The effect of feeding time on potato virus S transmission byMyzus persicae (Sulz.) andAphis nasturtii Kalt, aphids

Summary The relationship between the feeding time and potato virus S (PVS) transmission byMyzus persicae andAphis nasturtii was studied. The optimal acquisition feeding time forM. persicae was at 30 sec to 2 min (2.9% infected plants). For transmission byA. nasturtii the highest level of infection was after acquisition feeding at 15 sec (11%), 30 sec and 2 min (9.6% each) and there was a significant linear decrease of plant infection as feeding time extended from 7 sec to 64 min. A different relationship has been obtained for inoculation feeding. In PVS transmission byM. persicae the plant infection increased from 0% at 7 sec feeding to 2.9% at 8 and 32 min. In virus transmission byA. nasturtii the infection was 4% after 7 sec feeding and increased significantly to 12.2% at 64 min feeding time.     

氟菌唑对大麦白粉病菌侵染过程的影响

为了解氟菌唑类杀菌剂对大麦白粉病的防治效果,采用大麦胚芽鞘表层细胞进行人工接种和连续性显微观察,研究了氟菌唑对大麦白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis f.sp.hordei)分生孢子侵染过程的影响.结果表明,在接菌后0h、2h、5h、8h进行药剂处理,分生孢子的发芽率、附着孢发芽管形成率、附着孢形成率、侵入行动率和感染率均明显下降.该药剂影响病菌吸器形成后的菌丝生长发育,使菌体死亡率最高可达91.5％.接菌后144 h喷药的效果差,故发病后应尽早药剂治疗.     

Environmental factors influencing aphid transmission of potato virus Y and potato leafroll virus

Summary The effect of temperature, relative humidity (RH) and light on aphid transmission of potato virus Y (PVY) and potato leafroll virus (PLRV) was studied using as vectorsMyzus persicae Sulz. andAphis gossypii Glov. Host susceptibility was enhanced by 48 h pre-inoculation exposure at 25°C and by 48 h post-inoculation exposure to 30°C. High RH (80%) in both pre- or postinoculation phases enhanced host susceptibility. Continuous fluorescent light (4000 lux) did not alter the rate of transmission of either virus. High RH (80–90%) and high temperature (25–30°C), when combined, increased virus transmission by 30–35%. Transmission rates were reduced by nearly 50% if RH was maintained at 50% in either of the two phases even if the temperature was 25 or 30°C. Both viruses were acquired by aphids earlier (13–20 days after inoculation) when the source plants were incubated at 25 or 30°C. Most virus was transmitted from plants inoculated with PVY 13 to 16 days and with PLRV 15 to 20 days previously. Transmission rates of PVY were enumerated from symptom expression on test plants and by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) whereas those of PLRV were enumerated from symptom expression alone.     

玉米抗病相关基因ZmEDS1的克隆及表达分析

从玉米中克隆ZmEDS1基因的cDNA序列,全长2 164 bp,开放阅读框(Open reading frame,ORF)长1 860 bp,编码619个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,该基因编码的蛋白等电点为6.05,分子量为68.74 kDa,内部无信号肽结构,N端有一个酯酶结构域。系统进化树分析表明,玉米ZmEDS1蛋白和高粱EDS1L蛋白的亲缘关系最近,同源性高达94%。采用实时荧光定量PCR分析病毒侵染下该基因在感性材料郑58和抗性材料D863F中的表达模式,在两种材料中,ZmEDS1基因均在病毒侵染48 h的表达量最高,分别达到0 h对照组感、抗材料的1.56、3.47倍,在抗病材料D863F中的表达水平高于感病材料郑58。初步判断,ZmEDS1基因应答病毒的侵染过程,且在感病材料和抗病材料中的响应模式存在差异。     

Effect of wet incubation time and temperature on infection, and of storage time and temperature on soft rot lesion expansion in potatoes inoculated withErwinia carotovora ssp.Carotovora

