Development Trend of Computer Aided Architectural Design(CAAD)

Through the review of history of CAD and CAAD technology development,combined with the application condition of CAAD technology in architectural design,this paper analyzes the theory and advantage of Virtual Building design,dissertates the development trend of computer aided architectural design(CAAD).The Virtual Building model is a complete database including all of the building information,which can be applied in the whole building industry such as building design,structural design,facility management,costing etc.,so as to manage all of the information during the building's life circle.     

桃遗传资源核心种质的研究

种质资源的收集和保存具有广泛性和长期性,并为培育质量更高的新品种提供了坚实的物质基础。核心种质是以最小的资源数量和遗传重复最大程度地代表该物种整个遗传资源的多样性。因此,利用目前已有的基本数据、评价鉴定数据和部分特征数据所提供的信息构建的桃核心种质,可以有效地解决目前在桃种质的保护、利用中无效的收集较多、种质圃的占地大和管护成本高的问题,也使一些优异基因能够得到很好的开发和利用,并提高中国桃种质资源收集、保护、评价和创新利用的效益。     

美国白蛾在中国的危险性评估研究

摘要：对入侵害虫美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)进行危险性评估,可以了解其适生区分布与发生风险概率,对其监测与防治有重大意义。利用GARP（Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction Modeling System）生态位模型预测美国白蛾在中国的适生区,并应用信息扩散模糊数学方法,对河北省部分地区美国白蛾进行危险性评估。结果表明：美国白蛾发生灾害风险评估值随着灾害指数的增大而减小,美国白蛾在中国的适生区分布范围：21.20°N～46.33°N,97.80°E～132.11°E和36.81°N～41.8°5N,76.00°E～94.66°E(新疆的部分地区)。基于GARP生态位模型及信息扩散理论,针对入侵物种已知分布数据对其进行危险性评估,对害虫的监测、防治、预警提供依据,具有广泛的应用前景。     

Characterization of resistance genes against scald (Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) J.J. Davis) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines from central Norway, by means of genetic markers and pathotype tests

Rhynchosporium secalis is a serious pathogen of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in central Norway. A breeding effort was initiated in 1977 to introduce resistance from different sources into adapted genotypes, and the first cultivar from the program was recently released. However, little is known about the resistance genes introgressed in this cultivar or in advanced breeding lines. An effort was made to address this issue through a set of isolates and available molecular markers. Fourteen breeding lines and their resistance donors were investigated by evaluating their reactions to 11 R. secalis isolates. Bulked segregant analysis was used to identify molecular markers linked to resistance genes in 12 of the breeding lines. The isolates were found to be of less discriminating value than the markers. Useful information has been obtained as to the nature of several of the resistance genes introgressed. Eight of the 12 breeding lines contained introgressed genes that were located at the `complex Rh' locus on chromosome 3H and hence may not easily be pyramided into the same genotype. Previous information about the nature of the resistance in `Jet' is questioned. Neither of the resistance genes Rh or Rh2 seems to have been incorporated into Norwegian breeding material.     

小麦糯性突变体的筛选

利用SDS－PAGE技术，从河北省小麦地方品种及国内外小麦育成种1270份中，发现Wx-B1突变体63份，Wx-D1突变体4份，Wx－E2份。红蘖麦和白芒白等品种的发现，丰富了品质育种的亲本；长穗偃麦草的蜡质基因与小麦蜡质基因不同，可以进行更深入的分子水平研究。研究表明，地方品种和育成种具有相似的突变规律；国外优良品质材料含有较高的Wx-B1突变频率；国内以源自北京、山西、陕西、云南的材料突变频率最高；河北、河南、山东、江苏等省份突变频率居中；而四川、天津、黑龙江和安徽等省份的样本量太小，突变频率也最低。该频率分布规律为信后育成种筛选的重点提供了帮助。     

The influence of environmental conditions on settlement,distribution and growth of 0-group sole (Solea solea (L.)) in a macrotidal estuary (Vilaine,France)

In the Vilaine estuary, the environmental conditions at the onset of the settlement of metamorphosing sole have been surveyed for 5 years. The inshore migration occurs either in early or in late April depending on the hydroclimatic conditions: sole are observed in the estuary when bottom water salinity varies between 25 and 30 S and water temperature is up to 11°C. During spring, their distribution pattern is similar in all years: first, accumulation at the entrance of the estuary, then concentration in the upper parts and finally, colonization of the whole estuarine area by juveniles. Interannual variations in growth rates were observed during their first estuarine phase, in particular when the estuary is transformed into a ‘ria’ with high water temperature and salinity. These biological features are discussed according to ontogenic changes occurring during these early life stages. From field and experimental data and from literature information on sole and other pleuronectiform species, a conceptual model on relationships between environmental parameters and metamorphosis processes in estuarine areas is proposed.     

