有机肥对石灰性土壤无机磷组分的影响

研究了３种有机肥料对土壤无机磷组分的影响，其中猪粪能显著提高土壤中Ｃａ２－Ｐ、Ｃａ８－Ｐ、Ａｌ－Ｐ和Ｆｅ－Ｐ的含量，紫云英及稻草的作用明显低于猪粪，３种有机肥料对Ｃａ１０－Ｐ的影响都很小。     

石灰性土壤无机磷分级的测定方法

本分级体系适用于石灰性土壤、中性土壤以及无机磷酸盐中磷酸钙占有较大比例的土壤或其它沉积物。     

石灰性土壤无机磷有效性的研究

本文概要地介绍了作者推荐的关于石灰性土壤无机磷分级体系的建立依据,并将该分级体系中的Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P和Ca₁₀-P与张守敬的土壤无机磷分级体系进行了比较。根据对土壤中无机磷形态的分析,以及系列的生物试验结果,对石灰性土壤中不同形态无机磷的有效性进行了初步评价。     

石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法的应用

土壤磷素形态的分级,对研究磷素形态转化及有效性,对了解土壤供磷状态,指导磷肥的合理施用等都是极其重要的。石灰性土壤无机磷的分级,过去一直沿用张守敬等(1957)的方法^[1],但该法对石灰性土壤中占主要成份的Ca-P没有从有效性上进一步分级。     

VA菌根真菌对石灰性土壤不同形态磷酸盐有效性的影响

用32P示踪法研究了VA菌根真菌对石灰性土壤不同形态磷酸盐有效性的影响。结果表明，VA菌很真菌显著增加了玉米吸收肥料和土壤的磷量。菌根植物和非菌根植物都可不同程度地吸收利用土壤中的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Fe-P和Al-P，VA菌根真菌增加了玉米对它们的吸收。试验结果还表明，施Ca10-P时接种VA菌很真菌对玉米生长的促进作用比施用其它磷酸盐明显，但Ca10-P不能直接被玉米植株所利用。说明VA菌根真菌能提高土壤中的有效性磷（Ca2-P和Al-P）和缓效性磷（Ca8-P和Fe-P）的有效性。     

石灰性土壤无机磷的形态分布及其有效性

本文应用蒋柏藩和顾益初(1989)提出的石灰性土壤无机磷的分级方法,对我国北方主要的石灰性土类进行了无机磷形态分级的研究,并对其有效性作出了初步评价。供试的甘肃、陕西和河南的16种土壤的无机磷形态的分布情况为:Ca₂-P平均占无机磷总量的1.34%,Ca-P占9.91%,Al-P占4.27%,Fe-P占4.40%,O-P占10.9%,Ca₁₀-P占69.1%。生物试验的结果表明:Ca₂-P型的磷酸盐是最有效的,也是作物磷素营养的主要来源;Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P可以作为缓效磷源;Ca₁₀-P和O-P只是一种潜在磷源。本研究为石灰性土壤无机磷的研究和磷肥的合理施用提供了理论依据。     

菌根真菌对茶树吸收磷、钾素的影响

以辐照灭菌的酸性黄壤为供试土，种植有性繁殖的茶苗并接种ＶＡ菌根真菌，以不接种菌根真菌为对照，分别追施３２Ｐ－过磷酸钙和＾８６Ｒｂ－氯化铷，试验结果表明：菌根侵染率，＾３２Ｐ组合合为５２．６０％，＾８６Ｒｂ组合为５６．７０％，茶树株高分别对照的２．１０倍和２．５０倍，对磷、钾元素的吸收量分别比对照增加４．６０和３．１０倍，磷肥利用率提高１４．１０％，钾肥利用率提高１７．１３％。     