Summary Infection and lesion expansion studies were carrried out on potato tubers. In the infection study, the tubers were inoculated withErwinia carotovora ssp.carotovora (Ecc) and exposed to incubation temperatures of 10–25 °C for 3–48 h of wetness. In the lesion expansion study, the tubers were exposed to 12 h of wetness at 20 °C to establish infection, and then·stored at temperatures of 4–16 °C for 15–90 d, at 95% RH. The volume of diseased tissue was determined and the data were transformed to proportion of maximum volume diseased (PVD). Infection was close to zero for 3 and 6 h wet incubation time, regardless of incubation temperature, and reached the maximum in 12 h of wetness at 20 °C. Significant lesion expansion occurred at a storage temperature of 16 °C after about 60 d of storage time. Cubic models of infection and lesion expansion potentials explained 95 and 96% of the variations in infection and lesion expansion, respectively.     

The efficiency of the bulb and potato aphidRhopalosiphoninus latysiphon (Davidson) as a vector of potato virus V

Summary Experiments to test the ability ofRhopalosiphoninus latysiphon to transmit potato virus V showed a transmission rate of 16 per cent after only two weeks; this was maintained for a further two weeks, beyond which time the rate rose rapidly. A comparison of the mode of inoculation of PVV byR. latysiphon andMyzus persicae suggested that the mechanism may be similar for both species.     

Rhizoctoniasolani AG1-IA侵染玉米过程中组织病理学变化及防卫反应基因的表达

以Rhizoctoniasolani-玉米为互作体系,对病害发生不同阶段玉米组织病理学变化及防卫反应有关基因表达进行分析。结果表明,接种R.solani后20 h在侵染点周围有明显的胼胝质和木质素的沉积。对苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性和木质素含量的动态变化以及PAL、POD和PR-1基因的表达动态分析发现,PAL活性在接种后的72 h内呈逐渐升高的趋势,在72 h时出现第一个峰值,随之活性降低,在144 h又呈升高趋势;木质素含量变化趋势与PAL活性变化呈正相关。PAL、POD和PR-1等防卫反应相关基因的表达在玉米和纹枯病菌亲和互作的过程中也存在明显的对应关系。     

玉蜀黍尾孢菌CzVelB基因功能分析

以获得的野生型和CzVelB敲除突变体菌株为供试菌株,分别对其进行生物学及致病力测定,在此基础上分析毒素和细胞壁降解酶的活性。结果表明,与野生型相比,敲除CzVelB后菌丝生长速率及颜色无明显差异,但产孢量下降56.6%,且孢子萌发率下降,萌发过程滞后1 h。致病性分析发现,敲除CzVelB后菌株致病性明显下降,病情指数、病斑大小,突变体均低于野生型。分析毒素对叶片的致病性发现,突变体所产生的毒素低于野生型产生的毒素。敲除突变体菌株ΔCzVelB及野生型菌株在活体内外均能产生5种细胞壁降解酶,其中敲除CzVelB后,5种离体病原菌细胞壁降解酶活性明显下降。分析侵染过程中5种细胞壁降解酶发现,CzVelB主要通过影响CX和PMG在接种前期12 h内起重要作用;在接种后期(72～96 h),CzVelB主要通过影响PGTE的活性调控玉蜀黍尾孢菌致病力。     

烟草疫霉侵染后剑麻H.11648叶片细胞超微结构和防御酶活性研究

斑马纹病是剑麻的主要病害之一，本研究以剑麻斑马纹病高感品种H.11648为材料，分别在接种烟草疫霉0、24、36、48、72 h取样，用电镜观察H.11648叶片细胞超微结构变化，同时分析过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等防御酶活性变化情况。结果表明：H.11648在接种24 h，可见大量休止孢，叶绿体结构被破坏，植物组织开始降解，随着时间延长，附着孢出现，吸器形成，植物组织解体更严重，接种72 h，可见大量菌丝。在整个接种过程中，CAT、PAL和PPO活性显著增强，72 h达到最高，分别为501.44、25.73、1 742.67 U/(g.min)。SOD和APX活性显著下降，72 h达到最低，分别为2 888.62 U/g和841.96 μmol/(g.min)。POD活性先下降72 h又上升，但均显著低于接种前POD活性。本研究从细胞学和生理水平为探讨剑麻与烟草疫霉互作关系提供了理论基础。     

