转BADH基因苜蓿T-DNA侧翼序列分析及转化事件特异性分析

为了从分子水平上鉴别不同的转基因株系,以转BADH基因苜蓿的T₀代基因组DNA为模版,采用热不对称交错PCR(TAIL-PCR)方法分离其外源基因插入位点的侧翼序列,获得了B127株系的左翼序列和右翼序列,以及B125、B138、B295和B196株系的左翼序列。侧翼序列特征分析表明,有的T-DNA边界序列被删除,有的边界序列被保留,并填充了一段未知来源的核苷酸序列。根据侧翼序列中插入载体序列和紧邻插入序列的基因组序列特征,分别设计PCR扩增的上、下游引物,并对获得的42个转BADH株系分别进行左、右翼序列的扩增,结果表明,转基因植株B106、B125、B138、B157、B158、B289、B295、B305和B127具有相同的扩增条带,B203、B220、B223和B196具有相同的扩增条带,说明这些株系可能仅来源于2个转化事件。本研究建立的事件特异性检测方法可以准确地将不同的转化株系区别开来。     

Establishment, Development and Yield of Forage Legumes and Grasses as Cover Crops in Grain Corn in Eastern Canada

Interseeded cover crops can minimize soil erosion, increase organic matter and nutrient levels and the yield of subsequent crops. However, their performance is very sensitive to local conditions. Field experiments were conducted at two Quebec locations in 1993 and 1994 in order to evaluate the potential use of forage legumes and grasses as interseeds in corn in eastern Canada. Twelve forage species were evaluated. Fall rye ( Secale cereal L.), hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), a mixture of red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) and ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam), a mixture of white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) and ryegrass, subterranean clover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.), yellow sweet clover ( Melilotus officinalis Lam.), black medic ( Medicago lupulina L.), Persian clover ( Trifolium resupinatum L.), strawberry clover ( Trifolium fragiferum L.), crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.), annual alfalfa ( Medicago saliva L.) and berseem clover ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.) were seeded at two planting dates (10 and 20 days after corn emergence). The control treatments were: hand weeding, chemical weeding and non-weeded. Early seeded forages established better and had higher biomass accumulation than the late seeded ones. In the presence of larger weed populations, the interseeded forages did not develop well due to competition with the weeds. At Macdonald crimson clover provided good soil cover while Persian clover, fall rye and alfalfa provided relatively little cover. Strawberry clover and hairy vetch did not provide early ground cover due to their late development. Forage mixtures of red or white clover and rye grass established well and achieved high populations at the end of the growing season. Fall rye provided good early ground cover but senesced by the middle of the season. The better establishment and early germination of crimson clover caused a 19% reduction in corn grain yield in 1993. In 1994 none of the cover crops caused a reduction in corn yield.     

Studies on Nitrogen Economy and Productivity of Wheat as Affected by Rainy Season Legumes under Irrigated Conditions

A field experiment was conducted during July 1986–April 1988 at New Delhi, to evaluate the relative contribution of rainy-season legumes towards the growth and productivity of succeeding wheat ( Triticum aestivum [L.] emend. Fiori & Paol), find out economic optimum dose of nitrogen for succeeding wheat and screen a legume which can be best knitted in wheat based cropping system.
HD 2329 wheat performed better when grown after legumes than when grown after Local fodder sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench). N economy in wheat was greater (65–78 kg/ha) after Sona clusterbean ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [L.] Taubert) and T-9 blackgram ( Phaseolus mungo L.) over sorghum. The economic optimum dose of N for wheat following pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.), soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), groundnut ( Aracbis bypogaea L.), blackgram ( Phaseolus mungo L.) and clusterbean were 110.1, 103.6, 113.7, 109.6 and 92.3 kg/ha respectively.     

90%盖萨林防除春玉米田杂草效果评价

1999~2000年进行了90%盖萨林水分散颗粒剂（WG）防除春玉米田杂草的效果及对春玉米的安全性田间小区试验。结果表明,90%盖萨林WG对春玉米田的藜、本氏蓼、反枝苋、龙葵等阔叶杂草有良好的防除效果,而对苍耳、苘麻及禾本科杂草防效较差。春玉米播后苗前土壤处理,适宜的用药量为90%盖萨林1620~1890(g·ai)/hm2(有效成份用量),对阔叶杂草总的株数和鲜重防效均在90%以上,在上述推荐剂量范围内对春玉米安全。     

Cover crops and interrow tillage for weed control in short season maize (Zea mays)