植树造林对土壤性质和菌根形成的影响

A study was conducted on Cambisols in Northern Germany to analyze the effect of fast growing trees （Salix and Populus spp.） used in agroforestry on soil chemical and physical properties and also on endo- and ectomycorrhizal colonization of the fine roots. Representative plots of three trials, Giilzow （GUL）, Vipperow （VIP） and Rostock （ROS）, were used to measure the topsoil inventories at the very beginning and after six （GUL）, seven （VIP） and ten （ROS） years of afforestation with fast growing trees. The effect on soil organic carbon, plant available nutrients, reaction, bulk density, porosity and water conditions was analyzed, Arable soils without tree coppice were used as controls. Additionally, the endoand ectomycorrhizal colonization of two Salix and two Populus clones were investigated at one site （GUL） in 2002. The amounts of organic carbon in the topsoil increased significantly （P 〈 0.01） presumably induced by leaf and root litter and also by the lack of tillage. The soil bulk density significantly decreased and the porosity of the soil increased significantly （both P 〈 0.01）. The proportion of medium pores in the soil also rose significantly （P 〈 0.05 and 0.01）. Generally, afforestation of arable soils improved soil water retention. Ectomycorrhizas dominated the mycorrhizal formation of the Salix and Populus clones, with the accumulation of organic matter in the topsoil suspected of supporting the ectomycorrhizal formation. Thus, agroforestry with Salix and Populus spp. conspicuously affected chemical and additionally physical properties of the top layer of Cambisols within a period of six years.     

有机酸根对不同土壤组分无机磷生物有效性的影响

A field investigation was conducted to determine the survival and growth rate of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.) and guava (Psidium guajava L.) saplings planted in salt-affected soils. The field used was highly saline-sodic in nature with a wide variation in electrical conductivity of the saturated soil extract (ECe), pHs, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and gypsum requirement (GR). A randomized complete block design was utilized with three treatments, i.e. T1=plastic container bags totally removed, T2=only the plastic container bag‘s base removed and T3=plastic container bags un-removed. There were 34 and 8 plants in each block for eucalyptus and guava, correspondingly. The survival rates of eucalyptus and guava saplings were greater than 90%. In addition, gain in eucalyptus height was significantly higher in the T1 treatment where the bags were totally removed while for guava height the treatments were not significant. The gain in girth was not significant for both eucalyptus and guava saplings. With eucalyptus the taproot length was greater than the lateral roots while for guava the lateral roots were longer than the taproots. There was a decrease in the salinity-sodicity of the soils for the upper 30 cm depth under both types of vegetation, indicating that the salts had leached down to the B-horizon.     

有机复混磷肥对石灰性土壤无机磷形态组成及其变化的影响

实验室培养条件下,研究了有机复混磷肥对石灰性土壤无机磷组成变化的影响。结果表明: 1）单独施用有机物料对提高土壤速效磷含量的影响不大,但施用磷肥,无论是磷酸一铵化肥还是有机复混磷肥,均显著提高了土壤速效磷含量;施用有机复混磷肥提高土壤速效磷的幅度（67.5mg/kg～80.4mg/kg）高于施用磷酸一铵化肥处理（62.3mg/kg）;有机复混磷肥中有机物料的含量高低对土壤速效磷含量的影响不大。2）单独施用有机物料具有提高土壤Ca2-P含量的作用,且明显提高了Ca8-P含量,但对Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P含量影响不大;施用无机磷肥和有机复混磷肥,显著提高了土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P含量,而对Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P含量的影响很小;与磷酸一铵化学磷肥处理相比,施用有机复混磷肥对Ca2-P含量影响较小,但明显提高了Ca8-P含量,Fe-P含量也表现增加的趋势,而Al-P含量明显降低,O-P和Ca10-P含量的变化则没有明显规律;有机复混磷肥中有机物料的比例高低对土壤无机磷组成变化的影响没有表现出明显的规律性。3）施用磷肥引起速效态Ca2-P和缓效态Ca8-P的变化最大,其它形态无机磷的变化相对较小。与磷酸一铵化肥处理相比,有机复混磷肥处理Ca8-P的变异提高幅度增加,而Al-P的变异提高幅度减小,其它指标库容的变异幅度与之相近。4）施磷处理土壤速效磷含量与土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P含量呈线性正相关,相关系数分别达到0.9888、0.9867,而Al-P、 Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P与土壤速效磷相关性不显著,磷肥施入土壤后,土壤无机磷库中Ca2-P、Ca8-P的变化对土壤速效磷含量的贡献最大。     

EDTA extractable phosphorus in soils as related to available and inorganic phosphorus forms

Abstract

Twenty surface soil samples, representing two major soil orders alfisols and vertisols were extracted with 0.01N Na₂ EDTA solution (pH 4.8) at a soil/solution ratio of 1:25. Phosphorus in the extract was determined following ammonium molybdate‐stannous chloride colorimetric method. The EDTA extractable P showed significant positive correlations with extractable P according to the Olsen, Morgan, Bray 1 and 2 and also with inorganic phosphorus fractions associated with Al, Ca and Fe.     

