泥石流对重大水电工程的影响评估--以金沙江下游白鹤滩电站库区黑水河泥石流为例

泥石流是金沙江下游主要山地灾害之一,它对重大水电工程施工和运行期间的工程安全可能构成一定程度的威胁和危害。通过评估该区泥石流对重大水电工程的影响,指出泥石流对水电工程的影响主要表现在对施工道路、水电工程附属设施及移民安置、库区泥沙、坝区工程设施等4个方面。以金沙江下游白鹤滩电站库区黑水河泥石流为例,具体分析了泥石流对水电工程的影响。结果表明,黑水河泥石流可能堵塞主河,其堵塞回水和溃决洪水对白鹤滩电站建设的施工道路、临时设施有一定危害。此外,泥石流会将大量的泥砂带入库区,从而减少电站的有效库容。     

初咱磨子沟泥石流特征及危险性评价研究

泥石流的爆发势必对居民的生命财产安全带来直接危害,因此研究该泥石流沟的动力学特征及预测评价其危险性对合理制定泥石流防治措施,确保工程运行具有重要意义。根据泥石流形成条件及发育特征分析,初咱磨子沟再次爆发泥石流的可能性较大;在对该沟进行实地调查所获资料的基础上,对其泥石流的动力学特征进行计算,并利用所选取的14个评价因子采用层次分析法对其危险性做了定量评价。研究发现,该沟泥石流的危险度为65.75,属高度危险,研究结果可为初咱磨子沟泥石流防治工程及防灾减灾提供可靠的依据。     

长江上游梯级电站开发区泥石流的治理工程效果评估与减灾策略——以金沙江白鹤滩水电站为例

[目的]评估灾害性泥石流严重的长江上游梯级电站开发区泥石流灾害治理工程效果,为长江上游同类水电站的泥石流防灾减灾与治理效果评估研究提供思路。[方法]选择金沙江白鹤滩水电站施工区的矮子沟和大寨沟泥石流治理工程为案例,通过2013—2015年连续3a的现场跟踪调查分析,结合模型计算对矮子沟和大寨沟泥石流峰值流量过程进行计算,分别评估2014和2015年矮子沟、大寨沟泥石流治理工程效果,并进行泥石流危险性评价。[结果]基于长江上游梯级电站开发区泥石流灾害特点,提出了长江上游梯级电站开发区泥石流治理工程效果评估模式,并提出了基于风险控制的水电工程泥石流"以排为主,适当拦挡"治理模式与减灾策略。[结论]矮子沟、大寨沟现有的泥石流防治措施在满库的状态下能够满足500年一遇泥石流过流的要求,泥石流危险性小。     

雅砻江支流某泥石流沟特征及其工程效应研究

雅砻江支流上某拟建水电站,库区主要工程地质问题为库尾右岸某大型泥石流沟,其于200年曾爆发百年一遇泥石流,堵塞江水5min左右,在阐述该泥石流沟发育历史的基础上,详细分析其汇水-物源区、流通区和堆积区特征,最后通过计算估测该泥石流沟动力学特征,并对其工程效应做出评价.     

金沙江白鹤滩水电站坝址近场区泥石流运动特征与发展趋势分析

2012年6月28日,金沙江白鹤滩水电站坝址近场区9条沟暴发了泥石流,通过对近场区泥石流灾害的现场调查,获取了这些泥石流沟的相关数据,据此进一步对其泥石流运动特征参数:泥石流容重、流速、流量、一次总量及冲击力进行了计算与分析;结合泥石流影响因素对其发展趋势进行了研究,得出在强地震、干湿循环变化气候的耦合作用下,该区仍可能会发生超过百年一遇规模的泥石流。上述计算与分析结果对白鹤滩水电站坝址近场区泥石流沟防治工程参数设计具有一定的参考作用,也为合理选择泥石流治理方案提供科学依据。     