Weed competition can cause substantial maize (Zea mays L.) yield reductions. Interseeding maize with cover crops or a combination of interrow cultivation and interseeded cover crops are possible alternative methods of weed control. This study was conducted to examine the potential of interrow cultivation plus cover crops to reduce weed density in maize without reducing the grain yield. Field experiments were conducted in 1993 and 1994 at two sites in Québec to determine the effects of planting 12 cover crops with maize on weed control. Fall rye (Secale cereal L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), a mixture of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam), a mixture of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and ryegrass, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), yellow sweet clover (Meliotus officinalis Lam), black medic (Medicago lupulina L.), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.), strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) were seeded at two planting dates, 10 and 20 days after maize emergence. Interrow cultivation was carried out weekly until forage seeding, with a final cultivation being conducted just prior to cover crop seeding. Cover crop planting date did not affect maize yields or the ability of interrow tillage plus cover crops to suppress the development of weed populations. Maize yield was less affected by the interseeded cover crops under conditions of adequate rainfall. Corn planted in fields heavily infested with weeds resulted in substantial yield reductions even when rainfall was adequate. Except for 1993 at l'Assomption interrow tillage plus cover crop treatments had consistently lower weed biomass when compared to the weedy control. Most of the weed control was due to the interrow cultivation performed prior to seeding of the cover crops. The lowest weed density occurred in the herbicide treated plots. The ability of interrow tillage plus cover crops to suppress the development of weeds was affected by the level of weed infestation, the growing conditions and location. The cover crops provide additional weed control but the interrrow tillage or some herbicide application may still be necessary.     

Biomass Yield and Essential Oil Yield Variations in Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.), Intercropped with Food Legumes and Vegetables

Java citronella ( Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt., Family: Poaceae) is a perennial, multiharvest aromatic grass, the shoot biomass of which, on steam distillation, yields an essential oil extensively used in fragrance and flavour industries. It has a long initial lag phase. To utilize the crop resources more efficiently during this lag phase, a field experiment was conducted for two years (1995–97) in semiarid tropical climate to explore the feasibility of intercropping food legumes and vegetables in Java citronella. Among food legumes, greengram ( Vigna radiata (L.) Wilez.), and among vegetables, clusterbean ( Cyamopsis psoraloides D. C., syn. Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.), tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and lady's finger ( Abelmoschus esculentus Moench.) as intercrops did not decrease the biomass yield, essential oil yield of Java citronella and produced bonus yields of these crops over and above that of Java citronella. Maximum monetary returns were recorded by Java citronella intercropped with tomato or greengram. Java citronella intercropped with redgram ( Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), horsegram ( Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verd. syn. Dolichos biflorus Roxb.) and brinjal ( Solanum melongena L.) suffered significant biomass and essential oil yield reductions. Horsegram proved to be the most competitive intercrop producing least yields and minimum monetary returns.     

Effect of PEG Stress and Mycorrhiza on Growth and Mineral Uptake of Barley and Soybean

Two cultivars of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), Giza-119 and Sahrawy , and one of soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.), Clark were subjected to osmotic stress caused by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungus; Cenococcum graniforme. PEG had stimulated growth of each barley cultivar, but not soybean. Inoculation resulted in increased shoot fresh and dry weights of soybean, either with or without PEG, and those of PEG-stressed barley. PEG displayed a synergistic effect with mycorrhizal fungus in barley by enhancing the uptake of N, Na, K, Ca and Mg by shoots.     

紫茎泽兰对三叶鬼针草的化感作用研究

为了探索紫茎泽兰对三叶鬼针草的化感作用,研究了紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液和枯落物对三叶鬼针草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液对三叶鬼针草种子萌发有一定的抑制作用,随着浓度的增加,种子发芽率逐渐降低,3%浓度时,种子已不能萌发,对胚根的抑制作用强于胚芽,对幼苗的生长有微弱的促进作用;枯落物水浸液对种子的萌发抑制作用弱于叶片水浸液,随着枯落物添加量的增加,三叶鬼针草长势越好,能够促进植株体内物质的积累。说明三叶鬼针草能够在紫茎泽兰入侵地上生长良好,可以采用三叶鬼针草代替紫茎泽兰,为紫茎泽兰的防控发挥作用。     

Contributions to the Analysis of Genotype × Environment Interactions: Comparison of Different Parametric and Non-parametric Tests for Interactions with Emphasis on Crossover Interactions

The objective of this study was to compare five statistical procedures (analysis of variance, the Azzalini/Cox test, the Hildebrand procedure, the Kubinger approach, and the de Kroon/van der Laan technique) for the analysis of genotype × environment interactions in cross‐classified data sets from cultivar performance yield trials with rows = cultivars and columns = environments (locations and/or years). The procedures Hildebrand, Kubinger and de Kroon/van der Laan are non‐parametric methods based on ranks, while analysis of variance and the Azzalini/Cox test proceed from the original absolute yield data. These very different statistical techniques were applied to extensive data sets from German official registration trials (1985–1989) with winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). The Azzalini/Cox and de Kroon/van der Laan methods are based on the crossover concept of interaction (different rank orders) while the other methods are based on the usual concept of interaction (deviations from additivity of main effects). For an analysis of usual interactions the procedures Hildebrand, Kubinger and analysis of variance are approximately equivalent. For the crossover concept of interaction, the Azzalini/Cox approach is recommended, especially if one is particularly interested in rank changes between environments within genotypes.     