A note on Xanthomonas blight of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) savi) and prospects for its control by breeding for tolerance

Summary This short review attempts to collect information on Xanthomonas pathogens of beans that is of importance to attempts to breed for tolerance. Sources of immunity are not yet recognized, but tolerance has been reported in several genetic stocks. All inheritance of tolerance so far reported has been quantitative. Some different pathotypes are already recognized and indications are that more of these will be found as they are looked for. Different inoculation methods may be appropriate for detecting different sorts of host tolerance.     

Analysis of population structure and genetic diversity in balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC.) germplasm using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers

Balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC) is widely distributed in South Korea and there are some local landraces that are cultivated as a vegetable crop or medicinal plant. Making use of the gene resources of wild-type and landraces is a way to increase the genetic diversity of the cultivars. However, few tools or information are available on an efficient identification system for maintaining and management of these landraces. To improve the genetic resources for balloon flower, 22 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, also known as microsatellite markers, were evaluated in a collection of 42 balloon flower landraces, 34 of which were from Korea and eight from China. All microsatellite markers produced the 107 alleles ranging from 2 to 10 with a mean of 4.864 alleles per each locus (N_A). The values of observed heterozygosity (H_O) and expected heterozygosity (H_E) ranged from 0.00 to 0.667 (mean of 0.285) and from 0.024 to 0.741 (mean of 0.416), respectively. An average value of polymorphic information contents (PIC) were 0.382 with a range of 0.023 to 0.703. Results of population structure and phylogenetic and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) indicated that P. grandiflorum germplasm formed two largely distinct clusters according to their origins and the genetic differentiation. There was a high level of genotypic diversity at broad geographic regions between Korea and China, but the low genetic differentiation was found within the collections from Korea. The results of the genetic diversity will be useful for the selection of the parents for developing balloon flower breeding and the multi-locus SSR markers developed herein will be a valuable resource for germplasm assessments, evaluation of genetic diversity, and population genetic studies of balloon flower.     

Prediction of precocity in the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Summary Precocity in the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is defined, for the purpose of this study, as the percentage of palms bearing female or hermaphrodite inflorescences 36 months after germination. A method of calculating breeding values for precocity is described and it is shown that the character is predictable. An upper limit for heritability (h²) of 0.68 and a correlation between observed and predicted values of r=+0.77 (significant at P=0.01) have been calculated from the available data. The available information suggests that precocity could easily be adjusted to the desired level by breeding and selection.     

Molecular genetic evaluation of sorghum germplasm differing in response to fungal diseases: Rust (Puccinia purpurea) and anthracnose (Collectotrichum graminicola)

To evaluate genetic diversity in relation to rust and anthracnose disease response, ninety-six accessions were randomly selected from the core collection database of the Germplasm Research Information Network (GRIN) and characterized by a set of 40 SSR markers. The mean value of polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.8228. Two dendrograms were generated from the molecular genetic data and field morphological data, respectively. The genetic dendrogram demonstrates that the accessions can be classified into three main clades and nine subgroups. The branched subgroups correlated very well with the locations where the accessions were collected. Geographical origin of accessions had significant influences on genetic similarity of sorghum germplasm. Out of 96 accessions, only eight accessions were highly resistant to both rust and anthracnose. All the accessions from South Africa and Mali were highly resistant to anthracnose. The information from genetic classification would be useful for choosing parents to make crosses in sorghum breeding programs and classifying sorghum accessions in germplasm management.     

