优质蛋白玉米产量与和品质性状间的配合力杂种优势及相关分析

为了解优质蛋白玉米(QPM)的遗传特点,以3个优质蛋白玉米自交系(♀)和5个优质蛋白玉米自交系(♂)为试验材料,按照NCⅡ遗传交配设计组配成15个杂交组合,对其主要性状的配合力、杂种优势及其间相关进行分析.结果表明:①同一性状不同材料间,同一材料不同性状问其配合力效应表现复杂,存在不同效应大小和正负作用方向的差异,父本A粒深、容重的一般配合力均较高;母本2赖氨酸含量的一般配合力较高;组合3×C容重的特殊配合力较高.②小区产量与粒深、穗粗呈极显著正相关;赖氨酸含量与粗脂肪含量呈极显著正相关,与粗蛋白含量呈显著正相关.③赖氨酸含量、粗蛋白含量以超低亲杂种优势为主;粗淀粉含量以超中亲优势为主;粗脂肪含量以超高亲优势为主.     

优质蛋白玉米产量和品质性状配合力、杂种优势及相关分析

以3个优质蛋白玉米自交系（♀）和5个优质蛋白玉米自交系（♂）为试验材料,按照NCⅡ遗传交配设计组配成15个杂交组合,对其主要性状的配合力、杂种优势及其间相关进行分析。结果表明：①同一性状不同材料间,同一材料不同性状间其配合力效应表现复杂,存在不同效应大小和正负作用方向的差异,父本A粒深、容重的一般配合力均较高;母本2赖氨酸含量的一般配合力较高;组合3×C容重的特殊配合力较高。②小区产量与粒深、穗粗呈极显著正相关;赖氨酸含量与粗脂肪含量呈极显著正相关,与粗蛋白含量呈显著正相关。③赖氨酸含量、粗蛋白含量以超低亲杂种优势为主;粗淀粉含量以超中亲优势为主;粗脂肪含量以超高亲优势为主。     

杂交F2代大豆蛋白质和脂肪与其他性状的关系

大豆蛋白与油分是育种的两个最重要的育种目标,能否将高油与高蛋白相结合,是育种工作者长期努力的方向之一,但难度很大。利用高脂肪和特高蛋白的品系进行杂交,用F2代进行相关性状的研究目的,在于找到在这种蛋白脂肪相异性品系所作的组合中进行其他性状选择时,对蛋白脂肪的效应如何,为杂交育种提供理论借鉴。     

糯高粱主要农艺性状配合力与杂种优势的关系

以7个不育系和5个恢复系为亲本,采用不完全双列杂交试验设计（NC II）配制35个杂交糯高粱组合,分析了10个主要农艺性状的配合力、杂种优势及其相关关系。结果表明：10个农艺性状的表达以加性基因效应为主,且多数性状同时受加性和非加性基因效应的共同影响。供试组合在多数性状上表现出较强的杂种优势。一般配合力（GCA）和总配合力（TCA）与竞争优势呈极显著相关,且其相关系数较大,说明本研究中可利用一般配合力或总配合力效应预测竞争优势;多数性状的一般配合力效应、特殊配合力效应（SCA）和总配合力效应与中亲优势呈显著或极显著相关,且特殊配合力效应与中亲优势的相关性多高于一般配合力或总配合力效应,但特殊配合力效应与中亲优势的相关系数较小不足以预测中亲优势,说明配合力与中亲优势的关系还有待进一步研究。     

花生主要农艺性状的配合力分析

摘 要: 配合力是花生杂交育种中选择亲本的重要依据之一。以河南省生产推广应用的6个主要品种为亲本,采用Griffing方法2对花生主要农艺性状的配合力进行了研究。结果表明,总分枝数、结果枝数和出仁率主要受加性效应的影响,侧枝长和单株双仁秕果数的非加性效应作用更大些,单株双仁饱果数、单株果重、百仁重、主茎高、单株单仁秕果数和单株单仁饱果数同时受加性效应和非加性效应的影响,但主要以加性为主。豫花15号在单株果重、籽仁重、单株双仁饱果数和单株单仁秕果数等主要产量性状上具有较高的一般配合力,其与濮花8号组配的杂交组合在单株果重、籽仁重、主茎高和侧枝长上均具有较高的特殊配合力,是最具有利用价值的亲本材料。     

