林龄、采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新的影响*

在海南省琼海县进行了不同林龄、不同采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新影响的研究，同时比较了保留不同萌条数量的萌芽林生长表现。结果表明：（１）林龄对伐桩萌芽率没有显著影响，但对伐桩存活率及萌条的径、高生长影响显著或极显著。林龄越大，萌芽更新效果越差；（２）皆伐和隔行采伐对大叶相思伐桩的萌芽率、萌条数量和存活率均无显著影响，但对萌条的径、高生长影响极显著。试验证明对大叶相思林分施以隔行采伐通过萌芽更新建立复层     

Hurricane Katrina impacts on forest trees of Louisiana's Pearl River basin

Hurricane disturbance has the potential to markedly affect coastal forest structure and ecosystem processes. This study focused on the impacts of Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana's Pearl River basin, which lies just west of Katrina's final landfall at the Louisiana–Mississippi border. Prior to landfall, composition and structure of bottomland hardwood forests in this region were studied with permanent forest inventory plots sampled in 1989, 1998, 2005 and following the storm in 2006. This enabled a direct comparison of forest structure and dynamics before and after the disturbance, including species-specific tree mortality and damage rates, biomass production, and differences among forest types having varied hydrologic regimes. Background tree mortality rate before Hurricane Katrina was 1.9%, while average annual mortality was 20.5% for the census interval including the disturbance. Change in live tree biomass estimated from allometric models demonstrated a shift from an average annual production of 3.5 Mg ha⁻¹ before the disturbance, to an average loss of 77.6 Mg ha⁻¹ from the storm. Damage associated with Hurricane Katrina varied significantly with tree species but not tree size. Flooded cypress-tupelo swamp forests sustained the least damage and frequently flooded bottomland hardwood forests sustained the highest damage. Hurricane disturbance influenced the structure and composition of these coastal forests through species-specific differences in damage and mortality rates, and varied impacts dependent on forest flooding regime.     

辽东栎伐桩萌苗的发育规律

通过对黄土高原黄龙山林区辽东栎林固定样地连续6年的调查,研究间伐强度分别为13.4％(弱度间伐)和30.0％(强度间伐)的辽东栎伐桩萌苗的存活与生长规律.结果表明:1)间伐第1年,辽东栎伐桩均有萌生枝发生,每桩萌生枝数量和萌生枝高度在不同强度间无显著差异;2)萌生枝数量受伐桩高度和直径的影响,当伐桩高度较低时,萌生枝数量随伐桩高度的增加而增加,超过20cm后随之减少,呈三次抛物线关系;伐桩萌生枝数量随着伐桩直径增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,直径30～50cm的伐桩萌生枝数量最多;3)伐桩萌生枝数量与最长萌生枝高度呈显著线性负相关,存在“萌生枝数量——高度权衡”现象;4)间伐第6年,伐桩的存活率为97.01％,强度间伐区萌生枝高度显著高于弱度间伐区;5)调查期间,辽东栎伐桩萌生枝数量逐年下降,伐桩产生的萌生枝数量越多,后期萌生枝死亡的数量也越多,表明伐桩能够自我稀疏,存在“萌代主”现象.在黄土高原地区,辽东栎伐桩萌芽潜力很大,应合理利用;间伐时伐桩高度应尽量低于20cm;伐桩直径在30～50cm更有利于其无性更新;间伐后伐桩应及时除蘖定株,促进萌生枝生长;间伐强度30.0％(强度间伐)更有利于辽东栎伐桩萌生枝的生长.     

Sprouting characteristics of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest following clear-cutting in Okinawa,Japan

This study explores the sprouting characteristics of an evergreen broad-leaved forest after clear-cutting based on a survey of 1,893 stumps of 62 tree species in Okinawa, Japan. The sprouting capabilities of the stumps varied among tree species. The stumps of 60 species could produce sprouts, while those of the other two species could not. In 10 of the sprouting species, the mean sprout-stem number was higher than 4.0 stems per stump; nine sprouting species showed low sprouting capabilities. Additionally, Castanopsis sieboldii and Schima wallichii, the dominant species, exhibited high sprouting capabilities. Further, the sprouting capabilities varied with stump diameter at breast height (DBH). Stumps with a larger DBH tended to have a higher mean number of sprout stems per stump, higher DBH, and higher tree height than the smaller stumps. The forest stands regenerated by sprouting might recover into a tree community similar to that before clear-cutting.     

