盐碱胁迫对海岛棉种子萌发及幼苗根系生长的影响

为明确海岛棉种子萌发及幼苗根系对盐胁迫的响应,并筛选出耐盐能力较高的海岛棉品种。以新疆阿克苏地区主推海岛棉品种新海31号、新海35号、新海43号和新海48号为试材,采用NaCl、Na2SO4以及NaCl、NaHCO3以物质的量1∶1混合分别模拟中性盐混合盐(中性盐)和碱性盐混合盐(碱性盐)两种盐类型,胁迫处理总盐浓度(Na+)为0、120、180、240、300、360 mmol L~(–1),研究了盐胁迫下海岛棉种子萌发和幼苗根系生长参数。结果表明,在两种盐类型下,随着盐浓度的增加,海岛棉种子的萌发参数、生物量、根冠比、盐敏感指数、盐耐受指数、根系长度、根系表面积及根系体积均呈下降趋势;高盐浓度下,海岛棉株高、根系生物量及茎叶生物量与盐浓度呈显著负相关,说明高盐环境抑制了棉种发芽及幼苗的正常生长。120 mmol L~(–1)浓度下,中性盐处理的新海48号的根系总长度比对照无显著增加,其余品种均有显著增加,各品种根系总体积与总表面积均无显著差异,低盐促进了各品种细根(d≤0.5 mm)的伸长及生长,新海43号的中根(0.5d≤2.0 mm)长度比CK增加显著,导致此品种根系的总体积与总表面积有显著增加;碱性盐处理的根系总长度、表面积及体积除新海31号与对照差异不显著外,其余品种均有显著降低。180～240mmolL~(–1)浓度下,中性盐处理的根系总长度、表面积及体积与对照相比除新海43号有显著下降外,各品种均差异不显著;碱性盐处理的各品种均是下降显著,其中新海35号的根系总长度下降幅度比其余品种缓慢。300～360mmolL~(–1)浓度下,两种盐处理的各品种的根系总长度、体积与表面积均急剧下降。碱性盐胁迫比中性盐胁迫下降的趋势更为显著。本试验条件下,海岛棉幼苗正常生长所能承受的盐浓度为240 mmol L~(–1),但碱性盐对于海岛棉幼苗的伤害远大于中性盐,供试品种耐盐碱程度为新海35号新海43号新海31号新海48号。     

Quantitative trait loci controlling rice seed germination under salt stress

Salt tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) at the seed germination stage is one of the major determinants for the stable stand establishment in salinity soil. One population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs, F_2:9), derived from a cross between a japonica rice landrace tolerant to salt stress and a sensitive indica rice variety, was used to determine the germination traits including imbibition rate and germination percentage under control (water) and salt stress (100 mM NaCl) for 10 days at 30 °C. The multiple interval mapping (MIM) were applied to conduct QTL for the traits. The results showed that seed germination was a quantitative trait controlled by several genes, and strongly affected by salt stress. A total of 16 QTLs were detected in this study, and each QTL could explain 4.6–43.7% of the total phenotypic variance. The expression of these QTLs might be developmentally regulated and growth stage-specific. In addition, only one digenic interaction was detected under salt stress, showing small effect on germination percentage with R² 2.7%. Among sixteen QTLs detected in this study, four were major QTLs with R² > 30%, and some novel alleles of salt tolerance genes in rice. The results demonstrated that the japonica rice Jiucaiqing is a good source of gene(s) for salt tolerance and the major or minor QTLs identified could be used to improve the salt tolerance by marker-assisted selection (MAS) in rice.     

盐分对普通玉米种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

选择4种中性盐(NaCl、KCl、Na2SO4和K2SO4)和4种碱性盐(Na2CO3、NaHCO3、K2CO3和KHCO3),设置Ommol/L(对照)、50mmol/L、100mmol/L、150mmol/L和200mmol/L 5个浓度,借助InfoStat软件中DGC方差分析法,分析了盐类型和浓度对普通玉米种子发芽率和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,盐胁迫延缓了玉米种子的发芽时间,且随着盐浓度增加胁迫作用增强.硫酸盐对幼苗生长的胁迫作用大于氯盐,钠盐大于钾盐,碳酸盐大于硫酸盐,二价盐大于一价盐,碱性盐大于中性盐.     

