The Inheritance of Polima Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Brassica napus L.

The restores tested in this study have only one pair of fertility-restoring genes (Rf) but many temperature-sensitive genes (Ts). The Rf genes are alleles at the same locus. The cytoplasm of the restorers RC₁, RC₂, RC₃ and ‘Huaie’ is male sterile, but that of RC₄, is normal.     

Identification of a Stable Maintainer Line for 'Polima' Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Rapeseed (B. napus L.)

‘Polima’ cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) was transferred to three different genotypes of B. napus i.e. GSL-1, ISN706 and HNS-8 by repeated backcrossing and was found to be completely stable in the nuclear background of synthetic B. napus genotype, ISN706, derived from a cross B. campestris ssp. oleifera var. brown sarson ×B. oleracea var. botrytis cv. Tusa Katki'. The BC₅ and BC₆ generation lines of ISN706, GSL-1 and HNS-8 with ‘Polima’ CMS were grown under a range of temperature and photo-period conditions to test their stability. No breakdown in sterility was observed in ‘Polima’ ISN706 and, therefore, this genotype can be used as a maintainer for hybrid seed production.     

甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系105A花药败育的细胞学观察

旨在了解并揭示不育系105A的花粉败育时期和细胞学特征,为进一步正确认识细胞质雄性不育系分子机制提供必要参考依据。采用石蜡制片法,对甘蓝型油菜杂交种‘青杂5号’的雄性不育系105A及其恢复系1831R的小孢子发生和花药发育过程进行观察,以确定其花粉败育的时期和细胞学特点。研究结果表明,在不育系105A花药败育过程中,一部分发生于造孢细胞时期,属于无花粉囊败育型;另一部分发生于单核晚期,属于单核败育型,其特点为单核晚期绒毡层细胞膨大向小孢子靠近,并逐步降解,其破裂胞质退化残余物侵入药室,与小孢子混合粘连在一起,甚至有些绒毡层细胞整块脱落,成为染色很深的团块状物质,占据药室一部分空间,最终小孢子降解,花药败育。     

中国甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育的主要类型及在育种实践中的应用

我国甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育的类型主要有：ogura CMS、nap CMS、pol CMS、Shan 2A CMS、Hau CMS、NCa CMS、Nsa CMS和NEA CMS。pol CMS和Shan 2A CMS在我国油菜杂种优势利用中发挥着重要的作用。新型不育胞质的育成以及在育种上的应用,不仅丰富了细胞质雄性不育种质资源,而且为我国油菜产业可持续发展提供了保证。     

利用小孢子培养选育榨菜胞质甘蓝型油菜CMS恢复系研究

以榨菜胞质甘蓝型油菜恢复系材料“06 B033”为母本,优质油菜新品种(系)为父本配制7个杂交组合,并对其F1代进行小孢子培养.结果发现,不同父本的杂交组合在小孢子培养成胚率上表现极显著差异;对获得的DH群体进行对榨菜胞质甘蓝型油菜CMS的恢保性鉴定.结果表明,有5个DH株系对榨菜胞质甘蓝型油菜CMS表现良好的恢复性.     

Development of Polima temperature-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterile lines of Brassica napus through isolated microspore culture

A novel Pol CMS named Polima temperature‐sensitive cytoplasmic male sterile (Pol TCMS) is sterile at high temperatures and partially fertile at low temperatures. Its temperature sensitivity is controlled by several minor genes, and probably influenced by the genetic background, making it quite difficult to breed a stable Pol TCMS line through the conventional breeding methods. The present study aimed to obtain stable homozygous Pol TCMS lines by microspore culture. The highest frequency of embryogenesis was induced from cultures of buds sampled at 4–7 days before first blossom. The second method of microspore cultures mentioned in this study could significantly increase the production of embryos. Analysis of fatty acid composition, glucosinolate content and genetic diversity by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers indicated that microspore culture was effective for selecting Pol TCMS lines.     

油菜胞质不育类型相关基因研究进展

细胞质雄性不育在油菜杂种优势利用中具有重要作用,研究细胞质雄性不育的不育机理对有效利用杂种优势,实现三系配套及创造强优势组合具有重要意义。介绍Ogu CMS,Pol CMS,Nap CMS等目前国际上主要的甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育类型,综述了线粒体基因组上与CMS性状相关基因的位点或片段的最新研究进展,并讨论当今学术界有关CMS产生机理的主要论点。     

甘蓝型油菜Pol CMS育性恢复基因的RAPD标记

采用恢、 保回交群体和集团分离分析(BSA), 筛选了860个10 mer随机引物, 找到了与甘蓝型油菜波里马细胞质雄性不育系(Pol cms)育性恢复基因(Rf)连锁的两个RAPD标记AH19690和AI16830。 它们位于Rf的一侧,与该基因的遗传图距分别为5.9 cM和13.6 cM,两标记间的遗传图距为7.8 cM。这两个RAPD标记的发掘,为进一步利用分子标记     

甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育恢复基因的遗传研究

通过多年大量的筛选 ,在不同来源甘蓝型油菜中发现了一批恢复系 ,并利用筛选的恢复系中的恢复基因 ,转育出一批恢复性能良好、品质优良、配合力高的恢复系。对这些恢复系的遗传研究结果表明 ,这些不同来源的恢复基因为一对主效基因 ,但这些不同来源的恢复基因的等位性不同     

Identification and Genetic Studies of the Inhibition of Dominant Male Sterility in Brassica napus

By transferring dominant male sterility (DMS), caused by the gene Ms, to genotypes with various types of cytoplasm 12 DMS lines were developed and a number of crosses made between the DMS lines and other genotypes of Brassica napus. During the course of this population improvement programme, 16 genotypes were identified as having the capacity to restore the fertility of F₁ plants with the Ms gene. According to pedigree analysis, the inhibitory gene in those lines probably originated from a few genotypes from Australia and Germany. In further studies the inheritance of the sterility inhibition was determined, providing definite evidence that dominant male sterility and its inhibition in B. napus are controlled by two dominant interacting genes rather than by multiple alleles.     

Components of a Cytoplasmic Male Sterility System in Resynthesized and Cultivated Forms of Oilseed Rape (Brassies napus L.)

Male sterile Brassica napus L. plants were found in breeding material which was used for the development of yellow-seeded oilseed rape. The genetic studies indicated that the male sterility was conditioned by the presence of maintamer genes in the nuclear backgrounds of two newly resynthesized B. napus lines, No7076 and No7406, in combination with a male sterility-inducing cytoplasm (S) which is frequently found in cultivated forms of B. napus. Test crosses with nap maintainer and restorer lines support the conclusion that the observed male sterility is of nap type. Furthermore, the Eco RI restriction pattern of mitochondrial DNA of the (S) cytoplasm was identical to that of the nap cytoplasm. Hence, we conclude that we have uncovered a new source of maintainer lines for the nap system which could potentially lead to the production of a better maintainer/restorer system for use in hybrid oilseed rape breeding programmes. However, more work is needed to reduce the glucosinolate content of the maintainer lines and to determine the factors controlling the phenotypic expression of the system.     

甘蓝型油菜(B.napus L.)细胞质雄性不育系MICMS的选育

本研究选用“陆奥”油菜为母本,“五十铃”油菜为父本进行品种间杂交,以父本连续回交,育成了新的质核互作结构的甘蓝型油菜雄性不育系 MICMS。该不育系花器官形态和花药解剖结构的变异现象与已知的油菜细胞质雄性不育系相似。通过不同品种测交,已鉴定出对 MICMS 具有较好恢、保能力的品种。     

甘蓝型油菜双低萝卜质不育恢复系快速改良技术研究

通过采取不同的常规育种策略和小孢子培养、分子标记辅助选择等现代生物技术,研究了提高甘蓝型油菜萝卜质不育恢复系改良效率的方法。结果表明,在甘蓝型油菜萝卜质不育恢复系杂交转育过程中,采用杂交后代与萝卜质不育系杂交,可使杂交后代分离群体中不具备恢复基因的单株在花期表现出来,无须测交即可进行选择;杂交后代通过小孢子培养,可将稳定纯合时间由传统自交8个世代缩短到3个世代;通过萝卜特异分子标记辅助选择可大大提高选择的精度,减少筛选所需的人力、土地和时间,选择效率提高90%。试验筛选出19个在萝卜质不育恢复系中能够扩增出单一、易于辨别的谱带的SCAR标记引物,其中10个引物在现有的甘蓝型油菜萝卜质不育恢复系中均能检测出特异标记。筛选出的甘蓝型油菜萝卜质不育恢复系的特异分子标记与前人研究存在差异,标记相似系数为48.28%~93.10%。通过分子标记无法区分高硫甙和低硫甙恢复系,选育低硫甙萝卜质不育恢复系还需要借助品质分析仪。成功筛选得到6个甘蓝型油菜低芥酸、低硫甙、抗寒、结角正常、农艺性状优良的萝卜质不育恢复系,为将甘蓝型油菜萝卜质不育杂种优势应用于我国油菜生产奠定了基础。     

甘蓝型油菜NEA胞质不育双低恢复系选育研究

NEA是笔者所在课题组在远缘杂交的辐射诱变后代中发现的一类甘蓝型油菜胞质不育新材料,叶色深绿,营养体旺,不育性稳定彻底,群体不育株率和单株不育度均达100%,完全不同于核不育、Polcms和陕2A。恢复源的寻找是NEA育种利用的关键。利用丰富的油菜地方种质资源、创新资源及引进资源,采取辐射诱变和广泛测交方式,发现了能恢复NEA育性的基础材料,进一步的遗传研究表明,恢复NEA育性的是细胞核内一对显性基因。利用含恢复基因的基础材料,进行广泛转育,正反杂交、连续回交、复合杂交、聚敛杂交、测交、连续自交、配合力测定、单株品质测试,选育出一系列稳定纯合的NEA胞质双低恢复系,如NR67、NR722、NR403、NR1917、NR9482。     

