亚麻荠种子萌发抗旱性研究初报

比较模拟干旱条件下亚麻荠与小麦种子的发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗苗长和脯氨酸含量，结果表明，随着干旱胁迫的加重，亚麻荠发芽指数和苗长下降趋势均以及脯氨酸含量增加趋势均低于小麦，小麦对干旱更加敏感。亚麻荠种子的外层胶质占种子总重的5.67%，可吸收181.31倍的水分，使种子在最初10min内即可吸收相当于自身重量8倍的水分，浸泡24h后吸水量达到10倍左右；而小麦种子浸泡24h后吸水量只有54.7%，据此认为这可能是亚麻荠种子抗旱性较强的原因。     

Hybridization between Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (false flax) and North American Camelina species

The potential for gene flow between Camelina sativa, a promising edible and industrial oil crop in Canada, and its wild North American relatives C. alyssum, C. microcarpa and C. rumelica subsp. rumelica, was investigated. Sequence analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) was used to differentiate Camelina species and/or accession‐specific nucleotide markers and identify interspecific F₁ hybrids. ITS analysis identified hybrids in progeny of C. alyssum × C. sativa, C. microcarpa accession 36010 × C. sativa and C. sativa × C. rumelica subsp. rumelica. Seed set on C. alyssum × C. sativa F₁ and F₂ progeny was similar to the parents; few seeds were produced on hybrid progeny of C. microcarpa accession 36010 × C. sativa and C. sativa × C. rumelica subsp. rumelica. The study provided evidence that should the species have sympatric distributions and overlapping flowering periods, gene flow between C. sativa and its wild North American relatives is possible and that it would most likely occur with C. alyssum given the high fertility of the F₁ hybrids recovered.     

苜蓿素在面包中的应用研究

将苜蓿素添加在面包中,通过正交实验分析,确定了其最佳用量。实验表明,苜蓿素可以添加在面包中,使面包的蛋白质含量大大提高。虽然苜蓿素的添加会降低面包的烘焙品质,但通过加入其他原料可以得到改善。在面包中添加苜蓿素的最大量为2%。     

Radiation-Induced Nullisomy in Hordeum vulgare L.

A plant with drastically reduced vigour was observed in a population of diploid barley (Hordeum vulgare) raised from seeds exposed to gamma radiation. Cytological studies revealed that the plant was nullisomic with 2n = 12. At meiosis, regular formation of 6 bivalents was observed. The plant was totally sterile and produced neither stainable pollen nor seed.     

春箭筈豌豆生长动态及收割期的研究

为了研究春箭筈豌豆的生长发育和营养变化动态规律,了解其最佳刈割期,以春箭筈豌豆5-1-5品系为材料,研究了春箭筈豌豆株高、生长速度、物质积累、产量组成及其构成因子的变化规律,并对其营养价值进行了评定。结果表明,春箭筈豌豆生长动态符合Logistic 模型,苗期生长缓慢,分枝后期-现蕾期生长最快,是营养体产量形成的关键时期;生物量和茎/叶比值,从分枝后期开始逐渐增加,但适口性和营养价值降低;鲜草和干草产量分别在结荚期和成熟后期达到高峰,结荚期鲜草产量、CP、CA、CF、EE、NFE、TDN产量分别为17.2、0.5、0.33、1.29、0.11、2.17、2.73 t/hm2;成熟后期干草产量、CP、CA、CF、EE、NFE、TDN产量分别为4.71、0.41、0.34、1.40、0.10、2.49、2.83 t/hm2。综合分析认为,播种后76~88 天左右是春箭筈豌豆的最佳刈割期。在饲草实际生产中,春箭筈豌豆应在开花至结荚初期进行收割。     

镉对紫花苜蓿种子萌发的影响

研究了重金属Cd对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,结果表明,0.00~15mg/kgCd具有提高种子发芽率、发芽势、活力指数及促进芽生长的作用,高浓度的Cd则降低种子的发芽率和活力指数。Cd对紫花苜蓿根的抑制效应大于芽。     

不同药剂浸种对燕麦种子发芽特性的影响

利用不同化学药剂处理燕麦种子对提高燕麦的出苗率、燕麦产量具有显著效果。本试验采用生化黄腐酸、氯化钙、赤霉素、乙酰水杨酸对燕麦种子进行浸种处理24h,然后在15%PEG渗透胁迫液(模拟干旱)中进行萌发试验,探讨化学药剂处理对燕麦种子发芽势、发芽率和物质转换率的影响。结果表明,赤霉素、生化黄腐酸和氯化钙溶液浸种可提高燕麦种子在干旱条件下的发芽率、发芽势和物质转换率;而乙酰水杨酸溶液浸种对燕麦种子萌发有抑制作用。综合效果来看,0.025%的赤霉素处理燕麦种子效果最佳,0.10%～0.15%生化黄腐酸和0.15%～0.20%氯化钙处理燕麦种子效果次之。     