Comparison of QTLs for seed germination under non-stress, cold stress and salt stress in tomato

The purpose of this study was to examine whether rate of tomato seed germination under non-stress, cold-stress and salt-stress conditions was under similar genetic control by identifying and comparing quantitative trait loci (QTLs) which affect germination rate under these conditions. A fast-germinating accession (LA722) of the wild tomato species Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Jusl. and a slow-germinating cultivar (NC84173, maternal and recurrent parent) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were hybridized and BC₁ and BC₁S₁ progeny produced. The BC₁ population was used to construct a linkage map with 151 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. The BC₁S₁ population (consisting of 119 BC₁S₁ families) was evaluated for germination under non-stress (control), cold-stress and salt-stress conditions and the mean time to 50% germination (T50) in each treatment was determined. Germination analyses indicated the presence of significant (P < 0.01) phenotypic correlations between T50 under control and cold stress (r = 0.71), control and salt stress (r = 0.58) and cold stress and salt stress (r = 0.67). The QTL analysis indicated the presence of genetic relationships between germination under these three conditions: a few QTLs were identified which commonly affected germination under both stress- (cold-, salt- or both) and non-stress conditions, and thus were called stress-nonspecific QTLs. A few QTLs were also identified which affected germination only under cold or salt stress and thus were called stress-specific QTLs. However, the stress-nonspecific QTLs generally exhibited larger individual effects and together accounted for a greater portion of the total phenotypic variation under each condition than the stress-specific QTLs. Whether the effects of stress-nonspecific QTLs were due to pleiotropic effects of the same genes, physical linkage of different genes, or a combination of both could not be determined in this study. The results, however, indicate that the rate of tomato seed germination under different stress and nonstress conditions is partly under the same genetic control.     

温度、盐分和干旱胁迫对簇枝补血草种子萌发的影响

用不同温度、不同浓度的NaCl和等渗PEG（分子量为6000）处理簇枝补血草[Limonium chrysocomum（Kar．et Kir．）Kuntze．]种子，以研究温度、盐胁迫和模拟干旱胁迫对种子萌发的影响。结果表明：其种子萌发的最适温度为15～25℃。随着盐浓度的增加，种子的萌发率和发芽指数逐渐降低，簇枝补血草种子在蒸馏水中萌发率最高；PEG对种子的萌发产生抑制作用，且PEG的抑制程度大于等渗NaCl。将在盐溶液和PEG中处理9d的种子转移至蒸馏水后，原来较高浓度下的种子具有较高的萌发恢复率。     

NaCl胁迫对番茄种子萌发的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫对3个番茄品种种子萌发的影响。结果表明,低盐浓度对番茄种子萌发有促进作用,随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增大,对种子萌发的抑制作用明显增强。在供试的3个番茄品种中,不同品种番茄种子萌发受盐胁迫抑制的程度不同,北运一号为耐盐品种,白果强丰不耐盐,三星903耐盐性中等。     

极端高温对烟草种子萌发的影响

以烤烟品种K326种子为试验材料．在不同高温条件下进行发芽试验。结果表明：裸种在温度为40℃以上时．种子萌发率大幅度降低,当温度高于44℃时种子不会发芽：包衣种发芽时间比裸种晚4d．当温度从28℃升到32℃时．发芽指数增加并达到最大．当温度从32℃升到36℃时。发芽指数减少．当温度高至40℃以上时．烟草包衣种子不会发芽。     

NaCl胁迫对秦艽种子萌发的影响

研究了不同浓度NaC1溶液对秦艽种子萌发的影响.结果表明:高浓度NaC1对秦艽种子的萌发有明显的抑制作用,种子的发芽率与盐浓度之间呈显著的负相关.低浓度NaC1(≤50mmol/L) 进种子萌发,高浓度的NaC1(≥150mmol/L)抑制种子萌发:种子萌发时盐胁迫的适宜值、临界值、极限值分别是51.14、160.46、204.26mmol/L.     