Sprouting characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus pubescens</Emphasis> Willd. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus frainetto</Emphasis> Ten. trees after a wildfire: To cut or not to cut the burned trees?

The aims of this study were to analyze the sprouting characteristics of Quercus pubescens and Q. frainetto trees after a wildfire and to recommend the appropriate silvicultural treatments in order to achieve dense sprout origin regeneration. This study was carried out in the area that was burned in a wildfire in northeastern Greece. Three years later, 140 Q. pubescens trees and 140 Q. frainetto trees were selected. Seventy trees for each species were individuals that were cut after the fire and were in the form of stumps, while 70 trees were intact top-killed trees, as a result of fire. In each stump and intact tree that was selected, various parameters were measured or counted: the diameter at the level of ground, the number of the developed sprouts (if any) and the height as well as the basal diameter of the tallest sprout, etc. Both species have similar sprouting behavior after a wildfire. Mother tree dimensions positively influenced the number of sprouts and the growth of the tallest sprout per individual. The mean height of the tallest sprout per stump, after three growing seasons from the forest fire, is high in both species (2.08 m for Q. pupescens and 2.29 m for Q. frainetto). Cut stumps had more sprouts than intact trees in both species. Forest practice, in order to maximize the sprouting of Q. pubescens and Q. frainetto trees after a forest fire, should cut the burned trees before the next growing season.     

东北东部林区次生林主要阔叶树种的萌芽更新规律

对固定样地调查,采用伐桩的径、高度、萌芽的数量、萌芽的生长情况等指标,分析东北东部林区主要阔叶树种的伐桩萌芽更新规律。结果表明:在一定的伐桩径范围内,伐桩萌生枝数随着伐桩径的增大而增多;增长到一定程度后随着伐桩径的增大而减少;得出不同树种萌芽能力较强的年龄范围的伐桩径级。对于不同阔叶树种,伐桩高与当年生萌生枝数量的关系存在着不同的变化规律,研究地点具有产生萌芽能力的阔叶树种可划为3种类型:对数型、直线型、指数型,阔叶树的萌生枝高生长与伐桩径和伐桩高无明显关系。第2年伐桩萌生枝的数量与伐桩径的关系在总体趋势上与第1年基本相同,同时次年仍有新的萌生枝产生,但数量很少。与第1年不同之处在于萌生枝开始死亡,一方面,伐桩产生的萌生枝越多,死亡的数量也增大;另一方面,第2年的伐桩存活率在不同种类树种间差别较大:水曲柳高达96·2%,槭树为23·3%,榆树类为21·8%。所探讨的树种在研究区域内都有“萌代主”的能力,并且不同树种以及同一树种不同年龄,“萌代主”的能力和单个伐桩保存的萌生大树的数量不同。     

Effects of thermal wounding, shading and exogenous auxin on some sprouting responses of coast redwood seedlings

The effects of wounding, shading, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on sprouting responses were examined in coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens D. Don (Endl)) seedlings. In August, two-year-old seedlings were given one of three thermal wounding treatments made with a blowtorch at the stem base. After 8 months, the heat-wounded seedlings were decapitated above the burl and IAA (0.00% to 1.00% by weight in lanolin) was applied to the cut surface every week for 8 weeks. Throughout the 8-week hormone treatment, the decapitated seedlings were subjected to one of three shading treatments (no shade, 70% shading and complete darkness). At the beginning of June, sprouts were harvested from each stump and measurements made of the length of the tallest sprout, number of sprouts, dry weight of all sprouts, and mean dry weight per sprout. All sprouting parameters showed negative responses to IAA. Shading decreased sprout number and sprout dry weight. Wounding increased maximum sprout length and dry weight per sprout but decreased the number of sprouts. Only the 2-way interaction between IAA and wounding was not significant for any of the responses.     