Establishing Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Brassica napus by Mitochondrial Recombination with B. tournefortii

Fusion experiments between B. napus and X-ray-treated B. tournefortii protoplasts were carried out to develop cytoplasmic male sterility (ems) in B. napus. From the regenerants, six lines containing male sterile plants were selected; five lines segregated for male sterility, but one line (25–143) was completely male-sterile from the beginning. Molecular analyses of mitochondrial (mt) and chloroplast (cp) DNA of B. napus, B. tournefortii, B. juncea and cms juncea indicated that the original cytoplasmic donor of the cms juncea-system in B. napus was a B. tournefortii form, while the B. napus genotype used for the fusion experiments had a B. campestris cytoplasm. By analysis (it regenerated plants, line 25–143 was identified as possessing mt-DNA recombined between B. campestris and B. tournefortii. with the major part derived from B. campestris. No differences were detected between epDNAs from H. campestris and from line 25—143. The other five lines were similar to B. campestris with all the probes used. The low frequency of sterile lines from the fusion experiments and the inheritance of the cms in segregating progenies are both discussed.     

显性核不育油菜圆叶纯合两型系Gd1AB的选育

采用杂交、兄妹交和自交等育种手段，育成园叶显性纯合两型系Gd1AB。利用该两型系与花叶临保系进行全不育系制种，圆叶可作为苗期育性的指示性状，能有效地区别纯合两型系内可育株迟拔或漏拔而产生的杂株，从而提高全不育系的纯度。     

甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系Polima A和陕2A的研究进展

Polima A和陕2A是两个经典实用的甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育(cytoplasmic male sterility,CMS)系,这两个著名的不育系在中国乃至世界油菜杂种优势的研究和利用中发挥了重要作用.有关这两个不育系的研究,过去主要集中在形态解剖学、细胞学、生理生化、遗传学以及杂种优势的利用等方面,近年来,主要集中在分子生物学方面.本文从以上方面对PolimaA和陕2A的国内外研究状况进行了综述,介绍了近年来这两个不育系的最新研究进展,以及两个不育系在生产实践中的应用、存在的问题和解决的途径.随着分子生物学技术的不断发展,对这两个不育系的研究将会更加广泛和深入.有关Polima A和陕2A的深入研究,对进一步探索油菜CMS的分子机理,更好地利用这两个不育系为我国油菜科研和生产服务有重要意义.     

甘蓝型油菜显性细胞核雄性不育基因的AFLP标记

用甘蓝型油菜双基因显性细胞核雄性不育系Rs1046A和欧洲油菜品种Samourai构建了一个回交分离群体。在群分法（BSA）构建的不育池和可育池中共筛选了256对AFLP引物组合,找到了与不育基因紧密连锁的两个AFLP标记(EA03MC1599和EA07MC01235), 它们与不育基因的遗传图距分别是3.5 cM和5.5 cM,而且位于不育基因的同一侧,标记间相     

甘蓝型油菜生态雄性不育两用系的研究：Ⅰ.雄性不育两用系的遗传

ＡＢ１是从甘蓝型油菜品系８４－１与８４－２杂交Ｆ３群体中分离出的雄性不育两用系。ＡＢ１在昆明或西宁夏播时表现为雄性不育，在武昌秋播时则表现为雄性可育。ＡＢ１雄性育性的变化是细胞质、细胞核基因（环境条件敏感基因）与环境条件（可能是温度）互作的结果。ＡＢ１的雄性育性恢复基因为一对主效基因，当细胞核内有一个显性基因时，环境条件敏感基因的作用被掩盖。环境条件敏感基因可能是微效多基因。     

非转基因抗除草剂油菜细胞质雄性不育系的选育及应用

为了选育适宜中国种植的抗除草剂油菜品种,提高油菜田间化学锄草效率,降低油菜生产成本。以浓度为0.5%的EMS溶液对‘陕9B’进行诱变处理,创制具有抗除草剂特性的种质资源。经过大量筛选,获得了具有抗除草剂特性的油菜品系‘陕9BK’,利用其做轮回亲本,选育出具有抗除草剂特性的油菜细胞质雄性不育系‘陕9AK’;利用‘陕9AK’做母本配制杂交组合,其中组合‘陕9AK×R3’、‘陕9AK×R6’和‘陕9AK×R1’长势强,整齐一致,产量高,增产潜力大,抗病抗倒,苗期对除草剂的抗性强,适宜田间化学锄草。选育的‘陕9AK’细胞质雄性不育系有利于抗除草剂杂交组合的配制,在杂交种制种中可简化油菜制种程序,降低制种成本,提高农户种植效益。