不同处理玉米日粮对黄牛血液指标的影响及相关性分析

选用3头装有永久瘤胃瘘管的云南黄牛,饲喂5种含不同加工处理(粉碎、粉碎蒸汽、干碾压、湿碾压、蒸汽压片)玉米的日粮,在精粗比为50:50的条件下,采用3×5不完全拉丁方设计,测定黄牛血液中血糖和尿素氮浓度以研究含不同处理玉米的日粮对黄牛血液指标的影响。试验结果表明,饲喂粉碎、粉碎蒸汽、干碾压、湿碾压及蒸汽压片5组处理玉米日粮2h后各组血糖出现显著差异(P0.05),大小依次为蒸汽压片干碾压粉碎蒸汽湿碾压粉碎玉米日粮组,与干碾压、粉碎蒸汽、湿碾压、粉碎玉米日粮组相比,蒸汽压片玉米日粮组血浆葡萄糖含量提高0.28、0.52、0.85、11.13mmol/l。饲喂后6h,粉碎蒸汽玉米日粮组血浆尿素氮浓度最高,显著高于粉碎、干碾压、湿碾压及蒸汽压片4组日粮(P0.05),蒸汽压片玉米日粮组尿素氮浓度最低。经相关性分析,瘤胃液中丙酸比例、血液中的葡萄糖水平及沉积氮与可消化氮之比间均存在显著正相关,回归方程为Y=0.237X+0.4586(Y:葡萄糖,X:丙酸,R2=0.8552);Y=21.608X-275.96(Y:RN/DN,X:丙酸,R2=0.9067);Y=81.235X-277.67(X:葡萄糖,Y:RN/DN,R2=0.8417)。     

不同加工处理对玉米干物质与淀粉在瘤胃内降解率的影响

选用3头装有永久瘤胃瘘管的云南黄牛,饲喂5种含不同加工处理(粉碎、粉碎蒸汽、干碾压、湿碾压、蒸汽压片)玉米的日粮,在精粗比为50:50的条件下,采用3×5不完全拉丁方设计,对玉米干物质与淀粉在瘤胃内降解率进行测定以研究不同处理对玉米干物质(DM)与淀粉降解率的影响。试验结果表明:粉碎玉米与粉碎蒸汽玉米干物质有效降解率显著高于干碾压、湿碾压与蒸汽压片玉米(P<0.05);干碾压高于蒸汽压片,蒸汽压片高于湿碾压玉米(P<0.05);淀粉有效降解率各处理玉米间差异显著,大小依次为粉碎蒸汽>粉碎>干碾压>蒸汽压片>湿碾压玉米(P<0.05)。     

玉米的加工处理对饲料营养物质消化率的影响

选用3头装有永久瘤胃瘘管的云南黄牛,饲喂5种含不同加工处理（粉碎、粉碎蒸汽、干碾压、湿碾压、蒸汽压片）玉米的日粮,在精粗比为50：50的条件下,采用5×5不完全拉丁方设计,测定5种日粮中干物质,有机物质、蛋白质、淀粉、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的消化率以研究不同处理对饲料消化率的影响。试验结果表明,在5组处理玉米日粮中,蒸汽压片玉米日粮组干物质（DM）、有机物质（OM）和粗蛋白（cP）全消化道消化率显著提高（P〈0．05）。全消化道淀粉消化率各处理玉米日粮组间存在差异,蒸汽压片与粉碎蒸汽玉米日粮组显著高于干碾压与湿碾压玉米日根组（P〈0．05）,而与粉碎玉米日粮组间没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。中性洗涤纤维（NDF）与酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的消化率在5组处理玉米日粮间没有显著差异（P〉0．05）．     

粗料日粮下添加苹果酸对内蒙古白绒山羊瘤胃TVFA浓度的影响

选用4头带有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊作为瘤胃液供体羊,以两种不同精粗比的粗料型日粮为培养底物,研究不同苹果酸添加量(0、3、6、9、12mmol/l)对内蒙古白绒山羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸动态变化的影响。结果表明:不同精粗比日粮下乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及TVFA浓度均以3:7日粮组较高,乙丙比以2:8日粮组较高,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。添加苹果酸后,3:7日粮组乙酸、丙酸浓度在培养4、8、18和24h后显著升高(P<0.05);丁酸浓度3mmol/l组高于对照组,9mmol/l组低于对照组,差异均不显著(P>0.05);而2:8日粮组乙酸、丙酸浓度在培养8、18h后显著升高(P<0.05);丁酸浓度在培养8、12和24h后升高,但差异不显著(P>0.05);乙丙比在两种日粮下均极显著降低(P<0.01);TVFA浓度在两种日粮下均升高,培养4、8、18h差异是显著的(P<0.05)。     

