The Inheritance of Polima Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Brassica napus L.

The restores tested in this study have only one pair of fertility-restoring genes (Rf) but many temperature-sensitive genes (Ts). The Rf genes are alleles at the same locus. The cytoplasm of the restorers RC₁, RC₂, RC₃ and ‘Huaie’ is male sterile, but that of RC₄, is normal.     

Identification of a Stable Maintainer Line for 'Polima' Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Rapeseed (B. napus L.)

‘Polima’ cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) was transferred to three different genotypes of B. napus i.e. GSL-1, ISN706 and HNS-8 by repeated backcrossing and was found to be completely stable in the nuclear background of synthetic B. napus genotype, ISN706, derived from a cross B. campestris ssp. oleifera var. brown sarson ×B. oleracea var. botrytis cv. Tusa Katki'. The BC₅ and BC₆ generation lines of ISN706, GSL-1 and HNS-8 with ‘Polima’ CMS were grown under a range of temperature and photo-period conditions to test their stability. No breakdown in sterility was observed in ‘Polima’ ISN706 and, therefore, this genotype can be used as a maintainer for hybrid seed production.     

利用小孢子培养选育榨菜胞质甘蓝型油菜CMS恢复系研究

以榨菜胞质甘蓝型油菜恢复系材料“06 B033”为母本,优质油菜新品种(系)为父本配制7个杂交组合,并对其F1代进行小孢子培养.结果发现,不同父本的杂交组合在小孢子培养成胚率上表现极显著差异;对获得的DH群体进行对榨菜胞质甘蓝型油菜CMS的恢保性鉴定.结果表明,有5个DH株系对榨菜胞质甘蓝型油菜CMS表现良好的恢复性.     

甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育恢复基因的遗传研究

通过多年大量的筛选 ,在不同来源甘蓝型油菜中发现了一批恢复系 ,并利用筛选的恢复系中的恢复基因 ,转育出一批恢复性能良好、品质优良、配合力高的恢复系。对这些恢复系的遗传研究结果表明 ,这些不同来源的恢复基因为一对主效基因 ,但这些不同来源的恢复基因的等位性不同     

Components of a Cytoplasmic Male Sterility System in Resynthesized and Cultivated Forms of Oilseed Rape (Brassies napus L.)

Male sterile Brassica napus L. plants were found in breeding material which was used for the development of yellow-seeded oilseed rape. The genetic studies indicated that the male sterility was conditioned by the presence of maintamer genes in the nuclear backgrounds of two newly resynthesized B. napus lines, No7076 and No7406, in combination with a male sterility-inducing cytoplasm (S) which is frequently found in cultivated forms of B. napus. Test crosses with nap maintainer and restorer lines support the conclusion that the observed male sterility is of nap type. Furthermore, the Eco RI restriction pattern of mitochondrial DNA of the (S) cytoplasm was identical to that of the nap cytoplasm. Hence, we conclude that we have uncovered a new source of maintainer lines for the nap system which could potentially lead to the production of a better maintainer/restorer system for use in hybrid oilseed rape breeding programmes. However, more work is needed to reduce the glucosinolate content of the maintainer lines and to determine the factors controlling the phenotypic expression of the system.     

Establishing Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Brassica napus by Mitochondrial Recombination with B. tournefortii

Fusion experiments between B. napus and X-ray-treated B. tournefortii protoplasts were carried out to develop cytoplasmic male sterility (ems) in B. napus. From the regenerants, six lines containing male sterile plants were selected; five lines segregated for male sterility, but one line (25–143) was completely male-sterile from the beginning. Molecular analyses of mitochondrial (mt) and chloroplast (cp) DNA of B. napus, B. tournefortii, B. juncea and cms juncea indicated that the original cytoplasmic donor of the cms juncea-system in B. napus was a B. tournefortii form, while the B. napus genotype used for the fusion experiments had a B. campestris cytoplasm. By analysis (it regenerated plants, line 25–143 was identified as possessing mt-DNA recombined between B. campestris and B. tournefortii. with the major part derived from B. campestris. No differences were detected between epDNAs from H. campestris and from line 25—143. The other five lines were similar to B. campestris with all the probes used. The low frequency of sterile lines from the fusion experiments and the inheritance of the cms in segregating progenies are both discussed.     

甘蓝型油菜萝卜质雄性不育恢复系的选育

为了获得甘蓝型油菜萝卜细胞质雄性不育(Cytoplasmic male sterility,CMS)高含油量双低品质恢复系,以Ougra-CMS不育胞质杂交种Oug-F1(S(Rfrf))为不育基因和恢复基因供体,高含油量双低亲本D89-44(N(rfrf)为受体,通过杂交、多代同交以及最后自交对恢复基因进行了定向转育...     

Independent Inheritance of Flower Colour and Male-Fertility Restorer Characters in Brassica napus L.

