·美国奶牛术语词汇·

▲正式荷斯坦牛系谱记载注册荷斯坦牛和它的一定代数(通常为3—5代)的祖先的生产性能的文件。正式荷斯坦牛系谱仅能由荷斯坦协会颁发。▲种公牛摘要可获得种公牛的全部遗传信息,包括产量和体型的遗传能力。有时这一术语用来说明荷斯坦牛协会每年出版两册的全部种公牛摘要,即注册荷斯坦牛总生产性能的种公牛摘要(“红皮书”)。     

德系西门塔尔×荷斯坦公牛的屠宰性能和肉质性状分析

为探讨德系西门塔尔牛冻精改良荷斯坦奶牛的后代西荷杂公牛（西门塔尔×荷斯坦）育肥后的生长和屠宰性能、肉质性状的差异,为该品种改良荷斯坦奶牛杂交模式提供基础,本试验分别选取9头22月龄的西荷杂公牛和荷斯坦奶牛公牛,在相同日粮水平和相同饲养管理条件下饲养166 d后屠宰,分别测定2组公牛的生长性能、屠宰性能及肉质性状。结果表明：西荷杂公牛在空体重、胴体重、净肉重、肉骨比、屠宰率和净肉率上较荷斯坦牛有较大幅度提高,尤其是西荷杂交公牛的特级肉块、高档肉块、优质肉块和一般肉块重高于荷斯坦公牛（P<0.05）,但2种牛的一般肉块总重占总肉重的比例差异不显著;在肉质性状方面西荷杂交公牛的背最长肌和股二头肌的蛋白质含量和肌纤维密度高于荷斯坦公牛(P<0.05),肌纤维剪切力低于荷斯坦公牛(P<0.05)。西荷杂交公牛在胴体性状方面杂交优势明显,在净肉重、屠宰率、净肉率上较荷斯坦牛有较大幅度提高,尤其是肌肉的蛋白质含量增加较为突出,此外,西荷杂交公牛背最长肌和股二头肌肉质较嫩。     

中国荷斯坦青年公牛全国联合后裔测定概况

为了自主培育中国荷斯坦优秀种公牛,开展中国荷斯坦青年公牛全国联合后裔测定十分必要。本文主要概述了中国荷斯坦青年公牛全国联合后测的组织和实施概况、发展成效和目前存在的问题,并提出了进一步发展的建议和途径。     

中国荷斯坦种公牛培育刍议

本文综述了当前我国选育荷斯坦种公牛的种质来源，对各种种公牛选育方法的优缺点进行了评价，并分析了制约我国自己培育优秀种公牛的因素，最后就如何加强我国荷斯坦优秀种公牛的选育提出了建议。     

乌鲁木齐种牛场荷斯坦种公牛产奶性能的种用价值评定

目的:估计新疆乌鲁木齐种牛场荷斯坦牛产奶性状的遗传参数及育种值,为该场荷斯坦种公牛的选种选配计划提供理论依据。方法:以新疆乌鲁木齐种牛场2009~2015年间荷斯坦泌乳母牛的产奶性能记录资料为基础,运用DMUAI-REML算法及动物模型BLUP法,对荷斯坦牛产奶量及乳成分进行单性状方差组分及育种值估计。结果:牛场荷斯坦种公牛后代母牛的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率及非脂固形物的遗传力分别为0.14、0.13、0.14、0.09、0.11。6头种公牛里估计得到产奶量育种值最高的是65206012号种公牛,乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、非脂固形物育种值最高的是11101917号种公牛。结论:使种公牛生产性能评定的更准确,需综合考虑产奶量和乳成分等性状,最终对种公牛进行选育选配。     

建立地方特色的优秀荷斯坦种公牛培育体系

从种用胚胎的制作、种用胚胎的移植、培育小公牛出生后的饲养管理、后备培育种公牛的入站管理和后备种公牛的后裔测定等方面详细论述了如何建立地方特色的优秀荷斯坦种公牛培育体系问题。     

部分中国荷斯坦种公牛脊柱畸形综合征携带状况的检测和分析

摘本研究旨在对部分中国荷斯坦种公牛脊柱畸形综合征(Complex vertebral malformation,CVM)致病基因的携带状况进行筛查.应用错配PCR突变分析技术(PCR mismatch amplification mutation assay,PCR-MAMA)建立了针对CVM致病基因的特异性检测方法.利用PCR-MAMA法检测了154头荷斯坦种公牛,发现了24头CVM阳性个体,阳性率为15.58％.结果显示,应对中国荷斯坦种公牛进行全面的针对CVM的检测.     

选育优秀荷斯坦种公牛的基地─—农业部种畜场北京奶牛中心良种场简介

选育优秀荷斯坦种公牛的基地─—农业部种畜场北京奶牛中心良种场简介许宗良为不断选育优秀荷斯坦种公牛，用以提高我国荷斯坦牛种质，农业部、北京市政府及各级奶类项目办共同协作，北京市农场局主持，于１９８９年始办奶牛良种场。１９９３年底，良种场奶牛存栏１０００...     

