寄生在柑桔根上的根结线虫新种——简阳根结线虫

 简阳根结线虫Meloidogyne jianyangensis n.sp.采自四川简阳县柑桔园的柑桔根上。雌虫的会阴花纹近圆形,线纹平滑、纤细,背腹线纹通常连贯。以尾尖处向两侧有脊状放射形条纹,条纹数目不定、在阴肛区的背侧有半圈脊状条纹。在放射状的条纹间,线纹有时不连贯,有如许多小刻点。尾觉器距离很近。雄虫头冠高,唇盘和中唇融合,无侧唇。口针长19.1-26.0(21.8μm)。口针基球和杆部界限明显。背食道腺开口距口针基部2.5-3.5(3.0μm)。侧带处有4条侧线,两边两条间有横纹,中间两条侧线间无横纹。二龄幼虫长387.6-483.3(423.2)μm。头冠高,唇盘和中唇融合成哑铃状。口针长13.0-16.8(15.1)μm。背食道腺开口距口针基部2.1-3.7(2.5)μm。尾部渐细,尾尖钝圆。简阳根结线虫雌虫的主要酯酶带Rf=0.41、0.45和0.48。     

不同光温条件对马铃薯繁殖根结线虫效果的影响

在沙培马铃薯条件下,分别比较不同温度、光照条件对根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)在马铃薯上培养效果的影响。结果表明,温度对根结线虫的培养效果有较大的影响,南方根结线虫在马铃薯上繁殖的最适温度为24～28℃,12℃时,线虫仍可侵染,但发育十分缓慢,接种后49d调查还未能观察到线虫产卵;光照条件对根结线虫的培养效果影响无明显规律性。     

广州芳村盆景线虫种类调查和根结线虫鉴定

本文通过对广州芳材６个盆场１０种分影的调查,初步鉴定了Ａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｏｉｄｅｓ,Ｃｒｉｃｏｎｅｍｏｉｄｅｓ,Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｔｙｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ,Ｈｏｐｌｏｌａｉｍｕｓ,Ｌｏｎｇｉｄｏｒｕｓ,Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｎｅ,Ｐａｒａｔｙｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ,Ｐｒａｔｙｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ,ｓｉｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ,Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｏｒｕｓ,Ｔｒｏｐｈｕｒｕｓ,Ｔｙｌｅｎｃｈｏｒｈｙｎｃｈｕｓ,Ｔｙｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ,Ｘｉｐｈｉｎｅ     

马铃薯甲虫入侵宁夏的风险分析

参照国际上有害生物风险分析方法,从定性分析和定量分析相结合对马铃薯甲虫在宁夏的风险性进行了综合评价。通过分析,马铃薯甲虫在宁夏具有大面积的适宜寄主、极强的适应性,且能造成巨大经济损失,其风险值R为2.22,因此确定马铃薯甲虫在宁夏属于高度危险性的有害生物,应采取多种措施,加强对其风险管理。     

根结线虫在中国的一新纪录种——拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicol

本文描述了采自海南省三亚市葱 ( Allium tistulosum)上的拟禾本科根结线虫 Meloidogynegraminicola。该种雌虫的会阴花纹多为上下长的卵圆形 ;线纹细弱 ,通常平滑连续 ,但在局部区域骤然出现将线纹截断的短线纹 ;侧区不明显 ;侧尾腺口小 ,相隔很近。雄虫的头冠与头区等宽 ,头区很低、光滑或有 2条不明显的环纹。二龄幼虫的尾相当长 ,尾透明末端的界限通常明显 ,尾端细长 ,末端呈细棍棒状。拟禾本科根结线虫在中国属首次报道 ,其寄主葱及其所属的百合科为拟禾本科根结线虫寄主植物的新纪录种和新纪录科     

植物根结线虫生物防治研究进展

文章综述了近年来根结线虫生物防治的研究进展。探讨存在的问题并对以后的研究方向进行了展望。     

广州芳村盆景线虫种类初步调查和根结线虫鉴定

本文通过对广州芳村六个盆景场十种盆景的调查,初步鉴定了Ａｐｈｅ ｌｅｎｃｈｏｉｄｓ,Ｃｒｉｃｏｎｅｍｏｉｄｅｓ,Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｔｙ ｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ,Ｈｏｐｌｏｌａｉｍｕｓ,Ｌｏｎｇｉｄｏｒｕｓ,Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｇｙｎｅ,Ｐａｒａｔｙ ｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ,Ｐｒａｔｙ ｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ,Ｐｓｉｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ,Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｏｒｕｓ,Ｔｒｏｐｈｕｒｓ,Ｔｙｌｅｎｏｒｈｙｎｃｈｕｓ,Ｔｙｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ,Ｘｉｐｈｉｎｅ     