转基因抗虫棉与陆地棉种质间的杂种优势和配合力分析

采用NCⅡ交配设计,对5份转基因抗虫棉、6份柱头外露种质资源和彩色棉等陆地棉优异亲本组配杂交,分析杂种F1的11个性状的杂种优势和配合力.结果表明,主要产量性状皮棉产量,超高优势的平均值为6.18%,16个组合具正向的杂种优势;中亲优势的平均值为37.41%,24个组合均具有正向的中亲优势;竞争优势的平均值为-15.19%,8个组合出现正向竞争优势.其它产量性状铃重、单株铃数的杂种优势最为明显.纤维品质性状、2.5%跨长、比强度和伸长率的竞争优势明显.高亲值、中亲值和低亲值与F1平均值的相关关系表明,多数性状F1代平均值与中亲值和低亲值相关性密切.经配合力分析,双价321、新棉33 B、HK-1、96-67、惠无3055和01 HN 06表现较显著的GCA效应;SCA效应显著的7个性状中,A 1×B 6、A 2×B 5、A 2×B 3等组合有7个性状的SCA效应为正值.     

不同大豆品种品质分析

对20个不同大豆品种的种子蛋白质、脂肪以及大豆异黄酮含量进行了测定,并对种子贮存蛋白中的醇溶蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白分别进行了提取和电泳分析,从中筛选出7个高蛋白品种,4个高脂肪品种,6个高大豆异黄酮品种,2个高蛋白高大豆异黄酮的双高品种,1个高脂肪高大豆异黄酮的双高品种,1个高蛋白高脂肪高大豆异黄酮的三高品种。通过电泳分析得到4个优质蛋白品种,两个豆腐专用品种。将蛋白质、脂肪、大豆异黄酮含量的测定与电泳方法结合,可以成为筛选优质蛋白质兼用性品种的快速简便方法。     

高油酸花生育种骨干亲本开选 016 衍生材料的品质分析

为分析高油酸花生骨干亲本开选 016 衍生材料的主要品质性状及其与重要农艺性状间的关系,对 166 个开选 016衍生品种（系）进行籽仁粗脂肪、蛋白质、油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸含量测定,并对开选 016 衍生材料的 5 个品质性状与农艺性状的相关性进行了分析,采用主成分分析和聚类分析进行了材料分类。结果表明,166 份衍生材料粗脂肪、蛋白质、油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸平均含量分别为 49.92%、24.50%、65.54%、13.91% 和 8.98%;衍生材料的蛋白质含量与粗脂肪含量呈极显著负相关,与油酸含量呈极显著正相关;粗脂肪含量与油酸含量呈显著负相关;油酸含量与亚油酸含量和棕榈酸含量呈极显著负相关;利用主成分分析法将衍生材料的 16 个性状简化为 4 个主成分因子,其累积贡献率高达 84%,其中第一主成分为百果重、百仁重、荚果长、荚果宽、籽仁长和籽仁宽因子,第二主成分为油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸因子,第三主成分为粗脂肪含量和蛋白质含量因子,第四主成分为饱果率和出米率因子;系统聚类分析法将 166 份衍生材料聚为 3 大类群,为开选 016 衍生材料在育种上的应用提供了参考依据。     

