有机肥对石灰性土壤无机磷组分的影响

研究了３种有机肥料对土壤无机磷组分的影响,其中猪粪能显著提高土壤中Ｃａ２－Ｐ、Ｃａ８－Ｐ、Ａｌ－Ｐ和Ｆｅ－Ｐ的含量,紫云英及稻草的作用明显低于猪粪,３种有机肥料对Ｃａ１０－Ｐ的影响都很小。     

石灰性土壤无机磷有效性的研究

本文概要地介绍了作者推荐的关于石灰性土壤无机磷分级体系的建立依据,并将该分级体系中的Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P和Ca₁₀-P与张守敬的土壤无机磷分级体系进行了比较。根据对土壤中无机磷形态的分析,以及系列的生物试验结果,对石灰性土壤中不同形态无机磷的有效性进行了初步评价。     

石灰性土壤无机磷分级的测定方法

本分级体系适用于石灰性土壤、中性土壤以及无机磷酸盐中磷酸钙占有较大比例的土壤或其它沉积物。     

石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法的应用

土壤磷素形态的分级,对研究磷素形态转化及有效性,对了解土壤供磷状态,指导磷肥的合理施用等都是极其重要的。石灰性土壤无机磷的分级,过去一直沿用张守敬等(1957)的方法^[1],但该法对石灰性土壤中占主要成份的Ca-P没有从有效性上进一步分级。     

石灰性土壤无机磷的形态分布及其有效性

本文应用蒋柏藩和顾益初(1989)提出的石灰性土壤无机磷的分级方法,对我国北方主要的石灰性土类进行了无机磷形态分级的研究,并对其有效性作出了初步评价。供试的甘肃、陕西和河南的16种土壤的无机磷形态的分布情况为:Ca₂-P平均占无机磷总量的1.34%,Ca-P占9.91%,Al-P占4.27%,Fe-P占4.40%,O-P占10.9%,Ca₁₀-P占69.1%。生物试验的结果表明:Ca₂-P型的磷酸盐是最有效的,也是作物磷素营养的主要来源;Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P可以作为缓效磷源;Ca₁₀-P和O-P只是一种潜在磷源。本研究为石灰性土壤无机磷的研究和磷肥的合理施用提供了理论依据。     

VA菌根真菌对石灰性土壤不同形态磷酸盐有效性的影响

用32P示踪法研究了VA菌根真菌对石灰性土壤不同形态磷酸盐有效性的影响。结果表明,VA菌很真菌显著增加了玉米吸收肥料和土壤的磷量。菌根植物和非菌根植物都可不同程度地吸收利用土壤中的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Fe-P和Al-P,VA菌根真菌增加了玉米对它们的吸收。试验结果还表明,施Ca10-P时接种VA菌很真菌对玉米生长的促进作用比施用其它磷酸盐明显,但Ca10-P不能直接被玉米植株所利用。说明VA菌根真菌能提高土壤中的有效性磷（Ca2-P和Al-P）和缓效性磷（Ca8-P和Fe-P）的有效性。     

不同水分和添加物料对石灰性土壤无机磷形态转化的影响

利用轻粘质土壤 ,模拟石灰性土壤中不同的组分因素进行室内培养试验。结果表明 ,水溶性磷肥施入土壤后很快向其它无机磷形态转化 ,主要转化为Fe-P ,其次是Ca2-P、Ca8-P和Al-P ,而很少转化为O-P和Ca10-P。其转化规律受不同培养组分因素的影响。较低的土壤水分含量 (200g/kg)利于Ca8-P、Al-P向Fe P和Ca10-P的转化 ,过高的水分含量 (200g/kg)有利于Ca10-P的活化与Fe-P的大量生成 ;不同量CaCO3加入促进了Fe-P、Al-P以及Ca2-P向Ca8-P、Ca10-P方向转化 ;秸杆、腐植酸的加入增加了各形态无机磷量以及无机磷总量。随培养时间的延长 ,Al-P、Fe-P等形态的磷量减少 ,Ca8-P、Ca10-P形态的量增加。不同量秸杆以及腐植酸的加入不同程度地降低了速效磷下降的幅度 ,提高了土壤速效磷水平。     