Phyllochron Dynamics Under Controlled Environments in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Previously, we reported that phyllochron of rice greatly fluctuated in the course of development under natural conditions. The present study was carried out to examine the phyllochron dynamics using the five near-isogenic lines (NILs) for heading time and the recurrent parent. The change of phyllochron was investigated under four different controlled conditions regarding daylength and temperature. Growth duration (days to heading) showed a large variation among different growth regimes as well as genotypes. Changes of phyllochron were evaluated in the genotypes by using a quartic polynomial regression that was well fitted to the change of phyllochron in the present controlled environments as previously observed under natural conditions. Phyllochron began to drastically increase after around the 5th phytomer order and decreased with the progress of reproductive development in similar manners under different environments. The pattern of phyllochron change varied from a flat to non-flat shape. The shape of the equation was affected by genotypes as well as daylengths and temperatures. In addition, the shape was closely related to the growth duration (days to heading) of the genotype, suggesting that the phyllochron might internally increase depending on the genotype controlling the heading date. Therefore, the present results showed that the sufficient examination of phyllochron dynamics is necessary for understanding a variation in the heading date of rice.     

EMS诱变亚麻荠获得2S贮藏蛋白缺失突变体

亚麻荠种子富含大量不饱和脂肪酸和贮藏蛋白。为了获得广泛的育种材料,创建优异的新种质,采用EMS(甲基磺酸乙酯)对亚麻荠种子进行诱变处理。通过EMS不同处理时间(0,8,12,16 h)和不同处理浓度(0,0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%,1.0%,1.2%)条件下诱变亚麻荠种子,建立了EMS诱变亚麻荠种子的优化体系,以0.8%(V/V)EMS处理成熟种子12 h效果最佳,筛选获得一个亚麻荠2SP1突变体。与野生型相比,该突变体种子贮藏蛋白成分中缺失了2S清蛋白,但是亚麻荠种子含油量和蛋白含量、株型和种子萌发等农艺性状未发生显著变化。这种特殊的亚麻荠2SP1突变体可作为研究种子贮藏蛋白合成机理及培育高营养品质亚麻荠新品种的优异种质资源,也可用于进行相关功能基因组学等的研究。     

紫花苜蓿种子在高盐分条件下发芽特性的研究

采用两种盐分NaCl和NaCl＋KCl（1：1 mol）,5个处理0、2．4、8、12g／L对紫花苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、根重、鲜重进行了研究。结果表明：NaCl和NaCl＋KCl胁迫下,种子发芽受到明显抑制,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、根重均随着浓度的升高而减低,与浓度呈显著负相关关系。     

镉对水稻的毒害效应及其调控措施研究进展

镉是植物生长的非必需元素,它易于被吸收,具有很大的生物毒性。镉通过在水稻内富集而进入食物链,对人畜健康构成巨大威胁。本文在参阅大量文献资料的基础上,概述了土壤中镉对水稻的毒害效应及水稻对镉的吸收分配作用,讨论了目前降低其毒性的调控措施。     

棉花单倍体育种新技术-半配合生殖育种介绍

半配合生殖育种研究在近 2 0年逐渐兴起 ,并在棉花育种上已经取得较大的进展。利用半配合材料作母本与其他材料杂交 ,可产生一定比例的父性单倍体 ,单倍体加倍后 ,便可在F2 产生纯合个体。最初 ,由Nawashin(1898)在齿叶金光菊中注意到半配合生殖现象 ,但他仅将其作为双受精的前期现象看待。Battaglia[1] 在金光菊中也发现类似现象 ,并观察了详细的受精过程 ,发现精子进入卵细胞后 ,并不与卵核融合 ,而是与卵核同时独立分裂 ,形成具父母本性状的单倍体或双倍体的嵌合胚 ,他认为这是一种受精不融合的半配合现象。 192 0年 ,Harland[2 ] 在棉…     

风味苔干的研制与应用

通过对苔干进行相应的浸泡与参数优化、香辛料油炸参数确定、风味苔干配方的筛选等,并进行真空包装和巴氏杀菌,生产出开袋即食,风味多样,方便休闲、色香味俱佳的食品,同时制定出特色风味苔干系列食品的加工程序与方法的技术要求及标准。     