Available material of oilseed (Brassica napus L., AACC) comprises two yellow-flowered breeding lines and a white/pale-flowered line of resynthesized rape. The flower colour white/pale is dominant over yellow, and is controlled by a gene located in the C-genome. The yellow-flowered genotypes acted as restorer lines and the white/pale-flowered genotype as a maintainer line in a cytoplasmic male sterility system. The segregation pattern of flower colour and male fertility restorer characters were studied in F₂ generations of crosses between these lines, also in a three-way cross additionally including a yellow flowered B. campestris (AA) line. Evidense was obtained in support of the conclusion that the flower colour and male fertility restorer characters are monogenically controlled and independently inherited. Whether the male fertility restorer gene is located in the A or C genome remains to be determined.     

Synthesis of Alloplasmic Brassica campestris as a New Source of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility

Cytoplasmic male, steriles of Brassica campestris ssp. oleifera var. brown sarson were obtained m BO generation progenies Following the repeated back-crossing of the synthetic alloploid B. oxyrrhina (2n = 18, OO) ×B. campestris. (2n = 20, AA). Alloplasmic B. campestris plants resemble B. campestris in morphology and growth pattern and do not exhibit any trait of B. oxyrrhina, However, the leave; arc mildly chlorophyll deficient in the earlier stages and turn green at late stages In the development. The reproductive parts do not show and abnormalities except that the anthers are smaller and slenderer that the normal ones and are non dehiscent, containing only sterile pollen.     

单、双低甘蓝型油菜胞质雄性不育系及恢复系选育研究

研究以秦油2号出现的不育株（简称陕ZA）为基本材料，与自育和引进的国内外单双低（低芥酸、低硫么）油菜品种（系）为父本．采用刚交、回交的方法育成了一批单双低甘蓝型油菜胞质雄性不育系及其相应的保持系，并实现了“三系”配套。在不育系的选育中发现，无论是单低或是双低不育系，其不育性的差异主要表现在不育度上，一些表现彻底不育．一些表现有微粉、这主要决定于保持系；且在这些不同的不育系之间，不同的目交方式之间所得到的自交亲和指数不同。同时还进行了新的单双低恢复系的选育研究，已取得了初步进展。     

Effective Transfer of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility from Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) to Rape (Brassiest napus L.)1)

One of the CMS systems presently investigated by rape breeders is the alloplasmic system derived from a male sterile radish and transferred to rape. However, these male sterile lines of rape with the radish cytoplasm exhibit yellow leaf colour at low temperatures. Moreover, no restorer genes for this system are known to occur in rape. The present investigation was, therefore, directed to the formation of new cross combinations between radish and rape in order to eliminate the above mentioned problems by additional transfer of corresponding radish genes into the rape recipient. After the initial intergeneric crosses, male sterile hybrids were received by in-vitro embryo culture and colchicine treatment. These hybrids were not backcrossed to rape as usual, but to one of the monogenomic ancestral species of rape, in order to increase the probability of allosyndesis between radish and rape chromosomes. After subsequent back-crossing with rape, the desired male sterile plants with 38 chromosomes were recorded, forming normal green leaves even at low temperatures. In a parallel backcross programme, restorer genes from male fertile radish were also transferred into rape by the same backcrossing procedure. The first alloplasmic male fertile plants were found in the BC: generation. They were cross pollinated to male sterile plants to prove their potential of fertility restoration.     

Identification of Maintainer Genes in Brassica napus L. for the Male-Sterility-Inducing Cytoplasm of Diplotaxis muralis L.

Male fertility of F¹ interspecific hybrid plants derived from crosses between cytoplasmic male-sterile Brassica campestris in Diplotaxis muralis cytoplasm and 147 B. napus cultivars was Investigated. F¹, plants obtained, from crosses with the B. napus cultivars‘Mangum’and‘Hinchu’were male-sterile while F¹ plants derived from all other crosses were male-fertile. This indicated that these two cultivars carried maintainer genes far the male-sterility-inducing cytoplasm of D. muralis. Sterility was stable In plants derived from backcrosses of male-sterile F; plants with‘Mangun and‘Hinchu’but the seed set of backcross plants was low. With restorer genes readily available in B. napus, these findings could lead to the development of a new cytoplasmic male sterility system for the breeding of B. napus hybrid cultivars.     

油菜杂种后代硫苷和蛋白质含量的表现及其杂种优势分析

以1个甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育恢复系为父本,与2个不同来源的保持系配置杂交种F1,并构建了F2,F2：3家系。对2个群体的F1,F2,F2：3家系的硫苷含量、蛋白质含量的杂种优势进行分析,结果表明,这2个品质性状的F1杂种优势值较低,为负值或较小的正值;F2杂种优势值仍然较低,为负值或较小的正值;对群体1硫苷含量、蛋白质含量在F2,F2：3家系的分离情况进行分析,结果表明,2个品质性状都存在着丰富的变异,但均集中在中亲值附近,其在F2,F2：3家系中的次数分布均符合正态分布,说明它们为数量性状,同时都出现了超优亲现象,这为品质育种选择高蛋白、低硫苷优质油菜奠定了基础。     

Genetic investigation of three lines with recessive genie male sterility in Brassica napus L.

