气味指纹分析技术在食品质控和风味研究的应用

着重以食用油、橙汁和奶制品为例,阐述了Sensory Array Fingerprint Analyzer Method(气味指纹分析法)对食品所建立的新型质量控制和风味研究方法.经针对7种储存时间不同的食用油、脂(大豆油、菜籽油、猪油、牛脂、禽类脂、白色油脂、棕榈油)的过氧化值和酸价的分析模型的建立,展示了应用气味指纹分析技术(电子鼻)对食用油品质控制及抗氧化能力比较的新方法,对不同品质的橙汁(半年和一年半的鲜榨汁,和浓缩还原汁)、不同种类的鲜奶(灭菌全脂奶、灭菌半脱脂奶、半脱脂生奶和乳粉还原奶)和真伪某品牌奶粉的区分,表明该技术对复杂介质样品的品质变化具有独特的识别能力.分析结果表明,该分析技术具有以下优点:满意的分析灵敏度和重复性:传感器检测平均重复性为1.32%RSD(n=10),对同一样品测量的重复性为1.4%RSD(n=10),对所有油样的过氧化值和酸价测定具有良好的线性关系,平均相关系数为0.998 4.不同品质样品之间区分指数DI的特异性明显(＞90).所有的数据通过化学计量学方法处理,并且该分析方法无需样品前处理.     

气味指纹分析技术在食品质控和风味研究的应用

着重以食用油、橙汁和奶制品为例,阐述了SensoryArrayFingerprinAtnalyzerMethod(气味指纹分析法)对食品所建立的新型质量控制和风味研究方法。经针对7种储存时间不同的食用油、脂(大豆油、菜籽油、猪油、牛脂、禽类脂、白色油脂、棕榈油)的过氧化值和酸价的分析模型的建立,展示了应用气味指纹分析技术(电子鼻)对食用油品质控制及抗氧化能力比较的新方法,对不同品质的橙汁(半年和一年半的鲜榨汁,和浓缩还原汁)、不同种类的鲜奶(灭菌全脂奶、灭菌半脱脂奶、半脱脂生奶和乳粉还原奶)和真伪某品牌奶粉的区分,表明该技术对复杂介质样品的品质变化具有独特的识别能力。分析结果表明,该分析技术具有以下优点:满意的分析灵敏度和重复性:传感器检测平均重复性为1.32%RSD(n=10),对同一样品测量的重复性为1.4%RSD(n=10),对所有油样的过氧化值和酸价测定具有良好的线性关系,平均相关系数为0.9984。不同品质样品之间区分指数DI的特异性明显(>90)。所有的数据通过化学计量学方法处理,并且该分析方法无需样品前处理。     

油橄榄叶粗提取物对油脂氧化稳定性的影响

通过测定加入不同浓度油橄榄叶粗提取物的油脂在储存期的过氧化值、酸价、颜色、气味和透明度的变化,判断油脂的酸败程度,为延长油脂的保质期提供数据支持和理论依据.结果表明,随着油脂中加入的油橄榄叶粗提取物浓度的提高,油脂过氧化值和酸价增加较慢,油脂的氧化稳定性相比对照组有明显提高.其中,加入15％油橄榄叶粗提取物的样品,由于...     

食用植物油中酸价 过氧化值的探讨与研究

随着物质生活的提高,人们对食品的要求越来越严格,食用植物油中酸价、过氧化值发生改变直接影响食物的品质和安全度,当前检测过程及样品保存过程中还存在着一定的缺陷,对食用植物油中酸价、过氧化值在不同条件下的检测结果进行分析,并提出相应注意事项及预防措施。     

光照条件下粉末磷脂储藏稳定性初探

文章叙述了末磷酸脂在一定条件下的储藏稳定性变化规律，以过氧化值（ＰＯＶ）酸价（ＡＶ）为示踪指标，研究在常见的几种光照条件下粉末磷脂品质变化，同时，对不同光线下，不同包装形式的过氧化值和酸价作了分析测定。从实验结果看，光线是粉末磷脂不稳定的主要因素，其中荧光和紫外光对其影响较大。     

散装油罐储藏油脂品质变化规律的研究

对不同品种、不同罐容散装油脂储存一年内品质变化分析,结果表明:不同品种油脂入库时酸价无显著性差异,水分及挥发物和过氧化值存在显著性差异;在储藏期间,油脂在不同月份的水分及挥发物、酸价和过氧化值均存在显著性差异,而油脂类别对品质变化趋势影响不显著;同时10000 t罐容储存油脂稳定性总体优于2000 t和5000 t罐容。     

四级菜籽油在不同储藏温度下品质变化研究

采用储备库四级菜籽油样品分装后分别在15℃、25℃、40℃环境条件下,模拟油罐密封储藏,研究油脂的色泽、酸价、过氧化值、溶剂残留、脂肪酸组成储存品质变化情况。研究结果表明:不同储存温度下,随着储存时间的延长,酸价、过氧化值、色泽明显增加,溶残、脂肪酸组成基本没有变化。在同样的储存条件下,低温更有利于油脂储存。     

全燕麦香酥饼包装货架期预测研究

将全燕麦香酥饼采用PE袋、PE袋+脱氧剂、真空包装袋+抽真空3种方式进行包装,研究其常温储藏条件下对感官品质的影响,并对真空包装的全燕麦香酥饼储藏期间脂肪酸价和过氧化值进行测定,建立数学模型,结合感官品质评价对该产品进行货架期预测。结果表明,全燕麦香酥饼采用真空包装方式的保质期较长,综合酸价、过氧化值和感官品质评定结果,常温下全燕麦香酥饼的货架期为10个月。     

猪骨蛋白酶解物对冷藏大黄鱼肌肉脂质氧化的影响

为抑制冷藏大黄鱼肌肉的脂质氧化劣变,将不同浓度(0、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%)的猪骨蛋白酶解物添加到大黄鱼肌肉中,通过观察和分析4℃冷藏条件下鱼肉感官品质及酸价、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值的变化情况,研究猪骨蛋白酶解物对冷藏大黄鱼肌肉脂质氧化的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,添加不同浓度猪骨蛋白酶解物的各处理组鱼肉酸价、过氧化值、TBA值均显著降低(P<0.05),鱼肉感官品质显著提高(P<0.05),但不同浓度处理组之间的差异并不显著;0.5%浓度的猪骨蛋白酶解物即可有效抑制冷藏大黄鱼肌肉脂质的初级氧化产物和二级氧化产物的生成,对控制大黄鱼冷藏期间的肌肉脂质氧化具有明显效果。     

包装对薄皮核桃贮藏品质的影响

以阿克苏干制"温185"薄皮核桃为试材,采用包装结合脱氧剂处理核桃,并以不处理为对照,在常温(20～25℃)条件下贮藏,分别测定过氧化值、酸价、皂化价、碘价、水分含量、脂肪酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脂氧合酶(LOX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和丙二醛(MDA)指标的变化,研究包装对薄皮核桃贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:采用包装结合脱氧剂处理核桃,可有效延缓薄皮核桃过氧化值、酸价及皂化价的升高,抑制碘价和水分含量的下降,并提高SOD和CAT的活性,抑制脂肪酶、LOX及POD活性,延缓MDA含量的上升,保持核桃仁的风味,其中充气(氮气N2)添加脱氧剂包装效果优于其他处理组,对干制薄皮核桃的贮藏效果较好。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.