不同精粗比日粮对奶牛瘤胃发酵与肝脏VFA代谢及产奶性能的影响

试验将6头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管以及门静脉、肝静脉以及股动脉慢性血管瘘的泌乳中期中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为2组,研究不同精粗比日粮对奶牛瘤胃发酵与肝脏VFA代谢以及产奶性能的影响。结果显示:与低精料(LC)日粮组相比,高精料(HC)日粮组瘤胃液pH显著下降(P0.05),丙酸浓度显著提高(P0.05),乙酸/丙酸的比值有降低的趋势(P=0.06),但日粮对瘤胃液乙酸、丁酸和TVFA浓度影响不显著(P0.05)。HC日粮能显著提高门静脉血浆中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和TVFA(P0.05)浓度。在两种日粮条件下,VFA肝静脉-门静脉血浆浓度差(H-P)均为负值。HC日粮显著增加丙酸和丁酸的H-P值(P0.05)。与LC日粮相比,HC日粮显著增加乙酸和TVFA(P0.05)的肝静脉-动脉血浆浓度差(HA),显著降低丙酸(P0.05)H-A值。HC日粮显著提高门静脉、肝静脉和股动脉血浆中葡萄糖、β-羟丁酸和非酯化脂肪酸(P0.05)浓度以及显著提高乳蛋白、乳中总固形物和非脂固形物(P0.05)含量。试验结果表明,HC日粮可以改善奶牛瘤胃发酵、肝脏的VFA代谢以及生产性能。     

体外产气法评定蒸汽压片玉米对牦牛体外瘤胃发酵参数及甲烷产量的影响

本试验采用体外产气法研究饲粮中蒸汽压片玉米替代比例对牦牛体外瘤胃发酵参数及甲烷产量的影响。体外培养底物精粗比为7∶3,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,设置11个组,蒸汽压片玉米替代精料中玉米的比例分别为0(对照组)、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%,每组3个重复。发酵48 h后,测定总产气量、甲烷产量及培养液pH、氨态氮(NH_3-N)及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量。结果表明:1)随着精料中蒸汽压片玉米替代比例的增加,24和48 h总产气量、产气速率、干物质降解率(DMD)均有上升趋势,100%蒸汽压片玉米组显著高于对照组(P0.05);100%蒸汽压片玉米组瘤胃培养液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、丙酸含量显著升高(P0.05),培养液乙酸含量和乙酸/丙酸(A/P)、NH_3-N含量显著降低(P0.05),对pH无显著影响(P0.05)。2)随着蒸汽压片玉米替代比例的增加,甲烷产量均有下降趋势,100%蒸汽压片玉米组甲烷产量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,蒸汽压片玉米100%替代精料中玉米可显著降低甲烷产量,提高瘤胃液TVFA含量,降低A/P,具有较好的瘤胃发酵效果。     