转基因抗虫玉米对亚洲玉米螟的抗性评价

采用田间人工接虫鉴定方法,根据玉米抗螟性田间鉴定评价标准,研究转基因玉米Bt799和NC6304YGRR对亚洲玉米螟的抗性.心叶期接虫试验结果表明,以食叶级别作为评价参数,2种转基因玉米对亚洲玉米螟具有良好的抗性,食叶级别均为1级;2种非转基因玉米食叶级别均大于7级.吐丝期接虫试验结果表明,以单株虫孔数、单株活虫数、单株隧道个数及单株隧道长度作为评价参数,2种转基因玉米对亚洲玉米螟抗性均显著高于各自对应的非转基因玉米.转基因抗虫玉米Bt799和NC6304YGRR田间抗虫效果良好,均能保护玉米在整个生育期内不受亚洲玉米螟危害.     

菲利普孢囊线虫侵染后小麦防卫相关UniGene表达特性

菲利普孢囊线虫(Heterodera filipjevi)是严重危害我国黄淮海地区小麦生产的重要病原物之一。为揭示该线虫侵染后合胞体建立早期病原与宿主细胞的互作机制,以H.filipjevi易感材料温麦19和抗性材料抗线2号为研究对象,应用real time PCR分析了线虫侵染后不同时段10个可能与防卫相关的UniGenes相对表达量的变化。结果表明,与细胞结构相关的基因UniGeneAK335102(GenBank ID,下同)在抗线2号中的表达量高于温麦19,而另一个与细胞结构相关的UniGeneDR737925在温麦19中的表达量高于抗线2号。与应激相关的一个UniGene JV948284在侵染后各时段,在温麦19中的表达量均远高于抗线2号。与抗性相关的UniGene JP233598在接种线虫3 d以后,在抗线2号中的表达量明显高于温麦19;UniGene JP852719(Ascorbate peroxidase)基因在抗、感材料中的表达量无明显差异;UniGene(CV767657)TIFY 3A-like protein在温麦19中的表达量随接种后时间延长而降低,而在抗线2号中的表达量仅在接种后3、9 d时的表达量相对较高。信号转导相关UniGeneCD87797与WRKY转录因子家族UniGeneEU665453,在温麦19中的表达量随接种后时间延长而逐渐增加,但在抗线2号中则逐渐降低。MYB转录因子UniGene JF951950的表达量在温麦19中接种早期较高,而在抗线2号中接种后期较高;另一MYB转录因子UniGeneAK330737(similarity to Os06g0258000)在抗线2号中的表达量明显高于温麦19。综上所述,在菲利普孢囊线虫侵染后的早期,10个可能与防卫相关的基因表达模式在抗性和易感材料中存在不同程度差异,此结果对揭示小麦对菲利普孢囊线虫抗、感的分子机制有一定启示。     

The influence of tuber position on periderm calcium content and its relationship to soft rot susceptibility

Summary Calcium levels in the periderm of tubers (cv. Sebago) growing in irrigated sands were influenced by the stem position at which the tuber grew, but the effect was not consistent over two seasons. Calcium levels were increased at all tuber positions by addition of calcium to soil; combined treatments of gypsum (1400 kg Ca²⁺/ha) pre-plant and calcium nitrate (37 kg Ca²⁺/ha) side dressings gave the greatest response. Percentage incidence of soft rot lesions caused byErwinia chrysanthemi pv.zeae was not influenced by periderm calcium content. The severity of infection (weight of tissue macerated within 48 h at 30°C) was significantly reduced only by the pre-plant gypsum treatment, but there was no correlation with calcium content of the periderm. Calcium levels in periderm tissue (60–208 mg Ca²⁺/100g) are within the range of published data for other cultivars and results support previous reports that the correlation between tuber susceptibility toErwinia spp. and periderm calcium content is inconsistent.     