南方根结线虫生物防治研究进展

本文对南方根结线虫生防因子食线虫真菌、细菌、放线菌、杀线植物的种类,及其生防因子对线虫的作用方式等进行概述。     

根结线虫在中国的一新纪录种——拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicol

 本文描述了采自海南省三亚市葱(Allium tistulosum)上的拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicola。该种雌虫的会阴花纹多为上下长的卵圆形;线纹细弱,通常平滑连续,但在局部区域骤然出现将线纹截断的短线纹;侧区不明显;侧尾腺口小,相隔很近。雄虫的头冠与头区等宽,头区很低、光滑或有2条不明显的环纹。二龄幼虫的尾相当长,尾透明末端的界限通常明显,尾端细长,末端呈细棍棒状。拟禾本科根结线虫在中国属首次报道,其寄主葱及其所属的百合科为拟禾本科根结线虫寄主植物的新纪录种和新纪录科。     

Screening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) for resistance against temperate root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)

BACKGROUND: An important part of the production area of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Belgium is located on the sandy soils of the provinces of Antwerp and Limburg where Meloidogyne chitwoodi (Golden), M. fallax (Karssen) and M. hapla (Chitwood) are present. The host plant status of ten bean cultivars for root‐knot nematodes was determined by evaluating penetration, development and egg mass formation after inoculation with second‐stage juveniles. RESULTS: The tested cultivars were poor to good hosts for M. chitwoodi, non‐hosts or bad hosts for M. fallax and excellent hosts for M. hapla. Significantly fewer M. fallax were found in the roots, and their development was delayed. Penetration of M. hapla took place over a longer period than that of M. chitwoodi and M. fallax. The number of mature females of M. chitwoodi in cv. Polder 6 weeks after inoculation was no different from that in other cultivars, although fewer egg masses were found on this cultivar in the screening test. There was no influence of M. chitwoodi on vegetative growth of cv. Polder. CONCLUSION: The differences found in host plant status of bean cultivars stress the importance of a correct diagnosis of the Meloidogyne species in agricultural fields. Cultivar Polder showed potential as a trap crop for M. chitwoodi. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

根结线虫在中国的新纪录种——西班牙根结线虫(Meloidogyne hispanica Hirschmann)

 A root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hispanica Hirschmann, was first described and illustrated from roots of papaya in Danzhou, Hainan province in China. The perineal pattern of female was characterized by oval shaped to rectangular with a low dorsal arch; dorsal striae varied from fine and wavy to coarse; lateral lines forked with fringe-like striae between lines and phasmidial ducts distinctly appeared. Male had high and rounded head region with labial disc and medial lips fused to form elongate lip structures. Second-stage juve-nile had distinct body annules and stylet with rounded, posteriorly sloping knobs, and the tail terminus was slender with indistinct hyaline. This Chinese new record of M. hispanica had a unique esterase phenotype (S2-M1) which was different from that of other Meloidogyne species.     

阿维菌素和硫线磷对南方根结线虫的毒力

利用阿维菌素和硫线磷处理南方根结线虫离体卵与幼虫,测试其对线虫卵和卵块孵化以及对2龄幼虫的致死作用、活动能力、侵入能力的影响。结果表明阿维菌素和硫线磷均对线虫卵和卵块的孵化表现很强的抑制作用,阿维菌素5 μg/mL处理24 h对卵孵化抑制率高达82.57%,而硫线磷40 μg/mL处理24 h对卵孵化抑制率为73.05%;阿维菌素和硫线磷处理48 h对2龄幼虫的LD50分别为7.346 1、13.345 6 μg/mL;在阿维菌素2 μg/mL和硫线磷3 μg/mL处理中,2龄幼虫在沙柱中的平均移动距离仅为0.04 cm和0.05 cm,而对照处理的线虫平均移动距离为1.04 cm;在阿维菌素2 μg/mL和硫线磷50 μg/mL处理2龄幼虫48 h后,对番茄根部的侵入率为0.12%和0.45%,而空白对照处理线虫的侵入率达21.85%。     