不同日粮类型对杜泊羊瘤胃pH、氨态氮和挥发性脂肪酸浓度的影响

本试验旨在研究玉米-羊草型(MLC)、小麦-羊草型(WLC)、玉米-地瓜秧型(MSP)和小麦-地瓜秧型(WSP)4种类型日粮对杜泊羊瘤胃发酵的影响。选用4头体重相近(55.10±1.24)kg、安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康杜泊羊为试验动物,采用2×2析因设计,4×4拉丁方饲喂方式,连续进行4期动物试验,每期试验18 d,预试期12 d,正试期6 d。结果表明:适应性试验表明,突然更换日粮后,玉米组pH在第6天恢复到日粮更换前水平,而小麦组在第7天恢复到日粮更换前水平;玉米羊草组氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度在第7天回升到日粮更换前水平,其余三组均在第8天回升到更换前水平。各处理间pH差异显著(P0.05),杜泊羊采食后8 h内,羊草组pH显著高于地瓜秧组(P0.05);各处理间瘤胃液NH_3-N浓度差异显著(P0.05),杜泊羊采食后6 h内,小麦组显著高于玉米组(P0.05);各组间总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度差异显著(P0.05),且有交互作用;小麦组的乙酸浓度显著高于玉米组(P0.05),4组的丙酸、丁酸、戊酸浓度存在显著差异,地瓜秧组显著高于羊草组(P0.05);而玉米组的异戊酸浓度显著高于小麦组(P0.05);羊草组乙酸/丙酸比值显著高于地瓜秧组(P0.05)。由此可见,小麦型日粮可获得较高的NH_3-N浓度,而玉米型日粮可获得较高的乙酸和异戊酸浓度;羊草型日粮可获得较高的瘤胃pH和乙酸/丙酸比值,而地瓜秧型日粮可获得较高的丙酸、丁酸、戊酸的浓度,TVFA浓度受精料和粗饲料的共同影响。     

烟酸铬对西门塔尔牛瘤胃液乙酸和丙酸浓度的影响

试验选用4头平均体重500±20kg、年龄4岁、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究日粮添加烟酸铬(0mg/d、40mg/d、80mg/d、120mg/d)对瘤胃液乙酸和丙酸浓度的影响。结果表明:日粮添加烟酸铬对乙酸/丙酸比例无显著差异(P>0.05);80mg/d组和120mg/d组瘤胃乙酸、丙酸浓度较对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。综合以上结果,烟酸铬适宜添加水平为80mg/d。     

日粮添加干玉米酒糟对泌乳奶牛干物质采食量、泌乳性能和瘤胃发酵的影响

文章旨在研究日粮中添加不同比例的干玉米酒糟对泌乳奶牛干物质采食量、泌乳性能和瘤胃发酵的影响。试验选择45头健康的中国荷斯坦奶牛,按照胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量进行区组设计,随机分配到3个处理组中,每组15头牛。对照组奶牛饲喂以玉米和豆粕为基础的日粮,不含有干玉米酒糟,试验1组和试验2组奶牛饲喂的日粮均以干玉米酒糟替代部分玉米和豆粕,替代比例分别为10%和20%(干物质基础)。预试期为2周,正试期为10周。试验结果表明,日粮添加干玉米酒糟显著提高了泌乳奶牛干物质采食量(P<0.05),而不同干玉米酒糟添加比例对奶牛的干物质采食量无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮添加干玉米酒糟显著提高了泌乳奶牛的产奶量,且呈剂量依赖效应(P<0.05)。日粮添加干玉米酒糟对乳成分无显著影响(P>0.05),但由于产奶量的增加显著增加了乳中营养成分含量(P<0.05)。日粮添加干玉米酒糟改变了瘤胃发酵模式,降低了瘤胃液乙酸摩尔比值(P<0.05),增加了丙酸和丁酸摩尔比值(P<0.05),降低了瘤胃液NH3-N浓度。因此,可以使用干玉米酒糟替代部分玉米和豆粕来配合奶牛日粮,本试验中以20%的添加量较为合适。     

粗料日粮下添加苹果酸对内蒙古白绒山羊瘤胃TVFA浓度的影响

选用4只带有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊作为瘤胃液供体羊,以2种不同精粗比的粗料型日粮为培养底物,研究不同苹果酸添加量(0,3,6,9,12 mmol/L)对内蒙古白绒山羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸动态变化的影响.结果表明:不同精粗比日粮下乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及TVFA浓度均以3:7日粮组较高,乙酸和丙酸之比以2:8日粮组较高,差异均不显著(P >0.05).添加苹果酸后,3:7日粮组乙酸、丙酸浓度在培养4,8,18和24 h后显著升高(P<0.05);丁酸浓度3 mmol/ L组高于对照组,9 mmol/L组低于对照组,差异均不显著(P >0.05);而2:8日粮组乙酸、丙酸浓度在培养8,18 h后显著升高(P<0.05);丁酸浓度在培养8,12和24 h后升高,但差异不显著(P >0.05);乙酸和丙酸之比在2种日粮下均极显著降低(P<0.01);TVFA浓度在2种日粮下均升高,培养4,8,18 h差异是显著的(P<0.05).     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.