福州城市土壤pH值、有机质和磁化率特征研究

研究了福州市不同功能区城市土壤的pH值、有机质和磁化率。结果表明,福州市土壤pH值以中性和碱性为主,可能是受城市化过程中碱性废弃物排放的影响所致;土壤有机质含量总体较高,各功能区的变化规律为：工业区〉商业区〉城市风景区〉生活文化区,反映了土壤有机质含量的增加与高强度人类活动有直接关系;土壤磁化率值总体偏高,代表着福州市土壤普遍受到一定程度的重金属污染,不同功能区的磁化率特征表现为：工业区〉商业区≥生活文化区〉城市风景区。不同功能区土壤的pH值、有机质和磁化率三者之间基本不存在相关关系,这与自然土壤有较明显的区别。     

焚烧秸杆对土壤有机质和微生物的影响研究

采用直接灼烧法和稀释平板法研究了焚烧秸杆对土壤有机质和微生物的影响。结果表明:焚烧秸杆使土壤有机质减少16.56%;土壤微生物中的细菌、放线菌和真菌分别减少了85.95%、78.58%和87.28%。     

基于3S技术的黄河三角洲土壤质量自动化评价方法研究

土壤盐碱化加剧、土壤质量退化是黄河三角洲土地开发利用中面临的重要问题,快速评价土壤质量对该区土地资源合理利用与保护有重要意义。该文利用GPS技术自动获取采样点信息,利用RS快速获取土地利用现状数据,利用MapGIS对数据进行矢量化,在ArcGIS下对采样点属性进行Kriging插值形成各指标分布图和隶属度分布图,最后利用指数和公式在ArcGIS下自动运算形成土壤质量分布图,并构建了基于3S技术的土壤质量自动化评价流程。评价结果与传统评价对照分析,一致性在90％以上,说明该方法准确可靠。     

攀西山区植烟土壤pH和有机质含量特征与关系研究

pH和有机质是土壤肥力的重要指标，也是烤烟优质高产重要因子。本文以攀西山区4个烤烟主产县的19个典型烟田的剖面为代表，合计采集了75个发生层样品，分析了有机质和pH特征及其关系，旨在为攀西山区烟田土壤改良和施肥提供科学指导。结果表明：①耕层pH变幅为4.11~7.89，平均为6.25，总体上处于植烟适宜级别（pH 5.5~7.0），但有21.05%样点处于偏酸（pH<5.5）级别；②耕层有机质变幅为9.20~47.80 g/kg，平均为21.64 g/kg，但仅26.31%的样点处于适宜植烟级别（10~40 g/kg）；③不同成土母质的耕层有机质含量由高到低依次是风化坡积物、残积物>第四纪红黏土>沟谷堆积物，前两者间没有显著差异，但均显著高于后者；④土壤pH和有机质之间呈负相关关系；在剖面分布上，pH随着深度的增加而增大，而有机质表现出明显表聚现象，向下急剧降低。     

滨海废弃盐田复垦区土壤盐分和有机质的空间变异特征

为了揭示废弃盐田复垦区棉田土壤盐分和有机质的时空变化特征,该文利用棉花关键生长节点的土壤采样数据,采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,对土壤盐分和有机质的空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明:研究区不同时期不同深度的土壤含盐量和有机质含量变幅较大,二者的变异强度均为中等;随着时间的变化土壤含盐量和有机质含量均呈现下降的趋势,各层土壤含盐量与有机质含量相关性程度不高。研究区土壤含盐量与有机质含量均具有中等强度的空间自相关性。Kriging插值结果表明土壤有机质呈条带状分布,苗期和花期土壤有机质含量由西向东逐渐增加,花铃期土壤有机质含量以东北部含量最低,收获期有机质含量高值区主要集中在西北部和东南部。土壤含盐量的三维空间分布在不同时期不同深度具有相似性,其空间分布特征总体较为接近;苗期和花期土壤含盐量高值区出现在东南部方向;花铃期和收获期土壤含盐量空间分布比较散乱,呈斑块状分布。研究结果为莱州湾南岸盐田复垦区的盐渍土科学改良、合理利用及农业可持续发展提供技术支持。     