Effect of plant elicitors on the reproduction of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi on susceptible hosts

Sustainable strategies for plant-parasitic nematode control are required to reduce dependence on chemical nematicides. Foliar application of various compounds can induce a systemic defence response that reduces nematode infestation. The effects of benzothiadiazole (BTH), β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), jasmonates (cis-jasmone and methyl jasmonate) and salicylic acid (SA) in the development and reproduction of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi in tomato plants were assessed. The effects of BTH and of the jasmonates were further tested on potato plants. Pot assays were conducted using tomato plants cv. Tiny Tim or potato cv. Désirée treated with foliar sprays and inoculated with 300 second stage juveniles. Nematode development and reproduction were assessed 21 and 45 days after inoculation. Treatment with SA had a negative effect on nematode development in tomato plants but did not affect reproduction and methyl jasmonate treatment was the most effective in reducing nematode penetration (58 %). Nematode development was significantly affected in potato plants sprayed with cis-jasmone. Nematode penetration was reduced by 90, 67 and 81 % in plants treated with BTH, cis-jasmone and methyl jasmonate respectively, although the reproduction factor (Rf) was only significantly lower in the BTH treatment (Rf?=?7.6) when compared to the control (Rf?=?18.1). Our results suggest that both the SA and JA pathways play an important role in plant defence mechanisms against root-knot nematode development and reproduction for both plants, and should be considered in the design of integrated pest management approaches.     

Systemic nematicidal activity of fluensulfone against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on pepper

BACKGROUND: Fluensulfone, a new nematicide of the fluoroalkenyl group, has proved to be very effective in controlling root‐knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., by soil application. The systemic activity of this compound against M. incognita on peppers via soil drenching and foliar spray was evaluated. RESULTS: Root application of fluensulfone via soil drenching showed slight and no nematode control activity when applied 4 and 10 days, respectively, after inoculation. A single foliar spray of peppers with a fluensulfone solution at 3.0 g L^?1 prior to inoculation reduced the galling index by 80% and the number of nematode eggs by 73–82% of controls. The reduction in these parameters by fluensulfone was much higher than that obtained with oxamyl or fenamiphos at the same concentration. This activity was also observed when the plants were sprayed 21 days before inoculation. A series of experiments suggested that foliar spray with fluensulfone prior to inoculation reduces nematode invasion. However, foliar spray after inoculation did not inhibit nematode development inside roots. CONCLUSION: Fluensulfone showed relatively high nematode control activity when sprayed on the foliage before inoculation. Fluensulfone may be used as a foliar application, in addition to soil application, for root‐knot nematode control. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dose-response effects of clove oil from Syzygium aromaticum on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

BACKGROUND: Clove oil, derived from the plant Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry, is active against various organisms, and was prepared in a soy lecithin/detergent formulation to determine concentrations active against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. RESULTS: In microwell assays, the mean effective clove oil concentration that reduced egg hatch by 50% (EC(50)) was 0.097% (v/v) clove oil; the EC(50) for second-stage juvenile (J2) viability was 0.145% clove oil (compared with carrier control treatments). Volatiles from 5.0% clove oil reduced nematode egg hatch in water by 30%, and decreased viability of hatched J2 by as much as 100%. Reductions were not as large with nematodes in carrier. In soil trials with J2 recovered from Baermann funnels, the EC(50) = 0.192% clove oil (compared with water controls). CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that the tested formulation is active against M. incognita eggs and J2, that the EC(50) values for J2 in the microwell studies and the soil recovery tests were similar to each other and that direct contact with the clove oil is needed for optimal management results with this natural product.     

Resistance of Brassicaceae plants to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in northern Australia