酸性红壤中磷高效大豆新种质的磷营养特性

采用一系列磷高效大豆新种质及对照材料,在华南酸性红壤地区3种不同磷水平的代表性土壤上,分春、夏两季研究了不同大豆品种的磷营养特性,探讨了不同大豆品种（系）在不同磷水平土壤上的最佳施磷量及其经济效益。结果表明, 1）土壤有效磷含量是影响酸性红壤地区大豆生产的重要因素,无论从地上部生物量、磷吸收量还是产量来看,所有供试品种均表现出高磷>中磷>低磷土壤的趋势。2）施磷对低肥力土壤上大豆产量的影响较大,对中等肥力土壤影响较小,而对高肥力土壤,施磷肥反而造成大豆减产; 过量施用磷肥会造成大豆对磷的“奢侈吸收”。3）大豆的磷营养特性具有显著的基因型差异,因而需要不同磷养分管理方式。4个磷高效大豆新种质在低肥力土壤上仅需施用少量磷肥,在中、高肥力土壤上不需施磷即可满足生长需要。经济效益分析结果表明,磷高效品种无论在低肥力还是在中、高肥力土壤上,其纯收入均远高于本地和国家大豆区域试验对照品种。     

石灰性潮土长期定位施肥对小麦根际无机磷组分及其有效性的影响

在长期定位施肥的基础上，采用网室盆栽试验，研究了石灰性潮土中不同施肥处理对冬小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中无机磷组分及其有效性的影响。结果表明，不同施肥处理的供试土壤无机磷组分均以磷酸钙盐为主，平均占无机磷总量的73．9％，其它组分占26．1％。不施磷肥的各处理（CK、N、NK）中，小麦生物量和吸磷量均较低，小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中无机磷总量变化不大，Ca2-P和Ca8—P在各处理的根际土壤中含量均很低。在施用磷肥的各处理（NP、PK、NPK）中，NP和NPK处理小麦的生物量和吸磷量均显著高于PK处理，而PK处理根际与非根际土壤中无机磷各组分的增幅明显高于NP和NPK处理。磷肥和有机肥处理，均显著提高小麦的吸磷量和生物学产量，各处理根际与非根际土壤中无机磷组分含量和总量增加的幅度以1．5（M＋NPK）处理最高。对不同施肥处理的小麦根际各无机磷形态及其与土壤速效磷间的相关分析表明，Ca2-P与土壤速效磷间的相关性达极显著水平，Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe—P达显著水平，O-P、Ca10—P不显著。     

Alkalinity exacerbates phosphorus deficiency in subtropical red soils: Insights from phosphate-solubilizing fungi

Red soils in subtropical regions are often low in available phosphorus (P), a vital plant nutrient. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) can release P from phosphate reservoir, making it accessible to plants. However, the complex interactions between PSMs and minerals in red soils are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of Aspergillus niger, a typical phosphate-solubilizing fungus (PSF), on phosphate dissolution in two representative red soils – an acidic soil and an alkaline soil. In the acidic red soil, the fungal abundance reached 3.01 × 10 ⁷ cfu g⁻¹ after a 28-day incubation period, with respiration of ~2000 mg C kg⁻¹. The secretion of oxalic acid promoted P release from inorganic phosphate (from ~1 to 187 mg kg⁻¹). Additionally, the contents of amorphous Fe/Al oxides decreased, which otherwise could have contributed to P sorption in the soil. In contrast, P availability declined in the alkaline red soil after the addition of A. niger, regardless of the P source (inorganic or organic phosphate). Meanwhile, the fungal respiration decreased to ~780 mg C kg⁻¹. Therefore, alkaline red soils with abundant carbonates are susceptible to P deficiency due to both the diminished function of PSMs and strong soil buffering. These findings have important implications for sustainable agriculture on alkaline red soils, as they suggest that the use of PSMs to improve P availability may be limited.     