利用SSR分子标记划分杂交籼稻亲本群的研究

杂种优势群和杂种优势利用模式可以为植物的杂种优势利用提供重要信息。与玉米相比,水稻杂种优势群的研究相对薄弱。本研究利用72对SSR引物对我国47个杂交籼稻骨干亲本进行了类群划分。共检测出328个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因2~13个,平均4.56个;引物的多态性信息量（PIC）范围为0.120~0.878,平均值为0.567。材料之间的遗传相似系数(GS)范围在0.633~0.928,平均为0.741。用类平均法（un-weighted pair-group method using an arithmetic average）将亲本材料划分为保持系群、温敏核雄性不育系群、恢复系群,其中保持系群和恢复系群又各分为3个亚群,分群结果基本符合系谱信息。并结合杂交水稻生产实践提出了7种杂种优势组合配组模式。分子标记是一种划分杂交籼稻亲本群的有效途径,本研究结果对杂交籼稻的亲本选配具有一定指导意义。     

无人机影像拼接软件在农业中应用的比较研究

无人机遥感为精准农业管理提供了新的工具。实现无人机影像高精度自动拼接是开展无人机遥感应用的基础。目前,已有不同无人机影像拼接软件在几何精度斱面性能比较的研究,但关于光谱精度斱面还未有相关研究,而其对定量遥感反演非常重要。本研究比较了目前最受欢迎的两款无人机拼接软件Pix4D和Photoscan在农业应用时,拼接影像过程对原始影像光谱信息的影响,以为用户推荐最优软件。为此,基于冬小麦氮肥梯度试验,本研究在小麦生长季利用无人机搭载多光谱传感器获取相关影像,幵将其分别基于Pix4D软件, Photoscan软件拼接处理。同时,基于传感器厂商提供的单张影像处理技术,将每次传感器拍摄数据处理成未拼接的单张多光谱影像。基于以上数据,在施肥处理小区随机布设样点,分别提取3种类型影像上的样点光谱信息,比较它们光谱反射率及其对比度的差异。结果表明,尽管Pix4D拼接影像和Photoscan拼接影像各波段光谱反射率都与单张影像的反射率有显著相关性,但与Pix4D拼接影像相比, Photoscan拼接影像的光谱反射率和变异系数与原始单张影像之间更为接近。Photoscan能保留更多的原始光谱信息。结合已有关于两款软件在几何精度和价格斱面的比较研究,本研究推荐Photoscan为农业应用时的最优性价比软件。     

Testing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as spaced plants in swards

Summary A method of testing spaced plants in swards of another grass crop is described. The procedure provides information on sward performance at each stage of the breeding scheme. A large number of entries may be included, together with whatever cutting frequency.When used for perennial ryegrass, the method favours the selection of productive and persistent plants.     

棉铃虫灾变预警与辅助防治决策系统(MLCYJC-CDROM)研究

依据棉铃虫灾变预警与防治决策及系统分析原理 ,采用结构化分析与结构化设计和面向对象的设计方法 ,应用 VB编程开发而成。整个系统是一个融灾变预警与辅助防治决策信息的实况输入、数据处理、作用评估及结果输出于一体的实用性较强的计算机应用系统。其中灾变预警亚系统由灾变预警指标体系与灾变警级评估警报体系组成。辅助防治决策亚系统既接受灾变预警亚系统的信息传输 ,也含有辅助防治决策相关信息。据此确定棉铃虫灾变预警警级的等级 ,并指导综合防治决策 ,可使灾变警级预警更加符合实际 ,指导减灾防治更有科学依据     

Collection,preservation and distribution of Oryza genetic resources by the National Bioresource Project RICE (NBRP-RICE)

Biological resources are the basic infrastructure of bioscience research. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a good experimental model for research in cereal crops and monocots and includes important genetic materials used in breeding. The availability of genetic materials, including mutants, is important for rice research. In addition, Oryza species are attractive to researchers for both finding useful genes for breeding and for understanding the mechanism of genome evolution that enables wild plants to adapt to their own habitats. NBRP-RICE contributes to rice research by promoting the usage of genetic materials, especially wild Oryza accessions and mutant lines. Our activity includes collection, preservation and distribution of those materials and the provision of basic information on them, such as morphological and physiological traits and genomic information. In this review paper, we introduce the activities of NBRP-RICE and our database, Oryzabase, which facilitates the access to NBRP-RICE resources and their genomic sequences as well as the current situation of wild Oryza genome sequencing efforts by NBRP-RICE and other institutes.     