基于高光谱特征的土壤有机质含量估测研究

在室内条件下,利用ASD2500高光谱仪测定了潮土和水稻土自然风干土壤样品的光谱。通过系统分析两种不同类型土壤的高光谱特征差异及其有机质含量的敏感波段区位,建立了土壤有机质含量的光谱估测模型。结果表明,具有相同有机质含量的两种类型土壤整体光谱变化趋势无明显差别,但反射率表现出明显差异,一阶导数变换能较好地显现谱图中的肩峰。潮土和水稻土有机质的敏感波段集中在相同区域,原始反射率在685 nm处相关性最高,而一阶导数光谱在554 nm处相关性最高。通过对整体样本的多元逐步回归分析,筛选出两种土壤有机质相同的敏感波段为800 nm、1 398 nm和546 nm。进一步以一阶导数为自变量,基于1 400nm和554 nm两个波段构建了土壤有机质差值指数SOMDI及估测模型,即Y=4.19 12.85×(R_FD554 R_FD1 400)。利用独立的样本对建立的光谱模型进行了检验,预测决定系数均达0.79以上。上述结果表明,利用高光谱技术可实现土壤有机质的快速监测与诊断。     

贵州西部喀斯特石漠化地区草地土壤有机质和氮素变异特征初步研究

采集了贵州西部喀斯特地区中度石漠化、强度石漠化和非石漠化区域的草地土壤，并对样品的有机质和各形态氮素含量进行分析测定。统计特征值比较表明；在强度石漠化区域，土壤有机质和各形态氮素含量的变化幅度最大，中度石漠化区域次之，非石漠化区域最小。方差分析显示：中度石漠化区域与非石漠化区域的酸水解性全氮含量差异性显著，氨基酸态氮含量差异性极显著，而不同石漠化区域土壤有机质和其它各形态氮素含量差异性均不显著。此外，根据研究过程中所遇到的情况，提出了当前石漠化研究厦待解决的一些科学问题。     

植被恢复过程中土壤有机质和全氮的变化特征及区域差异

不同区域植被恢复对土壤化学性质变化的影响差异较大。本文通过收集前人在土壤化学性质方面的研究数据, 选取福建省长汀县、闽清县和陕西省陕北地区植被恢复过程中0~20 cm 表土层有机质和全氮含量,进行了两类区域土壤表层有机质和全氮在自然恢复和人为恢复过程中变化特征的比较分析。结果表明, 福建省长汀县和闽清县的植被恢复初期, 人为恢复对土壤有机质和全氮含量的影响较大, 后期自然恢复影响更大;陕北地区植被恢复初期自然恢复对土壤有机质和全氮含量的改善好于人为恢复, 之后二者差异不明显; 福建省长汀县和闽清县在整个植被自然恢复过程中土壤有机质和全氮累计增量和年平均增量都比陕北地区高。因此, 建议福建省长汀县和闽清县应先进行人为植被恢复, 然后进行自然恢复; 而陕北地区应先进行自然恢复,再人为恢复和自然恢复相结合, 这样可有效改善土壤有机质和全氮含量, 加快植被恢复。     

基于3S的土壤肥料专家系统研究

随着计算机技术和3S(GIS、RS、GPS )技术在农业上的广泛应用,传统农业正向精细农业转化,农业专家系统应运而生。针对目前我国土壤养分管理和施肥技术的现状,本文从与土壤肥力、施肥、作物有关的因素着手,采用面向对象的编程语言(VB)、数据库(Access)和3S等技术手段,探讨土壤肥料专家系统的设计过程。这种专家系统不但能指导农民合理施肥,也能为决策者和肥料供销商提供决策服务,具有很好的实用性和推广价值,尤其在滨湖平原能收到良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

自然和人为因素对耕地土壤有机质含量影响的研究

【目的】以江西省泰和县为研究区域,揭示县域尺度耕地土壤有机质(SOM)的空间分布规律。【方法】设计覆盖整个泰和县耕地的采样网络,采集361个表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品。使用普通克里格插值法探究研究区耕地土壤有机质含量的空间分布特征,利用随机森林模型结合经典统计方法探究泰和县耕地土壤有机质空间分异的主要影响因素。【结果】研究区耕地土壤有机质含量均值为31.05 g kg^-1,处于较丰富水平,表明泰和县耕地土壤肥力水平较好。泰和县耕地土壤有机质具有中等程度的空间自相关性,具有中部低、东西高的空间分布特征。秸秆还田和海拔是耕地土壤有机质含量的主要影响因子,解释率为56.37%和18.73%。土壤pH、成土母质、施肥量和灌溉能力对土壤有机质含量也具有显著影响,解释率分别为9.66%、9.47%、6.76%和5.45%。【结论】采取秸秆还田、合理施用石灰和完善排水设施等田间管理措施可以有效提高耕地土壤有机质含量,改善土壤保肥固碳能力,对促进农业可持续发展,助力实施国家“碳达峰”和“碳中和”战略具有重要价值和意义。     