低分子量有机酸对红壤无机磷活化的作用

采用室内模拟试验研究了低分子量有机酸,如草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸在红壤无机磷活化中的作用。结果表明,相同浓度下,有机酸活化土壤磷的能力为柠檬酸酒石酸苹果酸。低浓度(0.5mmolL-1)时,草酸活化能力最小;高浓度(≥5mmolL-1)时,其活化能力最大。对同一种有机酸而言,土壤各无机磷形态活化量均随pH的升高而降低;且在同一酸度下,其活化量以铝磷(Al-P)为最多,铁磷(Fe-P)和钙磷(Ca-P)次之,闭蓄态磷(O-P)则最少。有机酸活化土壤无机磷酸盐应该是质子酸效应和有机酸阴离子络合效应共同作用的结果,且与磷酸盐的溶度积常数密切相关。研究结果对根系土壤无机磷素循环研究有着重要的意义。     

溶磷真菌促进磷素吸收和作物生长的作用研究

在盆栽条件下,利用花生、玉米、油菜在3种不同磷水平的石灰性土壤上,采用土壤耗竭性连续种植的方法,研究了溶磷青霉菌P8对吸收土壤磷素和作物生长的影响。结果表明,3种土壤上接种青霉菌P8菌剂都能提高作物的吸磷量,其生物产量比不接种显著提高,且在有效磷低的土壤上其增产幅度大于有效磷高的土壤;接种青霉菌P8在一定程度上能缓解和改善低温对作物生长和磷素吸收的不良影响。无论在有效磷高还是低的土壤,青霉菌P8都具有活化土壤磷、提高土壤磷素的利用效率和促进作物苗期生长的作用。     

Mobilization of phosphorus contributes to positive rotational effects of leguminous cover crops on maize grown on soils from northern Nigeria

Previous research has demonstrated a positive rotational effect of tropical leguminous cover crops on maize growth on a luvisol from Nigeria. This effect could not be explained by a better N supply. The objective of the present work was to further clarify whether improved P nutrition has been a contributing factor. Nine cover crops and maize were studied in nutrient solution‐culture with 1 and 20 μM P and with NO₃‐N as N source for root physiological parameters that may affect P mobilization. Zea mays, Lablab purpureus, and Centrosema pubescens responded to P deficiency by higher rates of proton excretion. Clitoria ternatea excreted OH^— with only small differences due to P nutrition. At low P supply, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Clitoria, and Centrosema had the highest exudation rates of organic acid anions, especially citrate and malate. A major difference between plant species was found in root‐surface acid phosphatase activity. Cajanus cajan expressed the highest phosphatase activity. V_max of P uptake increased markedly under P deficiency, particularly for maize. Compared to the other plant species Cajanus, Chamaecrista, and Clitoria were characterized by a greater capability to absorb P at low external P concentrations. The nine cover crops and maize were also grown in pot experiments using two soils from northern Nigeria low in available P. The ultisol from Jos had a high P fixation capacity and was more acidic than the alfisol from Zaria. All plant species were precultured in the first season at 100 (Zaria) and 250 (Jos) mg P per pot. In the subsequent season, maize was uniformly seeded into all pots containing the remaining roots and the incorporated shoot dry mass (according to 15 mg P per pot) of the pre‐crop. No P and 250 (Zaria) or 500 (Jos) mg P per pot were freshly applied. Maize growth and P uptake were enhanced after legumes in Zaria soil. Cajanus showed the highest residual effect, and also Clitoria, Chamaecrista, and Lablab showed effects superior to the mean. In Jos soil, Clitoria, Cajanus, and Lablab enhanced maize growth above average. Also, a highly significant positive correlation between P uptake and biomass production was obtained. These results indicate that enhancement of maize growth after leguminous cover crops, at the low P supply of the soil used, mainly depends on P mobilization capacity of the cover crop.     

有机酸对不同磷源施入石灰性潮土后无机磷形态转化的影响

采用室内培养和化学分析的方法研究了几种有机酸对石灰性潮土无机磷形态转化的影响。结果表明,1)石灰性潮土中磷素主要以有效性很低的磷酸盐(Ca10-P等)形式存在,而有效性较高的磷酸盐(Ca8-P等)含量较少,Ca2-P就更少。2)不同磷源施入土壤后,无机磷总量相应增加。磷酸二氢钾与磷酸二钙主要向Ca8-P、Al-P等有效性相对较差的磷素形态转化,磷酸八钙、氟磷灰石、磷酸铁、磷酸铝等有效性较差的磷源,在较短的时期内主要以自身的形态存在。3)施加各种有机酸可以不同程度地降低土壤中Fe-P、Al-P和Ca10-P含量,增加Ca2-P、Ca8-P和O-P含量,总的趋势是促进土壤中植物难以利用的无机磷形态向植物可以利用的形态转化。这种促进能力因有机酸种类和性质的不同而不同,其作用大小顺序为草酸柠檬酸酒石酸。