The Effect of Photoperiod Insensitivity on the Salt Tolerance of Amphiploids between Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Sand Couch Grass (Thinopyrum bessarabicum)

From the crosses (6 × triticale ‘Lasko’× AARR) בLasko’ one plant with 56 chromosomes was obtained. The selfed progenies showed reduction of somatic chromosome number. A reciprocal cross of hyperploid introgressive plants with ‘Lasko’ indicated similar transmission rates of additional chromosomes through female and male gametes. The degree of initial reduction is of great importance for the number of succeeding generations needed to reach the hexaploid level. With regard to the output of introgressive lines of practical breeding importance, it is necessary to continue and to promote the recombination processes between donor and recipient genetic information for as long as possible. An interruption of recombination by beginning selection too early leads to the loss of genetic variability in the progenies.     

査尔酮合成酶基因及其分子进化研究进展

查尔酮合成酶基因在植物苯丙氨酸代谢途径中的作用至关重要,直接或间接影响着植物代谢产物合成、抗性调节、花色形成等生理生化过程。为了进一步加强对查尔酮合成酶基因功能的发掘与利用,本文综合归纳了査尔酮合成酶基因及其克隆、遗传多样性和分子进化等方面研究进展,得出查尔酮合成酶基因克隆采用的主要方法,进而指出査尔酮合成酶基因分异进化研究的未来方向,同时为特色基因资源开发方面研究提供技术资料检索帮助和研究方法参考。     

Molecular mapping of QTLs for domestication-related traits in cowpea (V. unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Understanding the genetic basis underlying domestication-related traits (DRTs) of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is important since the genome has experienced divergent domestication and in addition it is also useful to utilize the wild germplasm efficiently for improving different traits of the cultivated cowpea. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for DRTs were identified in a population of 159 F₇ recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between a domesticated cowpea (V. unguiculata (L.) Walp.) variety, 524B, and a wild accession, 219. Using the constructed linkage map, QTLs for 10 DRTs were analysed and mapped. QTLs for seed, pod and flower related traits were detected. Subsequently, QTL for ovule number was also identified. To our knowledge, this is the first time a QTL for this trait has been observed. QTLs for DRTs show co-localization on three linkage groups and pleiotropy or close linkage of genes for the traits is suggested in these chromosome regions. The information gained in this study can be used for marker-assisted selection of domestication-related QTLs in cowpea and enhance understanding of domestication in the genus Vigna.     

Genetic Control of Temperature-Sensitivity of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (cms) in Chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.)

In earlier experiments with chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) temperature-sensitive and temperature-insensitive cms plants could be selected. To obtain information about the site and nature of the genetic factor(s) responsible for the temperature sensitivity of the cms, temperature-insensitive and temperauire-sensitive cms plants were crossed with maintainers as well as with one another. In the progenies each genotype was cloned into two clone members, and these were examined concerning their male sterility under normal (20 °C/14 °C, day/night) as well as under constantly high temperatures (24 °C/ 24 °C). The results indicate that the temperature-sensitivity of the cms is controlled by a dominant nuclear gene “T”. This acts like a restorer gene at high temperatures and is ineffective at normal temperatures. Accordingly, important conclusions can be drawn with regard to the selection of temperature-insensitive cms-lines as well as to the propagation of the cmi-lines. The results are discussed in connection with the mitochondrial polypeptides probably responsible for the formation of the cms.     

Collaboration,Transferable and Non‐transferable Knowledge,and Innovation: A Study of a Cool Climate Wine Industry (Canada)

The connection between innovation and territory is increasingly being questioned as evidence shows that collaboration and information exchange are not necessarily localised. However, this general observation may differ depending on the industry and type of exchange studied: some types of information may be more transferable than others. This may particularly be the case in the wine industry which, especially in Canada, is concentrated in a few regions, each with its own climate, geography, and institutions. This paper examines the nature and geography of collaboration in this industry, with emphasis on the relative importance of different sources of knowledge, the spatial dimension of exchanges, and their relevance for innovation. We find that certain knowledge exchanges are localised, particularly those that are closely associated with local growing conditions, whereas other more generic industry‐level exchanges occur at a wider spatial scale. Local knowledge transfers are characterised less by the type of knowledge exchanged than by the fact that it focuses on local conditions, and is therefore of little value outside the region.