盐胁迫对海岛棉种子萌发的影响

研究不同浓度盐胁迫对海岛棉种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,结果表明:两个供试品种新海21号和新海23号均表现为:①低浓度的NaCl(≤25mmol/L)对海岛棉种子发芽抑制作用较小或无影响,而高浓度的NaCl(≥50mmol/L)则表现出强烈的抑制作用;②无论盐浓度高低,都对海岛棉的幼苗生长产生抑制作用,当NaCl≥125mmol/L时,幼苗的根、茎、叶、根冠比和总干重均显著低于对照;③两个供试品种,新海23号较新海21号耐盐。     

NaCl胁迫对罗布麻种子萌发的影响

通过采用不同浓度的NaCl胁迫。探讨NaCl对罗布麻种子的发芽率、发芽速度、发芽指数的影响，并对解除盐胁迫后的发芽率进行测定分析。结果表明，低浓度的Nacl（≤50mmol/L）促进种子萌发，高浓度的Nacl（≥200mmol／L）抑制种子萌发；盐胁迫解除后，罗布麻种子的发芽率随原盐浓度增加呈降低的趋势。     

Heat stress during seed development affects forage brassica (Brassica napus L.) seed quality

In two consecutive seasons, forage rape (Brassica napus L.) plants were exposed to short periods (240°C hr) of heat stress (30°C day/25°C night) during seed filling (80% seed moisture content = S1), at physiological maturity (50% seed moisture content = S2) and at both S1 plus S2 (=S3) in a Biotron before being returned to the field until seed harvest. Seeds were hand harvested at 14% seed moisture content and their quality assessed by measuring germination, seed vigour (using the accelerated ageing and conductivity tests) and seed mass (as determined by thousand seed weight). Heat stress at both S1 and S2 caused a small (<10%) but significant reduction in germination in both seasons. There was a significant heat stress timing interaction in the first but not the second season. Reductions in germination were a result of increased abnormal seedling production not seed death. All three heat stress treatments significantly reduced seed vigour, with S3>S2>S1. Seed mass was reduced by heat stress at S1 but not at S2. Variable seed vigour in high‐germinating New Zealand‐produced forage rapeseed lots is most likely explained by short periods of heat stress during seed development.     

Low temperature seed germination of Lycopersicon species evaluated by survival analysis

Summary Low temperature germination responses were evaluated for 18 high altitude accessions representing five wild Lycopersicon species and 19 accessions of L. esculentum which have reputed ability to germinate in the cold. Survival analysis indicated that one accession of L. chilense germinates better at 10°C than PI 120256, the fastest-germinating L. esculentum genotype, and that PI 120256 germinates as well as PI 126435 (L. peruvianum). Additional wild ecotypes exhibiting rapid germination at 10°C were identified from L. peruvianum and L. hirsutum. These ecotypes may possess genetic potential for introgressing cold germination ability into L. esculentum cultivars.     

多胺代谢和种子萌发

多胺作为一种生物活性物质广泛参与了植物的生长发育过程。种子萌发是植物个体发育的重要阶段。本文将以多胺参与种子萌发这一过程的代谢变化，并与植物激素的相互作用对种子萌发的影响作一综述。     

水杨酸提高甘草种子萌发和幼苗生长对盐胁迫耐性的效应

The present study investigated the effects of salicylic acid treatments on morphology, physiological and biochemical parameters and their relationship to salt stress of G. uralensis Fisch seeds and seedlings. Under the salt stress of 200 mmol L^-1 NaCl, the application of 0.5 mmol L^-1 salicylic acid on G. uralensis Fisch seeds could significantly promote the elongation of radicle, increase fresh weight of seedlings, reduce the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline in the radicle, and improve the activity of peroxidase (POD). Under the salt stress (i.e. 100 mmol L ^-1 and 200 mmol L^-1 NaCl), the application of 0.5 mmol L^-1 salicylic acid on G. uralensis Fisch seedling could reduce MDA and proline content, and increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in different degrees. Under salt stress condition, the application of salicylic acid could increase the root glycyrrhizinic acid content. In summary, the application of salicylic acid could improve the tolerance to salt stress by alleviating the inhibition of salt stress on the germination of seeds, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and reducing the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation.     

Localization of salt-tolerant QTL in rice germination stage under different salinity concentrations

Euphytica - Determination of nuclear DNA content, genome size, and ploidy level and, information on cytogenetic characteristics are all prerequisite of modern plant breeding. However,...     