基于GIS下的岷江干旱河谷地区泥石流发生域危险性评价

 四川省汶川县地处岷江上游,是我国泥石流频发地区。泥石流的发生与分布受地质构造、地貌条件、岩石种类、降水和植被等多种因素影响。以汶川县为例,在GIS技术支持下,通过计算机对空间数据获取、处理和分析,建立该地区泥石流发生域危险性评价指标体系及评价模型。通过合理选取评价指标、确定指标权重、计算综合评价值,得出:在该研究区域的16条沟系中,依据综合指数值,最易发生泥石流的沟系为桃关沟,佛堂坝沟等沟系,有潜在泥石流发生的沟系为新桥沟,板子沟等,而炭里沟,板桥沟等沟系属于无泥石流发生沟系。该评价结果经与历史资料对比和专家认可,符合实际,客观可行,可为防灾减灾、泥石流预报提供参考。     

四川省金川县八步里沟泥石流灾害治理现状及对策

八步里沟位于金川县城郊,近百年间多次暴发泥石流,对金川县城造成严重危害。为了减轻泥石流对金川县的威胁,在各级政府和主管部门的支持下,中国科学院成都地理所(即中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所)与当地政府及有关部门在80年代对八步里沟泥石流进行了综合治理。工程竣工至今其治理效果非常显著,近20年来再未发生泥石流灾害事件,有效地保护了县城逾万群众的生命财产安全。但是鉴于工程设计使用年限即将到期,加之后期缺乏妥善管理,工程的防灾减灾能力已逐步减弱。同时因工程发挥的防灾效益较好,致使当地民众的防灾减灾意识比较淡薄,一遇特大暴雨引发新的泥石流有可能引起较大灾害。因此对八步里沟进行进一步治理迫在眉睫。     

某水电站库区骆驼沟泥石流成因分析及危害性评价

西南地区某水电站库区骆驼沟为大渡河的一级支流,2005年7月爆发了一次大规模泥石流,彻底摧毁了进山公路,改造了与大渡河交汇处至以上1.6 km长的堆积区地貌,迫使骆驼沟改道,幸未造成人员伤亡。骆驼沟流域面积大,纵坡降缓,沟谷开阔,是一条比较成熟的河流,但却发生了较大规模的泥石流,通过调查分析,认为主要有三方面原因：（1）支沟垄龙沟距主沟沟口很近,且为一条典型泥石流沟,能够为主沟泥石流的发生提供大量固体物质来源;（2）主沟汇水面积广,可形成大规模洪水,为泥石流的发生提供了强大的水动力条件,能将垄龙沟大量固体物质带到沟口;（3）强降雨因素。此外,从地形条件及物源储量来看,骆驼沟泥石流正处在发展阶段,对沟口公路干线、居民建筑物依然存在较大的威胁,但对水电站库容影响很小。     

基于GIS的泥石流发生域危险性评价——以大寨沟流域为例

以大寨沟流域为例,在GIS技术支持下,通过计算机对空间数据获取、处理和分析,建立了该流域的泥石流发生域危险性评价基本数据库。再通过合理选取评价指标、建立指标权重体系、计算综合评价值等一系列程序,建立了泥石流发生域危险性评价的数字环境模型,绘制了大寨沟流域泥石流发生域危险性等级评价图。在GIS技术支持下,实现了大寨沟流域泥石流发生域的危险程度评价,为白鹤滩水电站的顺利建设打下了基础。     

虎峪沟泥石流特征及其危险度评价

虎峪沟位于山西省太原市西山地区,该区泥石流的发生直接威胁着太原市城西一带居民的生命财产安全。为进一步查清该区泥石流的危害程度,以虎峪沟潜在泥石流为研究对象,在其流域地质坏境调查的基础上,对西山地区构造活动、河流下切形成的复杂地形地貌、自然风化及人类工程活动堆积的松散堆积物物源、不均衡降雨等各种作用相伴生的地质过程进行了研究,并进一步采用危险度评价分析方法对虎峪沟泥石流进行了分析。结果表明,虎峪沟泥石流的危险度Rd为0.768,属高度危险的泥石流沟,若爆发仍将对下游造成威胁。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.