胶孢炭疽菌侵染橡胶树叶片染色方法的建立及显微观察

本研究建立了一种橡胶树叶片中胶孢炭疽菌的染色方法,通过显微观察明确胶孢炭疽菌在橡胶树叶片中的侵染结构,为橡胶树炭疽病的预测预报提供理论依据。在脱色剂（0.15%三氯乙酸乙醇溶液∶氯仿=5∶1）处理12 h,1%刚果红染色剂抽滤染色3 h的条件下,能清晰观察到胶孢炭疽菌在橡胶树叶片上的发育进程和侵染结构。结果表明,在28 ℃、100%相对湿度培养条件下,接种橡胶树淡绿期叶片2~6 h为分生孢子萌发高峰期,12 h后分生孢子萌发率大于85%;8~12 h为附着胞形成高峰期,接种12 h约75%的芽管顶端产生附着胞,少数附着胞中央部位开始形成侵染钉;24 h为侵染钉形成高峰期,同时分生孢子萌发形成多个芽管;36 h时附着胞顶端再次萌发产生次级附着胞,从而进一步侵染周围细胞,叶片出现零星病斑;48 h时芽管不断分支异化成菌丝并产生次级分生孢子,叶片出现大量典型的炭疽病病斑;72 h后菌丝在叶片表面纵横扩展,随机分支,逐步形成网状分布。随着菌丝的扩展,叶片组织发生一系列的病理变化,侵染部位组织出现褐色坏死病斑。本研究建立了一种着色效果好,简便易行,经济有效的橡胶树叶片中胶孢炭疽菌的染色方法,进一步明确了胶孢炭疽菌的侵染结构。     

Acquisition of potato leafroll virus byMyzus persicae from secondarily-infected potato plants of different genotypes

Summary The acquisition of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) byMyzus persicae nymphs from the top leaves of potato plants was studied throughout a growing season in relation to the antigen titre in those leaves and the feeding behaviour of the aphid. Secondarily-infected plants of eight potato genotypes with different levels of field resistance served as virus sources. Early in the growing season, plants were efficient sources for virus acquisition. The amount of viral antigen detected inM. persicae nymphs fed on the top leaves was strongly correlated with the titres of viral antigen in these leaves. Virus acquisition from the top leaves of older potato plants was markedly impaired and could not be correlated with their virus titre. With increasing age of the potato plants and the development of virus symptoms, the virus titre in the leaves declined and the initial weak correlation between the virus titre and field resistance ratings disappeared. Thus, screening secondarily-infected potato plants for field resistance to PLRV based on the concentration of viral antigen in leaves or in aphids fed on them should be avoided later in the growing season. The feeding rate ofM. persicae, measured by the number of honeydew droplets excreted, did not account for the reduced uptake of virus from older plants since it was not influenced by the age of the plant. Throughout the growing season, the feeding rate ofM. persicae nymphs on PLRV-infected plants was higher on genotypes with low levels of field resistance to PLRV than on genotypes with high ones.     

白粉菌诱导下小麦TaNHO1基因的克隆、表达分析及亚细胞定位

非寄主抗性基因 NHO1(non-host resistance 1)编码的甘油激酶(glycerol kinase,GK),是甘油代谢中的限速酶之一,参与植物对多种病害的抵御过程。为进一步探究其响应小麦白粉菌侵染的表达模式,利用RT-PCR方法克隆获得了转录自抗病种质N9134的三个部分同源染色体的小麦 NHO1基因(分别命名为 TaNHO1-2A、 TaNHO1-2B和 TaNHO1-2D),分析三个 TaNHO1同源基因的序列、启动子组成元件和表达模式,并明确了其亚细胞定位。序列分析结果表明,小麦 TaNHO1-2A/2B/2D基因CDS区序列全长分别为1 605、1 599和1 605 bp,分别编码534、532和534个氨基酸残基;3个同源基因均含有与 AtNHO1(AT1G80460.1)基因以及 OsNHO1(Os04G0647800)基因高度相似的FGGY_N端和FGGY_C端结构域。经对启动子区结构分析,该基因启动子区含有大量与植物激素及逆境响应相关的顺式作用元件,意味着 TaNHO1可受到多种植物激素诱导并参与小麦抗病过程。qRT-PCR结果表明,在N9134抗病近等基因系响应白粉菌(Blumeria graminis f. sp.tritici,Bgt)侵染过程中,三个同源基因在不同时间点表达模式不同,其中 TaNHO1-2A、 TaNHO1-2B基因在侵染早期均上调表达,而 TaNHO1-2D则表现出多次波动的表达模式;在N9134感病近等基因系遗传背景下,同源基因的表达水平在病菌侵染后48 h均表现出下调,说明该基因能够响应白粉菌侵染。经亚细胞定位分析,该基因主要作用于细胞质、细胞膜以及核膜。     