Using a Chlorophyll Meter to Optimize Nitrogen Fertilizer Application for Intensively-Managed Small-Grain Cereals

Most methods used to estimate N status require collection, processing and analysis of soil and/or plant tissue samples. In this study, leaf chlorophyll content of cereals, determined in the field with a portable chlorophyll meter (Minolta SPAD-502), was used to predict N availability of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), oats ( Avena sativa L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.). The results indicated that accurate nitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendations based on chlorophyll content have both environmental and economic advantages. Determination of leaf chlorophyll content with a chlorophyll meter accurately indicated plant N status allowing N fertilizer requirement to be accurately determined and resulting in increased N uptake efficiency. Applying N fertilizer on this basis improved production economics and improved physical input-output ratio during grain yield formation. Using a chlorophyll meter, responsive and non-responsive categories can be determined at the stage of maximum number of florets per ear primordium (Zadoks' GS 37-41) and at pollination (i.e. pollen grains on well-developed stigmatic hairs, GS 52-58).     

储粮害虫钻孔行为初步研究

设计的测定储粮害虫钻孔行为的装置由8种不同孔径的孔筛小瓶组成，筛孔直径分别为1．5mm,1.3mm,1.2mm,1.1mm,1mm,0.9mm,0.8mm及0.6mm，采用该装置对玉米象、米象、赤拟谷盗、杂拟谷盗、长头谷盗、谷蠹及锯谷盗单一种群和复合种群钻孔行为习性进行测试。测试结果表明，单一群条件下，玉米象、米象、谷蠹及长头谷盗钻孔行为习性进行测试。测试结果表明，单一种群条件下，玉米象、米象、谷蠹及长头谷盗钻孔指数分别为0．28、0．30、0．35及0．24，钻孔习性基本相似；杂拟谷盗和赤拟谷盗钻孔指数分别为0．77和0．9；锯谷盗活动性较强，钻孔指数为0．57。讨论了玉米象、赤拟谷盗、长头谷盗、锯谷盗及谷蠹复合种群各害虫种类的钻孔习性，与单一种群比较，玉米象和谷蠹钻孔指数增高，赤拟谷盗和锯谷盗钻孔指数降低，长头谷盗钻孔指数变动不大。     

Nitrate and Ammonium Uptake Kinetics of Three Annual Range Species

The uptake kinetics of nitrate and ammonium ions was compared for the annual range species: subclover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.), soft chess ( Bromus mollis L.), and broadleaved filaree ( Erodium botrys [Cav.] Bertol.) to study competitive interactions in nitrogen deficient soils. Fifteen-day-old seedlings were allowed to deplete solutions of nitrate or ammonium in the range of 5 to 500 μM concentrations for a 10-hour period during which net uptake (depletion) was monitored by a sensitive conductance technique. Subclover uptake rates were markedly less than those for soft chess and filaree for both nitrate and ammonium at both low and high concentrations. The evidence supports the hypothesis that subclover is a poor competitor for soil N in part because of this physiological difference.     

Weed Control of Four Higher Plant Species in Paddy Rice Fields in Southeast Asia

Four higher plants, namely glory bowers (Clerodendrum trichotomum L.), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.), beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum L.) and Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.), with the strong allelopathic potential among 19 allelopathic species from Southeast Asia, were tested for their effects on weed emergence in paddy soil and field. In a greenhouse experiment, D. stramonium, D. triflorumand M. azedarach exhibited similar inhibitory magnitude at 1 t ha^?1 achieving more than 90 % weed control. C. trichotomum achieved about 70 % weed reduction at 2 t ha^?1. In paddy fields, D. triflorum was the most promising material for weed control and attained the highest rice yield among treatments, at the concentration of 2 t ha^?1, whereas the inhibition of D. stramonium and M. azedarach was weakened in the greenhouse. No injury of rice plants was observed. These plants might be used as natural herbicides to reduce the dependence on synthetic herbicides.     

Book Reviews

Books Reviewed in this Article:
Helsel, Z. R. (Editor), Energy in Plant Nutrition and Pest Control.
Somerville, L., and M. P. Greaves (Eds.), Pesticide Effects on Soil Microflora.
Williams, G., and K. Hunyadi, Dictionary of Weeds of Eastern Europe.
Stewart, B. A. (Ed.), Advances in Soil Science.
Mattusch, P., T. Botz, und W. Hilgenberg: Untersuchungen zur Kontamination von Rohtorfen und gärtnerischen Anzuchterden mit dem Erreger der Kohlhernie, Plasmodiophora brassicae.
Petr, J., V. Çerný, L. Hrûska et al.: Yield formation in the main field crops.     