The effect of germination temperature on seed dormancy in Croatian-grown winter wheats

The expression of seed dormancy related to germination temperature was studied in 25 wheat genotypes grown in the field at two locations near Zagreb and ?upanja in Croatia during 2008/2009 growing season. Germination tests were conducted at 15, 20 and 25?°C at harvest maturity (Time 1) as well as after 10?days (Time 2) and 15?months (Time 3) of seed after-ripening at room temperature, respectively. Significant (P?<?0.05) differences among locations (L), temperatures (T) and genotypes (G) as well as significant L?×?T, G?×?L, G?×?T and G?×?L?×?T interactions were observed for weighted germination index (WGI) at both Time 1 and Time 2. At Time 3 significant differences among genotypes for germination percentage were found only at the early stages of germination. The 25 wheat genotypes responded with decreasing WGI mean values (increasing dormancy) as temperature changed from 15 to 25?°C. The rate of dormancy increase with higher germination temperature varied among genotypes. Some genotypes, having similar values of WGI at 15?°C, significantly differed from each other at 25?°C and vice versa. This indicates that the range of germination temperatures included in the present study is useful when testing genotypes for their temperature-dependent dormancy potential. The number of genotypes with WGI values significantly different from the mean, as a measure of the power of germination test to detect differences in dormancy level among genotypes, as well as heritability estimates for WGIs were the highest at Time 1 for 15?°C and at Time 2 for 20?°C.     

牛筋条种子生物学特性及其萌发对温度和激素的响应

牛筋条为我国西南特有的单型属资源植物,试验研究了牛筋条种子在花萼筒的有无、不同恒温及变温处理和激素处理等条件下的萌发特性.结果表明:花萼筒的存在明显降低了牛筋条种子的萌发率和萌发势;在15～30℃的恒温条件下,种子的萌发率随着温度的增加而降低,表明低温有利于牛筋条种子的萌发,变温处理对种子萌发率没有明显的影响:外源激素GA和6-BA处理使发芽率降低.研究结论为该资源植物的开发利用提供了一定的理论依据.     

不同浓度镍胁迫对黄瓜种子萌发及其生理生化特性的影响

摘要：以黄瓜为材料,研究了不同浓度镍（Ni2+）胁迫对黄瓜种子萌发及黄瓜胚轴超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。结果表明：Ni2+浸种处理对黄瓜种子萌发具有低浓度下的激活效应和高浓度下的抑制效应,且随浓度的增加这种抑制效应逐渐增强;细胞内MDA含量在低Ni2+浓度处理下增幅较小,尔后随着镍浓度的提高MDA含量逐渐增大;体内保护酶系统中SOD、CAT活性的变化表现为随Ni2+处理浓度的增加而呈现先升后降的趋势。而POD活性随着处理浓度的增加而持续升高。     

低温胁迫和赤霉素对花生种子萌发和幼苗生理响应的影响

低温是影响我国广大花生产区春花生发芽的主要因素之一。本文以不同生态区的30个花生品种为实验材料,研究了倒春寒天气诱导的低温胁迫对花生出苗的影响,以出苗率为标准筛选出4个耐低温的花生品种(阜花17、阜花12、冀花16、冀花18)和4个不耐低温的品种(鲁花11、白沙1016、正农黑花生1号、白玉)于温室测定了4℃低温和赤霉素(GA_3)处理后种子发芽相关指标和幼苗生理指标。结果表明, 4℃对耐低温花生品种发芽率、发芽指数影响不显著,但种子活力指数和芽长呈现下降趋势;4℃处理后,不耐低温品种幼苗相对膜透性和MDA含量上升幅度更高,耐低温品种幼苗的可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量上升幅度更大。GA_3显著促进4℃低温处理后花生种子萌发和种子活力,抑制了花生幼苗在低温处理后相对膜透性和丙二醛的上升,提高了可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量。研究表明,赤霉素促进低温胁迫下种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳浓度是300μmol L~(–1)。发芽率与相对膜透性和丙二醛含量显著负相关,与可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量显著正相关。温度影响发芽率的品种间差异较大,常温下赤霉素对不同耐低温品种的发芽率影响较小。本研究为耐低温花生种质资源创新和新品种培育提供了理论依据,为研究赤霉素对不同花生品种耐低温性影响的生理机制提供了基础。