喷施微肥对紫花苜蓿草产量与品质的影响

在氮磷钾基肥供应足量的基础上,采用叶面喷施的方法,研究Zn、Fe、Mo、Co、B、Cu、Se、Mn 8种微肥混合喷施对紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）草产量和品质的影响,其目的是通过喷施微肥试验,为生产提供不同用途的优质牧草。结果表明：几种微肥处理均可极显著提高紫花苜蓿产草量和叶茎比,极显著提高粗纤维含量,并显著影响粗脂肪含量,促进粗灰分的增加,导致无氮浸出物的降低,但对粗蛋白和磷含量影响不显著。     

植物离体诱变及在百合育种中的应用

植物离体诱变技术目前已广泛应用于作物优质、高产、抗病、抗逆等新种质的筛选中。综述了体细胞无性系变异简况、离体诱变育种采用的技术、抗性突变体的筛选技术以及检测方法、应用现状及在百合育种中的应用情况。分析了离体诱变育种的优势及在百合抗病育种中的应用前景。     

分子辅助育种在能源草育种中的研究进展

综述了能源草的主要研究种类,能源草育种的主要指标,介绍了国内外能源草种质资源收集保存情况,重点介绍了能源草的分子辅助育种研究情况。从分子标记对能源草遗传多样性研究及目标基因寻找,特异连锁标记鉴定及目标基因的QTLs定位,特异基因克隆及基因修饰,基因干扰和转基因技术等方面介绍了能源草分子育种辅助育种情况。同时提出能源草育种需要加大能源草种类的筛选,加大能源草系统收集力度,在常规育种的基础上借鉴其他作物和牧草、草坪草分子辅助育种的方法与成果,加快能源草育种工作。     

水稻亚种间广亲和性及其酯酶同工酶特点

通过与籼粳测验种测交，考察了9个待测品种的亲和性表现。结果表明品种Dular、Aus449、0046、CPSL－17、KetanNangka、02428具有广亲和性，水源287可能具有广亲和性。比较广亲和性品种和不具有广亲和性品种的酯酶同工酶，得出所有供试广亲和品种都具有特异酶带9A，某些广亲和性品种具有酶谱的中间型特点。因此，可以将酯酶同工酶9A或中间型酶谱作为筛选广亲和性品种的一个生化指标。     

Interspecific Oryza Sativa L. X O. Glaberrima Steud. progenies in upland rice improvement

Fertile interspecific progenies between Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrima Steud. were produced through backcrossing and doubled haploid breeding (DHB). Backcrossing with the O. sativa parents increased fertility and helped combine the O. sativa and O. glaberrima features. The use of DHB to generate a large proportion of doubled haploids from interspecific F₂ hybrids, helped overcome constraints associated with the conventional breeding of these species, such as: (1) slow fixation of the lines, (2) frequent partial sterility of the progenies and (3) low recovery of useful recombinants. Although true interspecific progenies between O. sativa and O. glaberrima were generally rare, their occurrence in some populations was as high as 30%. Some progenies combined the high yield potential of O. sativa, a result of high spikelet number caused by secondary branches on the panicle, with useful traits of O. glaberrima such as rapid leaf canopy establishment and high N responsiveness. The progenies partly inherited the O. glaberrima parents' high specific leaf area (SLA) during early growth, theoretically improving competitiveness with weeds, and from the O. sativa parents the rapid decrease in SLA towards the reproductive stage, theoretically allowing for high leaf photosynthetic rates and high grain yield. Research is in progress to develop new interspecific plant type concepts for resource poor, weed prone upland rice environments in West Africa. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

浅议航天育种

航天育种较选择育种、杂交育种、辐射育种等育种方法，属新兴的育种技术。自2003年10月“神舟五号”搭载作物种子等以来，人们对此议论增多。现根据我们所掌握的相关情况及近年来的实践作一阐述。     

花生分子育种研究进展

随着高通量测序技术、基因组学分析技术和分子生物学技术的发展,分子育种已成为花生育种的重要手段之一。在新一代高通量测序技术的影响下,大量的花生功能基因和分子标记被挖掘出来,遗传连锁图谱更加精细化,强化了分子标记与常规育种的有机结合,促进了花生转基因技术发展。本文对国内外花生分子育种的研究进展进行综述,并对花生分子育种的主要问题和发展前景进行了讨论。