Abstract

Brassicaceae plants have the potential as part of an integrated approach to replace fumigant nematicides, providing the biofumigation response following their incorporation is not offset by reproduction of plant-parasitic nematodes on their roots. Forty-three Brassicaceae cultivars were screened in a pot trial for their ability to reduce reproduction of three root-knot nematode isolates from north Queensland, Australia: M. arenaria (NQ1), M. javanica (NQ2) and M. arenaria race 2 (NQ5/7). No cultivar was found to consistently reduce nematode reproduction relative to forage sorghum, the current industry standard, although a commercial fodder radish (Raphanus sativus) and a white mustard (Sinapis alba) line were consistently as resistant to the formation of galls as forage sorghum. A second pot trial screened five commercially available Brassicaceae cultivars, selected for their biofumigation potential, for resistance to two nematode species, M. javanica (NQ2) and M. arenaria (NQ5/7). The fodder radish cv. Weedcheck, was found to be as resistant as forage sorghum to nematode reproduction. A multivariate cluster analysis using the resistance measurements, gall index, nematode number per g of root and multiplication for two nematode species (NQ2 and NQ5/7) confirmed the similarity in resistance between the radish cultivar and forage sorghum. A field trial confirmed the resistance of the fodder radish cv. Weedcheck, with a similar reduction in the number of Meloidogyne spp. juveniles recovered from the roots 8 weeks after planting. The use of fodder radish cultivars as biofumigation crops to manage root-knot nematodes in tropical vegetable production systems deserves further investigation.     

酸黄瓜南方根结线虫病抗性的解剖学及其细胞学研究

为探明酸黄瓜南方根结线虫病抗性的内在机理,以抗病材料酸黄瓜与感病材料北京截头为试材,对南方根结线虫侵入与幼虫发育、根的解剖学及线虫侵入诱导形成的取食位点的细胞学结构进行了比较研究。结果表明,抗病材料酸黄瓜根系中线虫侵入率极显著低于感病材料北京截头(P0.01),酸黄瓜能够有效抵抗南方根结线虫的侵入;抗、感材料根系中雌雄虫个体比例分别为1∶12和1∶5(P0.01),抗性反应能够抑制线虫取食和幼虫发育;酸黄瓜根的解剖结构与普通栽培黄瓜相似,酸黄瓜的根不具有结构抗性;抗病反应中细胞发生过敏性坏死,感病反应中无此类现象发生。抗侵入、抑制取食和坏死反应是抗病材料酸黄瓜抗性反应的主要特征。     

Variation in resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato genotypes bearing the Mi gene

Root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) are among the main pathogens of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) worldwide. Plant resistance is currently the method of choice for controlling these pests and all the commercially available resistant cultivars carry the dominant Mi gene, which confers resistance to the three main species Meloidogyne arenaria , M. incognita and M. javanica . However the emergence of virulent biotypes able to overcome the tomato resistance gene may constitute a severe limitation to such a control strategy. To date, little was known of the possible influence of the homozygous vs heterozygous allelic state of the Mi locus, or the tomato genetic background, on the expression of the resistance. In order to test both these factors, the resistance was evaluated of a large panel of L. esculentum genotypes (selected from the Vilmorin germplasm stock collection) to seven M. incognita lines avirulent or virulent against the Mi gene. Plant resistance was estimated by counting the egg masses on the root systems after inoculation with second-stage juveniles (J₂). Reproduction of the nematodes was similar or, more often, significantly higher on heterozygous tomato genotypes than on homozygous ones, suggesting a possible dosage effect of the Mi gene. Data also indicated that the tomato genetic background had a major effect on the variations observed in nematode reproduction, especially when tomato genotypes were heterozygous for the Mi gene. These results have important consequences in terms of breeding strategies and durability of the resistance conferred by the Mi gene.     

Response of rice genotypes to rice root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola) infection under varying temperature regimes

The rice root-knot nematode (RRKN), Meloidogyne graminicola, is one of the major pests of the rice–wheat cropping system. Resistance against M. graminicola in rice could be most valuable in alleviating this problem. The host response of 75 Oryza genotypes was examined at three day/night temperature regimes, 29/26°C, 34/31°C and 38/35°C, in Pluronic gel as well as in soil. Out of the 75 selected rice genotypes, only Zhenshan 97 B exhibited high resistance to this set of temperature regimes, with the least number of galls/root system. At 34/31°C, more second-stage juveniles (J2s) were hatched and J2 population densities in roots of the susceptible rice genotypes increased significantly compared with those of plants grown at the 29/26°C. In resistant genotypes, only a few J2s penetrated roots and developed into mature females. The histopathological studies revealed that in susceptible rice genotypes at high-temperature regimes, the multinucleate giant cells were well developed. The results presented in this study revealed that an increase in temperature had a significant effect on the resistance of rice genotypes and resistance appeared more pronounced in genotype Zhenshan 97 B. This resistant genotype can be used in marker-assisted selection to develop resistant elite cultivars.