Preparation nutritional value and acceptability of barleyrabadi — an indigenous fermented food of India

Rabadi fermentation of barley flour-buttermilk mixture (fresh and autoclaved) at 30, 35 and 40°C for 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h lowered pH, enhanced titratable acidity and did not change fat and total mineral (Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and P) content. Protein content of fermented fresh as well as autoclaved barley flour-buttermilk mixture either decreased or remained unchanged.Rabadi prepared from both types of barley flour at different temperatures and time periods was acceptable; but that which was fermented at 40°C for 48 h was less acceptable in terms of taste.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

一种高通量玉米粗缩病人工接种鉴定方法的建立及应用

以独创的水稻黑条矮缩病毒室内活体保存技术为基础,研究玉米接种苗龄、接种时间、接种强度对人工接种鉴定效果的影响。结果表明,在接种苗龄芽鞘期,以0.1~0.9头/株接种强度、接种49~72 h的鉴定效果最佳,此条件下,感病品种苏951的病情指数为83.33~95.83,与田间鉴定效果无显著差异,表明鉴定结果可靠,以此建立一种高通量玉米粗缩病人工接种鉴定方法。应用该方法鉴定种衣剂对玉米粗缩病的防效、评价新育品种对玉米粗缩病的抗性,均得到较为准确结果。该方法克服了自然接种的不稳定性,在接种规模上实现突破,大大节约试验成本。     

An evaluation of the effect of Bacillus cells and Bacillus spores in association with cowpea granules as starter cultures for the fermentation of African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla Bentham) to `ugba'

Studies on the improvement of the traditional production of `ugba',a protein-rich fermented African oil bean seed product, were undertaken,by developing starter cultures of Bacillus subtilis cells andspores in association with cowpea granules. The viability of the cellsin association remained stable at 94.5% for 6 months at 30 <sup>°</sup>C and for up to 10 months at 4 <sup>°</sup>C while the viability of the sporesin association remained stable at ca. 96% for up to 10 months at both4 and 30 <sup>°</sup>C. The starter cultures resulted in high increases inprotease activity from ca 2.8 mg N/min to about 51.6 ± 0.4 mg N/minin 48 h and a corresponding increase in amino-nitrogen content of ca2.0 ± 0.2 mg N 100 g dry matter (DM) to ca 18.5 ± 0.3 mg N/100g (DM) during the same period. Changes in the protease activity of thenatural process were gradual and increased from 3.0 mg N/min to 38.0 ±0.8 mg N/min after 5 days of fermentation. The maximum amino nitrogencontent of `ugba' produced by the starter cultures (18.5 ± 0.3 mgN/100 g DM) after 2 days was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than themaximum amino nitrogen content (12.5 ± 0.8 mg N/100 g DM), of `ugba'obtained by the natural process. `Ugba' produced by the starter cultureswere well accepted and compared favorably with the natural product.     

玉米木霉穗腐病接种方法及玉米新品种的抗性分析

穗腐病是玉米的重要病害之一。近年来,由木霉Trichoderma spp.引起的穗腐病逐年加重。抗病玉米品种的选育和利用是控制穗腐病的经济、安全和有效措施。连续3年(2020-2022年)比较分析花丝喷雾法、花丝通道注射法、子粒注射法、牙签法等接种方法对玉米木霉穗腐病抗性鉴定效果。结果表明,花丝通道注射法发病强度适中,能使不同品种在人工接种后表现出不同水平的抗性反应,较适用于玉米抗木霉穗腐病鉴定接种,是一种比较理想、容易操作的接种方法。2021-2022年鉴定的玉米新品种中,对木霉穗腐病表现高抗、抗性、中抗、感病和高感的品种分别占2.6%、13.6%、26.0%、44.4%和13.4%。