The male sterility (ms) of three recessive genie ms lines, 117AB, S45AB and 9012AB, was controlled in each case by two recessive male sterility genes. The genes responsible in 117AB and S45AB are the same, but they are genetically different from those in 9012AB.     

Screening and Identifying Two Specific Molecular Markers in Maintainer Line of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Cauliflower （Brassica oleracea var. botrytis）

Cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） is a maternally inherited trait that prevents the production of function pollen, but maintains female fertility. It has been widely used in breeding programs to product F1 hybrid seed in some crops （Hanson, 1991）. However, in some plants the CMS lines usually have some harmful characters such as plant dwarfness, etiolation in cauliflower. To obtain perfect CMS lines, a long time usually five to eight years is necessary. So how to fully utilize the obtained CMS lines for accelerating the development of new hybrid seed is very important. Here, in order to select high-quality paternal materials for cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） cauliflower NKC-A in early stage, analyses of RAPD and ISSR were performed. Total 2 160 detectable bands were obtained by RAPD using 406 random primers. Among all these primers only the amplifications of primer S2121（5＇ GTGGCTCTCC 3＇） were polymorphic. A 934 bp band only existed in maintainer line. After cloning and sequencing, specific primers were designed to transform the RAPD marker into specific PCR marker, which was named S2121900. Furthermore, total of 30 ISSR primers were also analyzed which produced 306 detectable bands.     

Genetic Control of Temperature-Sensitivity of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (cms) in Chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.)

In earlier experiments with chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) temperature-sensitive and temperature-insensitive cms plants could be selected. To obtain information about the site and nature of the genetic factor(s) responsible for the temperature sensitivity of the cms, temperature-insensitive and temperauire-sensitive cms plants were crossed with maintainers as well as with one another. In the progenies each genotype was cloned into two clone members, and these were examined concerning their male sterility under normal (20 °C/14 °C, day/night) as well as under constantly high temperatures (24 °C/ 24 °C). The results indicate that the temperature-sensitivity of the cms is controlled by a dominant nuclear gene “T”. This acts like a restorer gene at high temperatures and is ineffective at normal temperatures. Accordingly, important conclusions can be drawn with regard to the selection of temperature-insensitive cms-lines as well as to the propagation of the cmi-lines. The results are discussed in connection with the mitochondrial polypeptides probably responsible for the formation of the cms.     

Parameter estimates from generation means in swedes (Brassica napus ssp. rapifera L.)

From an experiment involving swede (Brassica napus ssp. rapifera L.) material resulting from a 4 × 4 diallel cross and a 4 × 9 factorial mating design better parent heterosis for dry matter and marketable yield was found in the majority of the hybrids. For breeders preference the better parent heterosis was not that pronounced and the majority of the hybrids were inferior when compared to their better parent. The generation means showed that models containing the mean, m, and the dominance parameter, h, generally resulted in the best fit. In some cases the additive parameter, d, improved the fit. In those cases, however, the additive parameter was substantially smaller than the dominance parameter. The probability of occurrence of recombinant inbred lines that outperform the source F₁-hybrid was, with very few exceptions, found to be low. Implications for swede breeding are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic Control of Tetracycline Sensitivity of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (cms) in Chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.)

The expression of cms in chives is controlled by a cytoplasmic factor (5), a restorer gene X/x (Tatlioglu 1982) and a temperature gene T/t (Tatlioglu 1987). In recent investigations (Tatlioglu 1986) it could be shown that tetracycline also influences the expression of 0731. To obtain information about the genetic control of tetracycline sensitivity of cms, tetracycline-sensitive and tetracycline-insensitive cms plants were crossed with each other as well as with maintainers and the reaction of their progeny to tetracycline base was investigated. The results indicated that the promotion of fertility due to high-temperature conditions (24°C/24 °C, day/night) and tetracycline · base are independent of each other. The results of crosses can be explained by a nuclear gene, A/a, causing the tetracycline sensitivity when recessive. By using different genotypes of the three loci for restoration, temperature and tetracycline sensitivity highly advantageous material can be constructed for the investigation of the interaction between the nuclear and the mitochondrial genome in higher plants, for the molecular and functional basis of cms and for its use in plant breeding.     

一个甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育相关基因克隆和表达分析

利用甘蓝型油菜与播娘蒿融合杂种中的不育株与甘蓝型油菜杂交、回交,得到细胞质雄性不育系NJ65A。根据pol和nap雄性不育高度相关的基因orf224和orf222设计兼并引物,从NJ65A植株中克隆得到一个长度为675bp的基因,命名为orf224-NJ65A。该基因编码224个氨基酸,氨基酸序列与orf224、orf222和orf220序列相似性分别为：70％、53％、60％。RT—PCR表达分析表明：orf224-NJ65A在所检测的组织中都有表达,但在花、花蕾和茎中的表达量较大。推测orf224-NJ65A与细胞质雄性不育有关。