increased, while the frequency of rusted spears decreased. The derived functions of yield and quality parameters should improve the controlling of the yield and quality of white asparagus spears at varying temperatures in the ridge.     

Radiation use efficiency and biomass partitioning of lucerne (Medicago sativa) in a temperate climate

This research quantifies the influence of seasonal variations in solar radiation, temperature and biomass partitioning on lucerne production in a temperate climate. Above ground biomass (shoot) production of fully irrigated ‘Kaituna’ lucerne was measured in the field over 5 years and 33 regrowth cycles in Canterbury, New Zealand. Shoot production increased linearly (R² of 0.93 ± 0.07) with intercepted total radiation within each regrowth cycle but radiation use efficiency (RUE_shoot, in g DM/MJ total radiation) ranged from 0.29 to 1.09 g DM/MJ. Covariate analysis showed season and temperature both influenced RUE_shoot with temperature adjusted decreasing from 1.01 g DM/MJ in September to 0.77 g DM/MJ between October and February, decreasing again to 0.47 g DM/MJ in March and April before increasing back to 0.99 g DM/MJ in May. A second fully irrigated experiment with lucerne plants grown in plastic columns under near field conditions investigated the seasonality of biomass partitioning between shoots and perennial biomass (roots and crowns). The proportion of total biomass partitioned to shoots (P_shoot) was 0.90 in September, 0.67 from October to February but only 0.35 in March and could be related to photoperiod. These P_shoot values were closely correlated with showing seasonal changes in RUE_shoot were partly caused by changes in biomass partitioning. Field data for RUE_shoot were divided by P_shoot to estimate the RUE for total biomass production (RUE_total). The RUE_total increased linearly from 0.60 to 1.60 g DM/MJ as mean air temperatures increased from 6 to 18 °C. These results quantified the effects of solar radiation and mean temperature on total lucerne biomass production and its seasonal partitioning between shoots and perennial biomass. The influence of regrowth duration on this partitioning was also investigated.     

Large-scale high throughput screening of sugar beet germplasm using a nanobiosensor and its comparison with ELISA method for resistance to Polymyxabetae

Identification of resistance resources of sugar beet germplasm against Polymyxa betae has always been a critical concern among sugar beet breeders. In the present study, two different methods including the DAS-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test and a nanobiosensor method based on florescent resonance transfer energy (FRET) were compared in order to achieve resistant germplasm. More specifically, 58 sugar beet germplasm as well as two negative and two positive controls were cultivated in infested soil under greenhouse conditions. The contamination level or in another words sensitivity and specificity observed based on the ELISA readings was inaccurately lower in comparison with the investigated nanobiosensor. Moreover, the nanobiosensor was 70 folds less time consuming compared to the ELISA method, for the immuno-reaction was much faster and no sample treatment steps were required. As a result, the quantum dots-FRET-based nanobiosensor investigated herein could well suit the task of everyday screening of resistance resource and could be efficiently used in breeding programs.     

Development and application of PCR markers specific to the 1Ns chromosome of Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng with leaf rust resistance

Wheat–Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng disomic addition line 12-3 was developed and characterized using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), expressed sequence tag–sequence tagged site (EST–STS), and sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. Mitotic and meiotic GISH analyses indicated that it contained 42 wheat chromosomes and a pair of P. huashanica chromosomes. Eight EST–STS multiple-loci markers located on the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes of wheat amplified polymorphic bands in the 1Ns disomic addition line 12-3, which were unique to P. huashanica. These markers suggested that the introduced Ns chromosomes belonged to homoeologous group 1. Furthermore, diagnostic fragments of random amplified polymorphic DNA marker OPAG10₉₈₆ and simple sequence repeat marker Xgwm601 ₁₃₅ were cloned, sequenced, and converted into SCAR markers, i.e., RHS153 and SHS10, respectively, which were validated using a range of distinct plant species and a complete set of wheat–P. huashanica disomic addition lines (1Ns–7Ns, 2n = 44 = 22 II). The results demonstrated that the SCAR markers targeted the Ns genome of P. huashanica and they were linked to the 1Ns chromosome. In addition, 12-3 was evaluated to test its leaf rust resistance in the adult stages and its agronomic traits. These newly developed EST–STS and SCAR markers will be powerful tools for wheat breeders who want to screen for genotypes containing the 1Ns chromosome, with low costs and high throughput.     

‘富士’苹果果实主要矿质元素与苦痘病发生的关系

以‘富士’苹果为试材,研究采收期苦痘病果实和正常果实果肉、果皮和果肉质外体的Ca、K、Mg和P等矿质元素含量及其比值变化,探讨苦痘病的发生机理。结果表明,与正常苹果果实相比,苦痘病果实的单果重和可溶性固形物含量显著高于正常果实,两者间的果实硬度、苹果酸含量和果形指数无显著差异。正常果实、苦痘病果实发病部位和正常部位的质外体Ca含量无显著差异,质外体K、Mg和P含量表现出苦痘病发病部位高于发病果实正常部位和正常果实,且发病部位与正常果实之间均差异显著。从矿质元素间的比值可以看出,苦痘病果实发病部位的K/Ca、Mg/Ca、P/Ca和[K+Mg]/Ca比值均显著高于正常果实相对应元素的比值,分别为正常果实的1.64、1.50、2.05和1.63倍。研究结果还表明,苦痘病果实果皮和果肉的Ca含量均显著低于正常果实,与正常果实相比,发病果实具有较高的K、Mg、P和N含量。苦痘病果实发病部位的K/Ca、Mg/Ca、P/Ca、[K+Mg]/Ca和N/Ca比值均显著高于正常果实相对应元素的比值。由此推断,苹果果实苦痘病的发生不仅与果实的单一Ca含量有关,果实的K、Mg、P和N含量,尤其K/Ca、Mg/Ca、P/Ca、[K+Mg]/Ca和N/Ca的比值与苦痘病的发生密切相关,在生产中均衡营养与科学施肥是解决苹果苦痘病的关键。     

铁处理有机物料接种蚯蚓对苹果根际和蚯蚓粪中有机酸的影响

以8年生红富士苹果树为试材,用不同形态、不同浓度的铁处理玉米秸秆接种蚯蚓,玉米秸秆被蚯蚓转化为蚯蚓粪后,研究对根际和蚯蚓粪有机酸的影响.苹果根际和蚯蚓粪中检测到的有机酸主要有草酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸和丙二酸,以草酸含量为高.没有用铁处理有机物料的根际有机酸高于用铁处理的,Fe3+处理有机物料的根际有机酸含量大于Fe2+处理,蚯蚓粪中的有机酸含量均以5 000 mg/kg浓度的铁处理最高.