冬小麦亲本选配的研究——Ⅰ 杂种第一代优势和配合力的分析

本文通过优势和配合力的分析研究小麦亲本选配问题。试验表明:杂种第一代的一株粒重、一穗粒重、千粒重的优势最大,一般比两亲平均值大20—30%;其次为株高和抽穗期:其他穗部性状的优势很小或无显性。应用遗传变量成分分析法估算八个性状的配合力,在供试的亲本中,以穗长和结实小穗数的一般配合力为最大;株高、一穗粒数和一穗粒重次之;千粒重与一株穗数,一般配合力和特殊配合力所占的比重互有高低,因组合类型而异;一株粒重的一般配合力最小,它的特殊配合力占居主导地位。一般配合力大的性状,杂种与两亲平均值的相关或迴归系数也大。初步认为,在第一代对亲本或组合的评价,既要看杂种的实际表现,还要考虑它的优势,而以前者为主要依据;两亲平均值也有相当重要的意义。     

冀豆12遗传背景导入系蛋白、脂肪含量分布特征

以高蛋白品种冀豆12为受体亲本,不同来源、不同蛋白脂肪含量的大豆种质资源为供体亲本,构建了28个组合BC2F1后代群体,分析冀豆12遗传背景导入系后代蛋白、脂肪含量分布特征。结果表明,28个后代群体均有蛋白含量超高亲个体,超高亲个体比例介于4.0%～68.2%之间,超高亲比例≥40%的组合有18个,占64.3%,BC2F1后代群体蛋白含量以超高亲和偏高亲类型组合为主。而脂肪含量分布特征恰相反,BC2F1后代群体脂肪含量以超低亲和偏低亲类型组合为主,超高亲个体比例介于0～67.4%,超高亲个体比例≥40%的组合有7个,占25.0%,9个组合无超高亲后代。表明以冀豆12为遗传背景通过有限回交易选育高蛋白含量品种,而不易选育高脂肪含量品种。本研究结果为利用冀豆12培育高蛋白品种提供了依据。     

Genetic analysis of rapeseed self-incompatibility lines reveals significant heterosis of different patterns for yield and oil content traits

Self‐incompatibility is one of the most effective approaches to utilizing heterosis in oilseed rape around the world. To evaluate the heterosis of double low self‐incompatibility, the possibility of combining seed yield and oil content, and the genetic effects of parents on their hybrid progenies, a 2‐year field trial using a 3 × 22 NC II mating design was conducted during the 1999‐2001 growing seasons in Wuhan, China. Significant differences in seed yield per plant and seed oil content were observed among the F1 hybrids and between F1 progenies and their parents. However, the heterosis for seed yield per plant was much greater than that for seed oil content. Mid‐parent heterosis and high‐parent heterosis of seed yield per plant ranged from 5.50 to 64.11% and from –2.81 to 46.02%, while those of seed oil content ranged from –1.55 to 7.44% and –3.61 to 6.55%, respectively. Non‐additive genetic effects were a major mechanism that accounted for the yield heterosis in addition to additive effects. In contrast, seed oil content heterosis was mainly dependent on an additive genetic effect. General combining ability (GCA) determined the stability of hybrid cultivars. In hybrid breeding, parental materials might be selected by the sum of GCAs and variances of special combining abilities (SCAs) of female and male parents for traits affected by both additive and non‐additive effects, and by the sum of GCAs of two parents for traits controlled mainly by additive effects. Primary branches and their siliques were the most important yield traits.     

Combining ability for yield,protein and oil of peanut lines from South American centers of diversity

Summary Ten peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines, two from each of five centers of diversity in South America, and the F₂ generation of all possible crosses among them were used to characterize the variation for yield, fruit and seed traits and protein and oil content and to determine the breeding potential of the parents. Two of the parental lines belong to subspecies hypogaea and the other eight to subspecies fastigiata.Several crosses gave heterotic responses for yield. The parents of the crosses with significant heterosis generally came from different centers of diversity.Variation among both general and specific combining abilities was significant for all traits with the exception of the SCA estimate for protein percent. The component of variation for GCA was larger than the SCA component for all traits.A Spanish line and a Valencia-like intermediate line from the Guarani region had the highest GCA effects for fruit yield, seed yield and meat content and transmitted consistently their characteristics to their F₂ progeny. Some lines showed significant but small maternal effects for oil, protein and oil + protein percent. Differences between reciprocal crosses were significant for fruit length, fruit weight and oil + protein percent.A significant portion of the variation among crosses was explained by differences among parental lines within centers of diversity. This supports the fact that centers are founded because of the diversity of the peanuts grown there.The performance of parental lines per se was useful in predicting the performance of the lines in hybrid combination for all traits except fruit yield.Paper number 6141 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (USA). This work was partially supported by CSRS Research Agreement 701-15-51.     