Evaluation of monocropped and intercropped grain legumes for cover cropping in no-tillage and reduced tillage organic agriculture

Intensive tillage by means of mouldboard ploughing can be highly effective for weed control in organic farming, but it also carries an elevated risk for rapid humus decomposition and soil erosion. To develop organic systems that are less dependent on tillage, a two-year study at Reinhardtsgrimma and Köllitsch, Germany was conducted to determine whether certain legume cover crops could be equally successfully grown in a no-till compared with a reduced tillage system. The summer annual legumes faba bean (Vicia faba L.), normal leafed field pea (Pisum sativum L.), narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) were examined with and without sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as a companion crop for biomass and nitrogen accumulation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation (N₂ fixation) and weed suppression. Total cover crop biomass, shoot N accumulation and N₂ fixation differed with year, location, tillage system and species due to variations in weather, inorganic soil N resources and weed competition. Biomass production reached up to 1.65 and 2.19 Mg ha⁻¹ (both intercropped field peas), and N₂ fixation up to 53.7 and 60.5 kg ha⁻¹ (both common vetches) in the no-till and reduced tillage system, respectively. In the no-till system consistently low sunflower performance compared with the legumes prevented significant intercropping effects. Under central European conditions no-till cover cropping appears to be practicable if weed density is low at seeding. The interactions between year, location, tillage system and species demonstrate the difficulties in cover crop species selection for organic conservation tillage systems.     

Genetic variation and response to selection for resistance to root-knot nematodes in oil radish (Raphanus sativus ssp. oleiferus)

Based on a preliminary screening of a collection of cruciferous crops, such as oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Metzg.), oil radish (Raphanus sativus L. ssp. oleiferus DC.), and yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.), some plants within the oil radish varieties showed resistance to the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood and M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood. Resistance tests of S₁ progeny of these selected genotypes revealed a quantitative nature of resistance to M. hapla. Only a few resistant individuals were found, but a significant effect of selection was observed. In contrast, the progenies of plants resistant to M. incognita showed a very low number of egg masses, suggesting that this resistance may be conferred by dominant major gene(s). The results indicate that resistance of oil radish to root-knot nematodes may be effective and may thus provide new possibilities for the management of M. hapla and M. incognita.     

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers variability among cultivars and landraces of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of south-Brazil

To evaluate the variability among cultivars and landraces of common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.), 15 cultivars and 18 landraces of common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.), a undefined species of Phaseolus,two landraces of Vigna angularis L., and a landrace of soybean (Glycine maxL.), were screened with fifteen oligonucleotide primers in PCR reactions. An average of 20.3 RAPD bands were scored per primer. A total of 304 amplification products were scored of which 88.8% were polymorphic among Phaseolus genotypes. Based on the RAPD markers, four major clusters were formed. Three clusters corresponded to the soybean, to the two Vigna angularis landraces, and to the Phaseolus sp. landrace, respectively. The fourth cluster include all the landraces and cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris. This large group could be separated into three subgroups that were correlated with the phaseolin patterns and the average seed weight of the genotypes. The analysis shows that most of the landraces collected in South Brazil (17 out of 18) belong to the Andean gene pool, and most of the cultivars (13 out of 15) belong to the Middle American gene pool. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Allelic Variation within Single Podded Gene Characterized by STMS Marker in Chickpea

Chickpea （Cicer arietinum L.）, is an important grain legume crop throughout the world especially in developing countries. However the average yield worldwide is considered to be lower than its potential yield （Singh et al., 1994）. The average yield of chickpea is much lower in Pakistan, which is about 5500-650 kg/hm^2 due to various abiotic and biotic stresses （Shah et al., 2005）.     

Inheritance of resistance to angular leaf spot (Isariopsis griseola Sacc.) in french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Summary Angular leaf spot (Isariopsis griseola Sacc.) is a serious disease of French bean in the hills of India and 40 to 70 per cent of the green pods are damaged and rendered unmarketable. Crosses were made between PLB 257, (Phaseolus coccineus L.), a red flowering pole tope, resistant to angular leaf spot, and Contender (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a highly susceptible commercial cultivar. Studies of the F₁, F₂, and F₃ progenies indicated that PLB 257, carries a recessive gene imparting resistance to angular leaf spot.     

Using semi-latin square design for screening and comparison of local and improved Zea maize varieties tolerant to climate change in centre of Benin (West Africa)

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - The demographic pressure in Benin has led to an increase in demand for cereals, in particular maize (Zea mays L.), which constitutes the staple diet for...