Estimation of turnover and equilibrium of soil organic matter using a mathematical approach

The methods based on N uptake of aerial-plants, soil organic matter （SOM） dynamics, Jenny＇s equation, and actual measurement of long-term field experiments in Jiaxing, Quzhou, Huangyan and Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province, China were used to determine the organic mineralization rate being helpful in estimating the organic requirement for SOM equilibrium. The results showed that the estimated mineralization ratios of SOM for Jiaxing and Quzhou were, respectively, 0.0404 and 0.0508 based on N uptake of aerial-plants in non-fertilized plots; 0.0405 and 0.012 using SOM dynamics in non-fertilized plots; and 0.0413 and 0.0513 using the actual investigated data and Jenny＇s equation. With Jenny＇s equation, soil organic C balance in manure ＋ N-P-K plots was estimated at nearly 28.8 g kg^-1 for Jiaxing and 32.4 g kg^-1 for Quzhou with predicted SOM linearly related to the actual investigated values （r^2 = 0.9640 for Jiaxing and 0.8541 for Quzhou）. To maintain the SOM balance in the non-fertilized plots the recommended rate of organic materials was 3 000-6 600 kg ha^-1, and the relevant rates of farm yard manure （FYM） in the manure and N-P-K plots were estimated at 3 375 （dry） and 17670 kg ha^-1 （wet） for Jiaxing, 1845 （dry） and 6090 kg ha^-1 （wet） for Quzhou.     

Wet sieving versus dry crushing: Soil microaggregates reveal different physical structure,bacterial diversity and organic matter composition in a clay gradient

Soil microaggregates contain particles of different sizes, which may affect their potential to store organic carbon (OC). A variety of methods can be used to isolate microaggregates from the larger soil structures, among which wet sieving approaches are widely employed. We developed a novel dry crushing method that isolates microaggregates along failure planes due to mechanical stresses rather than hydraulic pressures and compared the mechanical stability, OC contents and microbial community composition between dry-crushed and wet-sieved samples with contrasting clay contents. Dry-crushed samples exhibited a higher stability and bacterial diversity compared to wet-sieved samples. As a result, the dry-crushed microaggregates had different size distributions when analysed dry and after wetting. In the dry state, dry-crushed microaggregates were larger and contained more sand-sized primary particles within the aggregate structures. The wetting of dry-crushed aggregates caused a disintegration of larger microaggregates and sand-sized primary particles into smaller microaggregates that contained finer particles. In the soils with lower clay contents, the diameter of dry-crushed microaggregates was 40 μm larger due to more sand-sized primary particles remaining within the aggregates. Depending on how much volume in microaggregates is occupied by large primary particles, the OC concentration increased in the soil with higher clay content. Wet-sieved size fractions also showed a similar pattern of OC distribution, whereas more primary particles were observed outside of aggregates. Wet sieving approaches disperse the soil into OC-rich aggregates and might be preferable if OC dynamics are investigated. Differences in bacterial community composition in dependence on clay content were more pronounced in dry-crushed microaggregates. If intact aggregate architectures are of interest for the isolation of soil structural units, the presented dry crushing method might provide an advantageous alternative that also better preserves bacterial diversity.     

Soil microbial biomass and organic matter composition in soils under cultivation

To determine whether there is a relationship between the composition of soil organic matter and the activity of the soil microbial biomass, the composition of the organic matter in 12 typical arable soils in Northwest Germany was investigated by wet chemical analysis and CPMAS cross polarization magic angle spinning ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy. The data were correlated with the microbial biomass as estimated by substrate-induced respiration. A strong correlation between the microbial biomass and alkylic C compounds was observed (r=-0.960^***). Recalcitrant substances were enriched in this fraction, which were classified as humic acids according to the wet chemical procedure. The microbial decomposition of these humic acids is probably retarded, due to their chemical structure and/or physical bonding, when the soil microbial biomass activity is limited.     