Heterotic patterns in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): II. Crosses between European winter and Chinese semi-winter lines

Chinese semi-winter rapeseed is genetically diverse from European winter rapeseed. Our objectives were (1) to evaluate the potential of semi-winter rapeseed for winter rapeseed hybrid breeding, (2) to assess the relative importance of general combining ability (GCA) vs. specific combining ability (SCA) among combinations between Chinese semi-winter and European winter rapeseed, and (3) to compare the strategies to predict heterosis based on parental genetic distance (GD) estimated from AFLP marker data and GCA for hybrid performance. Four winter male sterile lines from Germany as testers were crossed with 14 Chinese semi-winter rapeseed lines to develop 56 hybrids, which were evaluated together with their parents and commercial hybrids for seed yield, oil content and protein content under three environments in Germany. The Chinese parental lines were not adapted to local environmental conditions as demonstrated by lacking winter hardiness and poor seed yields per se . However, the hybrids between the Chinese parents and the adapted winter rapeseed lines exhibited high heterosis for seed yield. About 20% of the hybrids were significantly superior to the respective hybrid control under three environments. Additive gene effects mainly contributed to hybrid performance since the variance components of GCA were higher as compared with SCA. The correlation between parental GD and hybrid performance was found to be low whereas the correlation between GCA and hybrid performance was high and significant, with correlation coefficients of 0.95 for seed yield, 0.87 for oil content, and 0.91 for protein content, indicating that GCA can predict hybrid performance. These results demonstrate that Chinese semi-winter rapeseed germplasm has a great potential to increase seed yield in winter rapeseed hybrid breeding programmes in Europe.     

普通玉米3个籽粒品质性状的配合力分析

以10个普通玉米自交系及其90个杂交组合在北京和山西2个地点的试验数据,分析了蛋白质、淀粉和油分含量的配合力效应。结果表明：(1) 各性状的一般配合力(GCA和特殊配合力(SCA) 均方极显著,且GCA均方大于SCA均方,说明它们在遗传上主要受加性基因效应的影响。(2) 杂交种的3个品质性状与亲本GCA平均值和SCA极显著正相关,但与亲本GCA均值间的相关性相对较强,其相关系数(r)分别为0.708**(蛋白质)、0.756**(淀粉)和0.772**(油分),表明提高亲本GCA对改良杂交种品质具有更大的作用。(3) 自交系BT1和E28的蛋白质含量GCA较高,掖478、昌7-2、掖107和48-2的淀粉含量GCA较高,E28、黄C和P138的油分含量GCA较高。     

Advanced cycle pedigree breeding in sunflower. II: combining ability for oil yield and its components

Combining ability is one of the most important information breeders use to identify superior inbred lines on the basis of their performance in hybrid combinations. The objectives of our study were (i) to quantify the importance of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances for seed yield, oil content and oil yield; and (ii) estimate GCA and SCA effects of seed yield, oil content and oil yield of inbred lines developed from advanced cycle pedigree breeding populations in sunflower. A total of 109 female S₃ cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines from four bi-parental populations in advanced cycle pedigree breeding were crossed with two testers to form 218 testcross hybrids (TCHs). The TCHs were then evaluated in three environments. Variance component analysis results showed predominance of σ²gca over σ²sca for seed yield and oil yield indicating that superior TCHs can be identified based on positive and significant GCA effects of the female lines. For oil content σ²sca was predominant over σ²gca indicating that selecting for TCHs with high oil content would be best among line × tester combinations and not among female S₃CMS lines per se. The proportion of GCA and SCA effects in the best five TCHs in each breeding population also confirmed the predominance of GCA effects over SCA effects for seed yield and oil yield while for oil content both GCA and SCA effects appear to be important, with SCA effects having more influence than GCA. The best selection strategy would therefore be to capture the GCA in the early stages of inbreeding and then SCA for the few unique combinations when lines are almost fixed.     