Contributions of root and stump sprouts to natural regeneration of a logged tropical dry forest in Bolivia

A major impediment to the sustainable management of tropical dry forests in Bolivia is the scarcity of natural regeneration of commercial timber tree species. Where regeneration is present, true seedlings of many species are outnumbered by vegetative sprouts from roots, broken stems, and the stumps of felled trees. This study evaluates the importance of resprouts promoted by logging operations for the regeneration of commercially important canopy tree species. The objectives of the study were: (1) to characterize stump and root sprouting behaviors of canopy tree species harvested for timber; (2) to quantify the effect of logging on relative abundances and growth rates of stump sprouts, root sprouts, and true seedlings; (3) to relate the species-specific probabilities of stump sprouting to stump diameter and stump height; and (4) to explore how sprouting varies with the ecological requirements of canopy tree species. The study was carried out 1–5 years after logging of a privately owned land in a Bolivian tropical dry forest. Twenty-seven of the 31 species monitored resprouted at least occasionally, among which Centrolobium microchaete (Leguminosae-Fabaceae) and Zeyheria tuberculosa (Bignoniaceae) were the most frequent stump sprouters, and Acosmium cardenasii (Leguminosae-Fabaceae) and C. microchaete were the most frequent root sprouters. In all species the number of sprouts declined with increasing stump diameter and stump height. The probability of stump resprouting differed among species but did not vary consistently with stump diameter, except in Z. tuberculosa in which it declined. Approximately 45% of juveniles <2 m tall of canopy tree species originated from root or stem sprouts. Light-demanding species tended to regenerate more from seeds and root sprouts than from stumps. Seedling densities were higher in microsites opened by logging, while root and stem sprouts were equally common across microsites. Given their abundance and the fact that root and stem sprouts at least initially grew faster than true seedlings, we conclude that vegetative regeneration in this tropical dry forest is an important mode of post-logging regeneration especially for species that regenerate poorly from seed. Resprout management should be considered as a potentially effective strategy for the procurement of regeneration following logging, especially for species that do not readily recruit from seed.     

Effects of Disturbances on Large Patch Formation of Magnolia obovata,A Deciduous Broad-Leaved Tree-Field Investigation and Simulation

Abstract

Magnolia obovataThunb. is generally scattered through the forest in small patches, but occasionally forms large patches. The size and age distributions and spatial dispersions of M. obovataindividuals are investigated in the large patches belonging to different developmental stages. The results of field investigations suggest that: (1) most seedlings appear quickly and simultaneously from buried seeds under the original positions of the crown of fallen trees, and sprouts from stumps begin to grow when disturbances occur; (2) more than 60% of seedlings and sprouts die before the young stage; and (3) the individuals form a patch if such events repeat. A Monte Carlo simulation model is constructed for understanding the relationships between disturbance replication and the probability of large patch formation quantitatively. The model implies that more than four disturbance replications are necessary for forming large patches of canopy M. obovatatrees, and the sprouting ability from the stump has the role of maintaining the probability of patch formation when the conditions are unfavorable to its formation. The structures of patches of M. obovataare affected by the proportion of patch formation strategies, and the strategies are strongly related to disturbance regimes.     

尾巨桉2种留萌密度的幼林生长比较

为探讨留萌密度对尾巨桉（Eucalyptus urophlla×E.grandis）萌芽林生长量的影响,分4个生长时期（0.3年生,1.4年生,2.3年生和3.3年生）对广西东门林场尾巨桉2种留萌密度（留萌1株和留萌2株）的萌芽林的生长量进行了调查研究.结果表明：2种留萌密度下桉树萌芽林的胸径,树高及林分蓄积量均有不同程度的差异.留萌1株的萌芽林平均树高和平均胸径均显著高于留萌2株的萌芽林,而且这种差异会随林龄的增加而增加;而留萌2株的林分蓄积量表现出高于留萌1株的萌芽林的态势,但差异随着林龄的增加而减小.     

林龄、采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新的影响*

在海南省琼海县进行了不同林龄、不同采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新影响的研究,同时比较了保留不同萌条数量的萌芽林生长表现,结果表明:(1)林龄对伐桩萌芽率没有显着影响,但对伐桩存活率及萌条的径、高生长影响显着或极显着.林龄越大,萌芽更新效果越差;(2)皆伐和隔行采伐对大叶相思伐桩的萌芽率、萌条数量和存活率均无显着影响,但对萌条的径、高生长影响极显着.试验证明对大叶相思林分施以隔行采伐通过萌芽更新建立复层林分是可行的;(3)保留不同数量萌条对萌芽林早期(1.5年生)的径、高生长有极显着影响,但对后期(4.5年生)的生长影响不显着.每棵植株伐桩保留4根萌条的萌芽林生物产量最高,更新效果最好.     