国内荷斯坦种公牛HH4遗传缺陷基因筛查

HH4是新近在荷斯坦牛中发现的一种遗传缺陷,其分子机理为牛1号染色体上的GART基因编码区内的1个A/C错义突变。该遗传缺陷呈隐性遗传、突变等位基因纯合时,导致胚胎早期死亡。本研究针对HH4建立了基于PCR-RFLP技术的分子检测方法。结果表明:通过对466头国内荷斯坦种公牛进行基因筛查,发现6头携带者,均可以追溯到共同的祖先公牛Besne Buck。建议我国今后进口荷斯坦种牛时,对个体进行系谱分析和遗传缺陷基因分子检测,避免引入有害基因;同时,对国内现有荷斯坦公牛群体进行HH4筛查,明确标注每头公牛的携带状态,以便在生产实践中合理选种选配。     

利用BLUP法估计荷斯坦种公牛的抗热应激育种值

以公牛女儿数大于10头为限制因子，建立线性模型Y=xb＋za＋e，对带有抗热应激$441标记的荷斯坦种公牛育种值进行了估计。结果表明：带有抗热应激S441标记的荷斯坦种公牛的平均育种值大于没有标记的群体均值。$441可以作为一种荷斯坦种公牛抗热应激分子标记应用于品种选育和生产中。应用CNDHI软件评估了2007～2011年公牛的最佳线性无偏差预测值，并依据年度均值作出遗传趋势，为选种和遗传评估提供依据。     

新疆荷斯坦公牛阶段育肥及其效果评价

本文主要根据动物管理学、家畜营养学以及家畜营养调控等技术原理,将奶公牛分为四个阶段进行饲养,即犊牛期、育成期、育肥期和营养调控期。结果表明:奶公犊19月龄平均体重达到538.50 kg,育肥期150 d平均日增重达到1.27 kg,至少较本地传统饲养奶公犊提前出栏4个月左右,多获利润500元左右。本项目充分利用北疆地区奶公牛的过剩和本地的饲草饲料资源,进行的奶公牛阶段性育肥经济效益显著,其效果评价良好。     

提高种公牛利用率的技术措施

本文针对目前部分牛场在种公牛引进、管理和利用方面存在的问题进行了,从遗传选择和饲养管理方面提出了提高种公牛利用率的技术措施。     

Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 in the Sperm of a Bull From a Herd With Fertility Problems

A herd of 125 Holstein cows manifested fertility problems for two years. The number of services per pregnancy was 2.97, conception rate was 33% after the first service, and the average number of open days was 127. Abortions occurred in four cows over the last 12 months. The herd was not vaccinated against any disease. Natural service by a bull and artificial insemination were used for breeding the cows. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 was demonstrated in sperm heads from the bull by direct and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques, and the virus was isolated on cell cultures. The virus was also isolated from the uterine secretions of some cows and from two aborted fetuses.     

基因芯片技术在晋南牛种公牛选育中的应用

为了更好的保护开发利用晋南牛,确保晋南牛的遗传多样性,本研究应用基因芯片技术,对晋南牛进行群体遗传特性的检测及后备种公牛的遗传评估,为晋南牛的分子辅助选育与保种提供理论与技术支持。采集18月龄健康、体重相近（（350±20）kg）的荷斯坦牛、和顺肉牛、西门塔尔牛、延边牛及利木赞牛血样各10份,及晋南牛后备公牛血样25份,根据不同牛品种分为6组,其中前5组每组10个重复,晋南牛后备公牛25个重复。应用Illumina SNP 50K高密度牛SNP芯片进行基因型检测,分析比较晋南牛的群体遗传特征,运用亲缘矩阵计算晋南牛后备公牛的亲缘系数,同时用BLUP进行遗传评估。结果表明,晋南牛在遗传结构上与荷斯坦牛、和顺肉牛、西门塔尔牛及利木赞牛关系较远,与延边牛较近,为中国地方品种群体;对晋南牛后备公牛进行遗传评估,得出了牛的基因组胴体重方差育种值排名,JN23的胴体重倍数性状标准差最大,从基因组水平可选作肉用种公牛;应用亲缘分析对晋南牛后备公牛家系进行分类,避免群体间的近交。本研究对晋南牛后备公牛进行了遗传评估、近交家系分析、传统表型选择及遗传疾病检测,最终选留的种公牛为JN07、JN23、JN05、JN08、JN02、JN13、JN19、JN14,通过多种选育方法结合提高了公牛的选择准确性,为晋南牛的群体选育提高奠定了基础。     