Soil organic matter and land degradation in semi-arid area,Israel

Soil organic matter (SOM) was monitored at five research sites along a climatic transect extending from the Judean Mountains (mean annual rainfall 700 mm; annual mean temperature 17 °C) to the Dead Sea (mean annual rainfall < 100 mm; annual mean temperature 23 °C) in Israel. At four sites, representing four climatic regions, Mediterranean (site GIV), semi-arid (site MAL), mildly arid (site MIS) and arid (site KAL), four to eight soil samples were taken four times a year, in January, March, May and September, from 1992 through 1993 and 1994 and in April and August 2000. In the last 2 months soil samples were also taken from another site (MAB) in the semi-arid area. Comparison between the sites along the climatic transect shows that, except for site MAB, SOM increased significantly in both 0–2 cm and 2–10 cm, from the arid site, through the mildly arid site and the semi-arid site, to the Mediterranean site. Analysis of SOM temporal patterns of the two semi-arid sites (MAL and MAB) shows significant change from the normal SOM pattern in both the regional scale and the soil profile scale in one site (MAB). The a-normal pattern of SOM and the low soil aggregate stability at MAB indicates land degradation and it is attributed to overgrazing.     

Soil organic matter,microbial properties,and aggregate stability under annual and perennial pastures

The use of annually sown pastures to provide winter forage is common in dairy farming in many regions of the world. Loss of organic matter and soil structural stability due to annual tillage under this management may be contributing to soil degradation. The comparative effects of annual ryegrass pastures (conventionally tilled and resown each year), permanent kikuyu pastures and undisturbed native vegetation on soil organic matter content, microbial size and activity, and aggregate stability were investigated on commercial dairy farms in the Tsitsikamma region of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. In comparison with soils under sparse, native grassy vegetation, those under both annual ryegrass and permanent kikuyu pasture had higher soil organic matter content on the very sandy soils of the eastern end of the region. By contrast, in the higher rainfall, western side, where the native vegetation was coastal forest, there was a loss of organic matter under both types of pasture. Nonetheless, soil organic C, K₂SO₄-extractable C, microbial biomass C, basal respiration, arginine ammonification and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis rates and aggregate stability were less under annual than permanent pastures at all the sites. These results reflect the degrading effect of annual tillage on soil organic matter and the positive effect of grazed permanent pasture on soil microbial activity and aggregation. Soil organic C, microbial biomass C, K₂SO₄-extractable C, basal respiration and aggregate stability were significantly correlated with each other. The metabolic quotient and percentage of organic C present as microbial biomass C were generally poorly correlated with other measured properties but negatively correlated with one another. It was concluded that annual pasture involving conventional tillage results in a substantial loss of soil organic matter, soil microbial activity and soil physical condition under dairy pastures and that a system that avoids tillage needs to be developed.     

Soil organic matter quality as influenced by tillage,lime, and phosphorus

In Eastern Canada, cereal yields are often restricted by soil acidity and low fertility. Continuous cereal production can also lead to soil structural degradation. The addition of lime and fertilizers and the adoption of conversation tillage practices are proposed solutions which may have a positive impact on soil quality. The objective of the present work was to assess the impact of 3 years of different tillage practices and P additions, and of a single lime addition on organic C and total N, microbial biomass C, and on N mineralization at the surface layer (0–7.5 cm) of a Courval sandy clay loam (Humic Gleysol). The easily mineralizable N, total amount of N mineralized in 22.1 weeks, the rate of N mineralization, and microbial biomass C were significantly greater in the minimum tillage than in the moldboard plow treatment. Chisel plow treatment showed intermediate values. The ratios of potentially mineralizable N and of easily mineralizable to total soil N were also significantly larger under minimum tillage and chisel plowing than under moldboard plowing. The lime and P treatments had no significant effect on the measured soil quality parameters. The total amount of N mineralized per unit of biomass C decreased as the tillage intensity increased, suggesting a decrease in the efficiency of the biomass in transforming organic N into potentially plant-available forms and thus a loss in soil organic matter quality. The results of this study indicate that conservation tillage practices such as rototilling and chisel plowing are efficient ways of maintaining soil organic matter quality when old pastures are brought back into cultivation.     