印度阿鲁纳恰尔邦温带阔叶混交林树桩周长和高度对受干扰的树形杜鹃再发芽的影响

Sprout contribution to natural regeneration of Rhododendron arboreum following the tree felling for fuel wood and other purposes was studied in two disturbed sites (Paipraw and Falockchar) of Rhododendron forest in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. Cut stumps were categorized into seven girth and height classes to evaluate the effect of stump girth and height on production of sprouts. Effect of stump girth on survival of sprouts was also investigated. Results show that highest number of cut stumps is recorded in medium girth classes (50–80, 80–110, and 110–140 cm) in both Paipraw and Falockchar stands. However, density of cut stumps is higher in Paipraw (1 210 stumps·ha⁻¹) than Falockchar (1 154 stumps·ha⁻¹). Nevertheless, a little higher percentage of sprouting is recorded in Falockchar (18%) than that of Paipraw (15%). Similarly, maximum number of cut stumps is observed in the medium height classes (50–80, 80–110 and 110–140 cm) in both the sites. Cut stumps with lower girths show greater ability of sprouting than that of larger girth classes. Significant correlations are observed between stump girth and sprout number and between stump height and number of sprouts. Survival of sprouts also depends on stump girth. Survival of sprout shows significant variations between different sampling times in both the sites. Though overall sprout regeneration of R. arboreum is very poor, sprouts arising from lower girth classes survive well than those of higher girth classes. The findings of this investigation signify that stump sprouting is not playing much role in the natural regeneration of R. arboreum though it has the ability to sprout. Sprout survival is not adequate to restore a stand where indiscriminate tree felling is continued and the species may be considered as a poor coppicer. Therefore, regeneration through seeds and seedlings should be preferred over regeneration through sprouting.     

Recovery of canopy trees and root collar sprout growth in response to changes in the condition of the parent tree after a fire in a cool-temperate forest

The relationship between the recovery of canopy trees after fire and root collar sprout dynamics was investigated during 1998–2000 in a secondary cool-temperate broad-leaved forest consisting of Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata and Betula platyphylla var. japonica trees, in northern Hokkaido, Japan, which burned in April 1998. All of the Betula trees that were severely damaged, two-thirds of those slightly damaged, and half of those intact in 1998, died within three growing seasons after the fire. By contrast, half of the Quercus trees that were slightly damaged and half of those severely damaged recovered their foliage, and no slightly damaged or intact trees died during the three growing seasons after the fire. Many Betula trees developed several fruiting bodies of wood-destroying fungi on their stems, irrespective of damage severity. Fungi also infected some of the surviving Quercus, although the crowns tended to recover. Although many sprouting Betula were observed in 1998, the number of sprouts declined rapidly over the study period. Multiple regression analyses showed that the survival and growth of Betula sprouts were positively influenced by the number of sprouts in 1998, damage severity in 1998, and the degree of recover or decline during the study period, and were negatively influenced by parent tree size. On the other hand, a few sprouts of Quercus remained alive. Quercus remained dominant and the dominance of Betula was rapidly reduced after the fire. However, many Betula sprouts remained alive. Stand structure will change drastically for the time being.     

用萌生法改造农防林

利用萌生法改造农防林,具有成林快、操作简单、劳动强度低、经济效益高、抗旱能力强等特点,是农田防护林更新改造的重要措施。     

Biomass equations for seven different tree species growing in coppice-with-standards forests in Central Germany

With an increasing demand of sustainable raw materials for bioenergy use, coppicing as management approach to increase the biomass production of forests is becoming of greater importance. This study describes the parameterization of biomass equations for six tree species traditionally used in coppices forests, namely sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), field maple (Acer campestre L.), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.), and common hazel (Corylus avellana L.) growing in coppice-with-standard systems in Lower Saxony, Germany. The parameterization was based on measurements of over 950 trees sampled from two forest sites. The sampled trees were felled and separated into three biomass compartments (stem, coarse branches, and fine brushwood) and weighed on site. The dry weight of sub samples from each compartment was measured. Equations were derived for total aboveground biomass, stem biomass, and crown biomass using regression analyses. We either used diameter at breast height as single independent explanatory variable or in combination with tree height. Biomass production of stump sprouts and generatively grown stems was compared for ash and sycamore maple. In the same age classes, it was found that ash stump sprouts had a slightly higher production than seed-grown stems. For sycamore maple, no difference was detected.     