干湿交替过程中石灰性土壤无机磷的转化及有效性

盆栽试验和培养试验结果表明：淹水能显著提高石灰性土壤磷含量,其作用顺序为,两合土〉淤土;淹水促使土壤无机磷组分中Ｃａ２－Ｐ、Ｃａ８－Ｐ含量增加,说明石灰性土壤淹水后土壤磷有效性的提高主要是Ｃａ－Ｐ体系的活性提高所致。回旱后,土壤速效磷值明显降低,土壤无机磷组分中,Ｃａ２－Ｐ、Ａｌ－Ｐ、Ｆｅ－Ｐ组分均呈降低趋势,土壤无机磷向难溶态转化。淹水降低了外加磷肥的肥效。     

有机酸根对不同土壤组分无机磷生物有效性的影响

A field investigation was conducted to determine the survival and growth rate of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.) and guava (Psidium guajava L.) saplings planted in salt-affected soils. The field used was highly saline-sodic in nature with a wide variation in electrical conductivity of the saturated soil extract (ECe), pHs, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and gypsum requirement (GR). A randomized complete block design was utilized with three treatments, i.e. T1=plastic container bags totally removed, T2=only the plastic container bag‘s base removed and T3=plastic container bags un-removed. There were 34 and 8 plants in each block for eucalyptus and guava, correspondingly. The survival rates of eucalyptus and guava saplings were greater than 90%. In addition, gain in eucalyptus height was significantly higher in the T1 treatment where the bags were totally removed while for guava height the treatments were not significant. The gain in girth was not significant for both eucalyptus and guava saplings. With eucalyptus the taproot length was greater than the lateral roots while for guava the lateral roots were longer than the taproots. There was a decrease in the salinity-sodicity of the soils for the upper 30 cm depth under both types of vegetation, indicating that the salts had leached down to the B-horizon.     

土壤磷素形态及其生物有效性研究进展

土壤磷素形态及其生物有效性的研究对解决农业生产中所引起的经济、环境和资源问题有很重要的作用。结合国内外已有成果和最新研究进展,从土壤的形态、磷的分组以及测定方法,土壤各形态磷的生物有效性等几个方面综述了国内外土壤磷的研究现状,并提出了目前在土壤磷研究中存在的一些问题以及今后研究的热点。     

溶磷真菌的筛选及配施难溶态磷对土壤磷素有效性的影响

为研究溶磷真菌菌群对土壤磷素有效性的影响,首先在室内对3株不同种类溶磷真菌(1株属于被孢霉属Z1,1株为青霉属Z2,1株为黑曲霉Z3)的组合效应进行了研究,确定了最佳的菌株组合Z1+Z2+Z3,试验选用Z1、Z2、Z3组成菌群作为试验菌株;然后通过盆栽油菜试验研究溶磷真菌配施难溶态磷(磷酸三钙和磷矿粉)对土壤磷素有效性的影响。结果表明:溶磷真菌处理土壤有效磷、有机质、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶含量和油菜产量分别比基质处理显著增加了60.00%,20.21%,56.45%,53.81%,14.38%,溶磷真菌配施难溶态磷上述各指标都高于单施溶磷真菌处理;单施溶磷真菌对土壤最大吸磷量的影响与基质无差异,溶磷真菌配施难溶态磷可以显著降低土壤最大吸磷量,溶磷真菌+磷酸三钙和溶磷真菌+磷矿粉处理土壤最大吸磷量比溶磷真菌处理显著减少158.7,47.6 mg/kg,溶磷真菌各处理土壤吸附常数都低于对应的基质处理,溶磷真菌可以降低土壤对磷的吸附。在土壤上溶磷真菌应与难溶态磷配合施用,对提高土壤磷素有效性有积极的作用。     