荷斯坦公犊牛生产小牛肉的研究进展

国外利用荷斯坦公犊牛乳饲、谷饲生产小牛肉的技术已经十分成熟,为满足我国消费者对高档牛肉日益增长的需求,借鉴国内外经验技术,合理利用我国丰富的奶公犊资源生产高附加值牛肉,既能提高奶牛养殖经济效益又能解决我国高档牛肉进口量逐年增加的问题。现从小牛肉的分类、荷斯坦公犊牛生产小牛肉品质的影响因素、生产犊牛白肉的犊牛代乳品研究、生产犊牛红肉的饲料日粮研究四方面展开综述,以期为我国利用荷斯坦公犊牛生产小牛肉技术提供参考。     

Approaches to the management of inbreeding and relationship in the German Holstein dairy cattle population

The aim of this study was to estimate the current level of inbreeding in the German cow population and for bull dams born in Germany, to find out sires most related to different subsets of their breed and to demonstrate the negative effect of homozygosity in the case of complex vertebral malformation (CVM). Further on, the application of optimum genetic contribution (OGC) theory for the selection of bull dams and bull sires in different breeding scenarios was investigated. Levels of inbreeding for the cow population were in a low range from 0.97% to 1.70% evaluating birth years from 1996 to 1999 in a total dataset of 244,427 registered Holstein cows. The inbreeding coefficient of 8030 bull dams was much higher, i.e. 3.71%, for the birth year 1999. Increases in inbreeding of 0.19% per year indicated an effective population size of only 52 animals. Individual sires like R.O.R.A. Elevation and Hannoverhill Starbuck were highly related to potential bull dams with coefficients of relationship of 13.4% and 12.9%, respectively, whereas P.F. Arlinda Chief (16.3%) and Carlin-M Ivanhoe Bell (16.1%) were highest related to the best available AI sires. Coefficients of relationship were calculated by classes of estimated breeding values (EBV) for production traits showing highest values above 7% in the two highest EBV-classes. The optimum genetic contribution theory using official EBVs and approximative, for zero inbreeding corrected EBVs, was applied for elite matings in a breeding program embracing 30 young bulls per year to find the optimal allocations of bull sires and bull dams. Compared with the actual breeding program applied in practice, OGC-theory has the potential to increase genetic gain under the same constraint for the increase of average relationship by 13.1%. A more relaxed constraint on increase in inbreeding allowed even higher expected genetic gain whereas a more severe constraint resulted in more equal contributions of selected bull sires. Contributions from 21 selected bull sires and 30 selected bull dams for a scenario at 5% constrained relationship were used to develop a specific mating plan to minimise inbreeding in the short term in the following generation applying a simulated annealing algorithm. The expected coefficient of inbreeding of progeny was 66.3% less then the one resulting from random mating. Mating programs can address inbreeding concerns on the farm, at least in the short term, but long-term control of inbreeding in a dairy population requires consideration of relationships between young bulls entering AI progeny test programs. Significantly better EBVs of CVM-free bulls compared with CVM-carriers for the paternal fertility justify the application of OGC for elite matings.     

Frequencies of bovine PrP gene polymorphisms in Holstein and Japanese Black bulls in Japan

We screened for Japanese Black and Holstein bull sire samples to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involving animo‐acid substitutions in the bovine prion gene in the entire coding region of the PRNP gene. Although three silent SNPs were found, we could not detect any SNP with animo‐acid substitution. We also examined the polymorphism of the octapeptide repeat number in these samples. There was no homozygous bull with repeat number 5. The frequency of heterozygous (6/5) bulls was 8% in the Japanese Black bull and 4% in the Holstein bull, respectively. The bull samples used in this study contain popular elite sires, so it appears that the polymorphisms of prion protein (PrP) are rather difficult to find in these two breeds in Japan, except for polymorphism of the octapeptide repeat number.     

育成荷斯坦奶公牛与其他3个品种牛的肉品质比较研究

通过对育成荷斯坦奶公牛与西门塔尔牛、新疆褐牛及新疆土种牛肉品质部分指标的比较分析研究,旨在探讨荷斯坦奶公牛的肉品质。选择在相同营养模式下18月龄左右4个品种牛各3头进行屠宰,取右半边胴体的背最长肌作为肉品质试验样品,分别对牛肉的肉品质、常规营养成分及氨基酸含量进行测定和分析。结果表明,荷斯坦奶公牛肉色、失水率、系水力、熟肉率、大理石花纹等指标均优于新疆褐牛、新疆土种牛,次于西门塔尔牛;荷斯坦奶公牛嫩度优于新疆土种牛;粗蛋白质、粗灰分含量分别为20.14%、1.11%,且各品种间差异均不显著(P>0.05),干物质含量为26.30%,显著高于新疆褐牛和新疆土种牛(P<0.05),低于西门塔尔牛(P>0.05),粗脂肪含量为10.04%,显著高于其他品种牛(P<0.05);荷斯坦奶公牛含有人体需要的各种氨基酸,其中蛋氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、牛磺酸等含量丰富,氨基酸组成比例良好。