Soil organic matter, microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a tropical agroforestry system

 The effects of growing trees in combination with field crops on soil organic matter, microbial biomass C, basal respiration and dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities were studied in soils under a 12-year-old Dalbergia sissoo (a N₂-fixing tree) plantation intercropped with a wheat (Triticum aestivum) – cowpea (Vigna sinensis) cropping sequence. The inputs of organic matter through D. sissoo leaf litter increased and crop roots decreased with the increase in tree density. Higher organic C and total N, microbial biomass C, basal soil respiration and activities of dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were observed in treatments with tree-crop combination than in the treatment without trees. Soil organic matter, microbial biomass C and soil enzyme activities increased with the decrease in the spacing of the D. sissoo plantation. The results indicate that adoption of the agroforestry practices led to an improved organic matter status of the soil, which is also reflected in the increased nutrient pool and microbial activities necessary for long-term productivity of the soil. However, tree spacing should be properly maintained to minimize the effects of shading on the intercrops. Received: 21 February 1997     

Soil aggregate stability and organic matter as affected by land-use change in central Iran

This study aimed to evaluate the soil aggregate stability and selected soil quality indicators in various land uses in a semiarid region in central Iran. Random soil sampling was used to collect soil samples from surface (0–5 cm) and subsurface (5–25 cm) soil layers in rangelands of different condition classes, dry farmland and abandoned land. The aggregate size distribution indices including mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and median diameter (D₅₀) of water-stable aggregates in the collected soil samples were measured. Our findings showed that percent of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) of the surface and subsurface layers in rangelands of different condition classes were significantly higher than dry farmlands and abandoned lands (P < 0.05). Results showed that the trend of changes in soil organic matter was similar to soil aggregate stability in different land uses in both soil layers as follows: rangeland with good condition > rangeland with poor condition > abandoned land > dry farmlands. The structural stability indices (i.e. MWD, GMD and D₅₀) of rangelands with good condition were significantly greater than other land uses (P < 0.05). This highlights the importance of maintaining native rangeland to prevent organic matter loss, structure deterioration and soil erosion.     

Soil development on restored opencast coal sites with particular reference to organic matter and aggregate stability

Abstract. Organic indices and aggregate stability were measured in soils of similar texture on two restored opencast coal sites and on adjacent, undisturbed land in South Wales, UK. The aim was to assess rates of soil change over time, to relate these changes to conditions in undisturbed land and to evaluate organic-aggregation relationships across these range of soils. Several management factors were included in the comparisons.
Organic matter accumulated at the surface (0–7.5 cm) of restored soils, contents being greater than undisturbed soils after 21 years. However, this increase in total organic matter did not result in proportionate increases in carbohydrates and microbial biomass, nor did aggregate stability increase to the degree expected. Between 7.5 and 15 cm depth, rates of change were slower. Microbial metabolic quotient and respiration relative to total soil C were highest in recently (9 years) restored soils, intermediate in 21 year old restored soils and least for undisturbed soils.
Sewage (100t/ha) applied at reinstatement improved clay stability but had little effect on other parameters when measured 9 years later. Drainage of soils restored in 1972 reduced total organic content but its influence on other organic indices was more complex. Carbohydrate contents had the closest association with aggregate stability and microbial biomass.
Although the productivity of restored land may recover more quickly, findings suggest that rehabilitation of normal soil processes following surface mining may take much longer than the normal five year aftercare period.     

Interactions between soil organic matter status, cropping history, method of quantification and sample pretreatment and their effects on measured aggregate stability

 The effects of sample pretreatment (field-moist, air-dried or tension rewetted) on aggregate stability measured by wet sieving or turbidimetry were compared for a group of soil samples ranging in organic C content from 20 to 40 g C kg^–1. Concentrations of total N, total and hot-water-extractable carbohydrate and microbial biomass C were linearly related to those of organic C. Aggregate stability measured by wet sieving using air-dried or field-moist samples and that measured by turbidimetry, regardless of sample pretreatment, increased curvilinearly with increasing soil organic C content. However, when tension-rewetted samples were used for wet sieving, aggregate stability was essentially unaffected by soil organic C content. Measurements of aggregate stability (apart from wet sieving using rewetted soils) were closely correlated with one another and with organic C, total and extractable carbohydrate and microbial biomass C content of the soils. The short-term effects of aggregate stability were also studied. Soils from under long-term arable management and those under long-term arable followed by 1 or 3 years under pasture had similar organic C contents, but aggregate stability measured by turbidimetry and by wet sieving using air-dried or field-moist samples increased with increasing years under pasture. Light fraction C, microbial biomass and hot-water-extractable carbohydrate concentrations also increased. It was concluded that both total and labile soil organic C content are important in relation to water-stable aggregation and that the use of tension-rewetted samples to measure stability by wet sieving is unsatisfactory since little separation of values is achieved. Received: 6 January 1999