酸性红壤中磷高效大豆新种质的磷营养特性

采用一系列磷高效大豆新种质及对照材料,在华南酸性红壤地区3种不同磷水平的代表性土壤上,分春、夏两季研究了不同大豆品种的磷营养特性,探讨了不同大豆品种（系）在不同磷水平土壤上的最佳施磷量及其经济效益。结果表明, 1）土壤有效磷含量是影响酸性红壤地区大豆生产的重要因素,无论从地上部生物量、磷吸收量还是产量来看,所有供试品种均表现出高磷>中磷>低磷土壤的趋势。2）施磷对低肥力土壤上大豆产量的影响较大,对中等肥力土壤影响较小,而对高肥力土壤,施磷肥反而造成大豆减产; 过量施用磷肥会造成大豆对磷的“奢侈吸收”。3）大豆的磷营养特性具有显著的基因型差异,因而需要不同磷养分管理方式。4个磷高效大豆新种质在低肥力土壤上仅需施用少量磷肥,在中、高肥力土壤上不需施磷即可满足生长需要。经济效益分析结果表明,磷高效品种无论在低肥力还是在中、高肥力土壤上,其纯收入均远高于本地和国家大豆区域试验对照品种。     

Residual effects of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on some soil properties and phosphate availability

The effects of the application of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on the growth and nutrient uptake of Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Tachiwase) and some properties of the soil were evaluated in a greenhouse pot experiment. Phosphate rocks (PRs) collected from six countries; China, Florida (USA), Jordan, Sri Lanka, Togo, and Tanzania, were treated with 1 M oxalic or tartaric acid at the ratio of 2.5 mL g^-1 PR. The organic acid-treated PRs, containing 12–31% water soluble P, were applied to a granitic regosol (pH 5.8) at 200 mg P pot^-1 (4 kg soil). Untreated PRs and single superphosphate (SSP) were included in the treatments. Italian ryegrass was grown for 175 dafter planting (DAP) with ample supply of other nutrients and water. Shoots were harvested at 56, 119, and 175 DAP and the soils were analyzed for pH and Olsen-P after the experiment. Application of organic acid-treated PRs consistently increased the dry matter yield and P uptake of the plants compared with the application of untreated PRs at each harvest, but they were less effective than SSP. A larger amount of P (calculated per unit water-soluble P applied) was recovered from the organic acid-treated PRs than from SSP. The amount of residual extractable P in the soils with the organic acid-treated PRs was about the same as or significantly larger than that in the soil treated with SSP. Soil pH was also significantly higher than in the control and SSP soils. The results suggest that organic acids could be used to improve the P availability of PRs to plants with favorable residual effects in terms of available P and soil pH, without exerting any adverse effects on plant growth or nutrient acquisition.     

石灰性潮土长期定位施肥对小麦根际无机磷组分及其有效性的影响

在长期定位施肥的基础上,采用网室盆栽试验,研究了石灰性潮土中不同施肥处理对冬小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中无机磷组分及其有效性的影响。结果表明,不同施肥处理的供试土壤无机磷组分均以磷酸钙盐为主,平均占无机磷总量的73．9％,其它组分占26．1％。不施磷肥的各处理（CK、N、NK）中,小麦生物量和吸磷量均较低,小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中无机磷总量变化不大,Ca2-P和Ca8—P在各处理的根际土壤中含量均很低。在施用磷肥的各处理（NP、PK、NPK）中,NP和NPK处理小麦的生物量和吸磷量均显著高于PK处理,而PK处理根际与非根际土壤中无机磷各组分的增幅明显高于NP和NPK处理。磷肥和有机肥处理,均显著提高小麦的吸磷量和生物学产量,各处理根际与非根际土壤中无机磷组分含量和总量增加的幅度以1．5（M＋NPK）处理最高。对不同施肥处理的小麦根际各无机磷形态及其与土壤速效磷间的相关分析表明,Ca2-P与土壤速效磷间的相关性达极显著水平,Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe—P达显著水平,O-P、Ca10—P不显著。