小麦杂种后代籽粒蛋白质含量的配合力研究

选用６个蛋白质含是高低不同的亲本，采用Ｇｒｉｆｆｉｎｇ双列杂交方法二，对亲本在Ｆ１－Ｆ３的蛋白质含量配合力作了研究。结果表明，蛋白质含量的ＧＣＡ与ＳＣＡ方差均极显著，表明在要试验中基因加性效应和非加性效应均起重要作用。但由于三个世代ｇｃａＭｓ／ｓｃａＭｓ值均极显著，且随着世代的推进这一比值又逐渐增加，因此蛋白质含量在杂种后代的表现主要还是由基因加性效应决定，随着世代的推进，基因加性效应越显重要，在     

转Bt基因棉杂种优势及性状配合力研究

采用NCⅡ设计方法,选用我国构建的Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis)基因棉GK3和美国构建的Bt基因棉新棉33B等Bt基因棉为父本,配制杂交组合,分析了含Bt基因杂交棉组合的性状优势表现及配合力效应。性状优势分析表明,组合的中亲优势和竞争优势明显,皮棉产量中亲优势率达100％,竞争优势率达86．7％,多数品质性状较对照为优,表明转Bt基因棉品系与常规品种间杂种优势利用潜力较大;通径分析表明,在增产因素中,铃重和铃数所起贡献较大;配合力分析表明,父本间和母本间的GCA均方值均达显著或极显著水平,组合的SCA均方值除子、皮棉声量性状外,其余均不显著,在F1性状的遗传中,各性状的加性效应起主导作用;F1的性状表型值与父、母本的GCA呈高度正相关,并达显著水平,表明选配含Bt基因杂交组合时,选择GCA值大的亲本较为可靠。     

水稻广亲和品种农艺性状的配合力分析

用９个水稻不育系与３个广亲和品种进行不完全双列杂交，对其杂交组合１０个性状的配合力效应分析结果表明，就杂种Ｆ１主要农艺性状而言，亲本的一般配合力效应比组合特殊配合力效应更为重要；株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗实粒数、结实率、单株粒重、千粒重等性状，以一般配合力作用为主，而每穗总粒数、生育期、着粒密度等性状虽以一般配合力作用为主，但特殊配合力的作用也不可忽视；株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗实粒数。结实率、单株粒重等性状以广亲和品种的一般配合力作用为主；生育期、每穗总粒数、千粒重、着粒密度等性状以不育系的一般配合力作用为主。     

Construction of a crop—wild hybrid population for broadening genetic diversity in cultivated sunflower and first evaluation of its combining ability: the concept of neodomestication

The genetic base of sunflower elite lines is very narrow, due to many years of selection and breeding. To broaden the genetic diversity of the cultivated sunflower, in 1995 73 wild sunflower populations were crossed with 3 cultivated lines (Testers), and 219 hybrid offspring’s were evaluated in the field. GCA and SCA effects were computed suggesting for all traits a genetic potential for improvement through selection. Study of the hybrids revealed that the wild accessions bear different genetic abilities to combine with the testers for traits of morphological architecture, phenology and yield (seed weight and seed oil). The variance due to GCA and SCA showed that gene action was additive for days to flowering, branching and plant height. Genotypes derived from the same geographic origin may have either good or poor general combing ability. The correlation between GCA and per se genotype performance was positive for all traits except for seed oil content. This was the first attempt to evaluate wild-cultivated hybrids in sunflower on a large scale and will be the starting point for the management of hybrid Helianthus annuus populations for breeding. GCA and SCA estimations will facilitate the definition of strategies to manage and exploit the natural diversity for this crop.