杉木萌芽纯林与混交林生长量及经济效益的研究

在杉木林采伐迹地上,通过不炼山、套种火力楠与深山含笑,进行杉木萌芽纯林与混交林的对比试验,9a试验结果表明:混交林中杉木的平均胸径、树高、单株材积、地上部分单株生物量分别比杉木萌芽纯林增加4 04%、8 75%、16 3%、1 43%;混交林中火力楠和深山含笑生长良好,混交林总蓄积量和乔木层地上部分总生物量分别为杉木纯林的1 47倍和1 32倍;混交林的投入产出比高于杉木萌芽纯林,说明本模式是恢复和提高杉木连栽地土壤生产力的可行方法。     

Trema micrantha (L.) Blume (Ulmaceae): A promising neotropical tree for site amelioration of deforested land

The genus Trema includes many species that are fast growing, short living pioneer trees common in early successional vegetation and large recent gaps of many tropical moist forests. They establish themselves and grow in open sites with microclimatic and soil conditions which are contrasting to those prevailing in dense forests. With time they change the environmental conditions by attenuating the wide alternations of soil temperature and lower midday air relative humidity characteristic of open places. At the same time, soil moisture and organic matter content, as well as nutrient levels increase due to the reestablishment of an organic cycle in the soil. Consequently they help generating an environment that permits the establishment of mature forest species that often do not survive under the environmental conditions of open places. The propagules of mature forest trees can be reintroduced from conserved areas nearby. The biological and ecological traits related to the potential use of T. micrantha for site amelioration previous to the reintroduction of mature forest trees are presented in this paper. Furthermore, some preliminary experiences in the field are cited. The same use may apply to other fast growing short living pioneers.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

四川低海拔区杉木萌生林经营前景研究

通过对四川省低海拔区杉木萌生林生长特点的分析，确定在中、上立地条件下，杉木第一代萌生林的成熟龄在１４～１６年左右。从胸径和树高生长看，第一代萌生林以留萌一株为好，但从单位面积蓄积看，以留萌两株为佳，在距地面高度不大的情况下，不同的采伐方式和伐桩高度对萌生林生长影响不大。一代萌生林的木材力学学性质与全国同年龄实生杉木的性质十分接近。详细的经济分析表明，在低海拔地区经营第一代杉木萌生林具有良好的前景。     

平茬建园条件下‘华仲11号’杜仲幼树生长发育特性研究

为了揭示‘华仲11号’杜仲在平茬建园条件下植株生长发育规律,对‘华仲11号’杜仲生长及开花情况进行了抽样调查。结果表明,‘华仲11号’杜仲当年生株高、当年生主干基径、总芽数、萌芽力、开花株率及未封顶株树比例的平均值分别为172 cm、15 mm、79个、70.30％、26.0％和76.0％,其生长及开花能力均显著高于对照。‘华仲11号’杜仲幼林中未封顶株树比例为76.0％,封顶株树比例为24.0％,未封顶幼树中开花株率和已封顶幼树中开花株率分别为18.42％和50.0％。相关分析结果显示,当年生主干高与当年生主干基径、芽数、节间长均存在极显著的正相关关系（相关系数为0.553～0.905）,而与花芽数和单株开花率存在极显著的负相关关系（相关系数为-0.408～-0.674）。方差分析结果表明,未封顶植株的生长指标显著高于封顶植株,但其成芽及成花能力则显著低于封顶植株。‘华仲11号’杜仲活动芽分为未分化、初级分化、中级分化、完全分化4类,且分化程度自梢部向下逐步降低。‘华仲11号’在平茬雄花园栽培条件下童期较短,定植第二年即可成花;封顶有利于‘华仲11号’成花。本研究揭示了‘华仲11号’杜仲幼林生长发育规律,初步建立区别雄花分化程度的形态标准,为其高产栽培技术的研究奠定理论基础。